Effect of Resistance Training Systems On Oxidative Stress in Older Women

Effect of Resistance Training Systems on Oxidative Stress in Older Women by Ribeiro AS et al.
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Note: This article will be published in a forthcoming issue of

the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise
Metabolism. This article appears here in its accepted, peer-
reviewed form; it has not been copyedited, proofed, or
formatted by the publisher.
Section: Original Research
Article Title: Effect of Resistance Training Systems on Oxidative Stress in Older Women
Authors: Alex S. Ribeiro1,2, Rafael Deminice2, Brad J. Schoenfeld3, Crisieli M. Tomeleri2,

Camila S. Padilha2, Danielle Venturini4, Dcio S. Barbosa4, Lus B. Sardinha5, and Edilson S.
Cyrino2
Affiliations: 1Center for Research in Health Sciences. University of Northern Paran,

Londrina, Brazil. 2Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Londrina State
University. Londrina, Brazil. 3Exercise Science Department, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx,
New York. 4Clinical Analyses Laboratory. Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil.
5
Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Universidade de
Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
Running Head: Resistance training and oxidative stress
Journal: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise
Acceptance Date: April 7, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0322
Effect of resistance training systems on oxidative stress in older women
Running head: Resistance training and oxidative stress
Alex S. Ribeiro 1,2, Rafael Deminice 2, Brad J. Schoenfeld 3, Crisieli M. Tomeleri 2, Camila S.
Padilha 2, Danielle Venturini 4, Dcio S. Barbosa 4, Lus B. Sardinha 5, Edilson S. Cyrino 2

Downloaded by New York University on 04/20/17, Volume 0, Article Number 0
1
Center for Research in Health Sciences. University of Northern Paran, Londrina, Brazil;
2
Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Londrina State University. Londrina, Brazil;
3
Exercise Science Department, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, USA;
4
Clinical Analyses Laboratory. Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil;
5
Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Universidade de Lisboa,
Lisbon, Portugal.
Address for correspondence: Alex S. Ribeiro, Carmela Dutra Street 862, Jataizinho, PR, Brazil;
Zip code: 86210-000; Phone: +554391523899; +554332593860; e-mail: alex-
silvaribeiro@hotmail.com
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two different resistance training (RT)
systems on oxidative stress biomarkers in older women. Fifty-nine older women (67.95.0
years) were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Two training groups performed an 8
week RT program either in traditional (TD, n= 20) or a pyramid (PR, n= 20) system 3 times
per week, or a control group (CG, n= 19). The TD program consisted of 3 sets of 8-12 RM with
constant load for the 3 sets, whereas the PR training consisted of 3 sets of 12/10/8 RM with
incremental loads for each set. As compared with the CG, both TD and PR achieved
upregulation of the antioxidant system as evidenced by higher (P<0.05) values of total radical-
trapping antioxidant parameter plasma concentration after intervention (TD= 930.4160.0
molTrolox, PR= 977.8145.2 molTrolox, CG= 794.4130.2 molTrolox). For the
protein oxidation adducts, TD and PR presented lower (P<0.05) scores compared to CG (TD=
91.225.0 mol/L, PR= 93.030.3 mol/L, CG= 111.020.4 mol/L). However, there were
no differences (P> 0.05) between trained groups in the antioxidant capacity markers and in the
protein oxidation adducts markers. The results suggest that 8 weeks of progressive RT
promotes an improvement in markers of oxidative stress in older women independent of the
load-management RT system.
Keywords: strength training, TRAP, AOPP, NOx, FOX.

Introduction
Oxidative stress (OS) is characterized by an imbalance between production of reactive
oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and the bodys antioxidant defense, where the production
of RONS exceeds the bodys antioxidant capacity to scavenge these products. Older adults are
under constant and increasing assault by RONS, as indicated by enhanced lipid peroxidation
and protein oxidation, given that there is an age-related decrease in bodily antioxidants
(Pansarasa et al., 2000).The deleterious and cumulative effects of chronic OS are associated
with impairments on health and development of health-related conditions in older ages such as
insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers, among others (Halter et al., 2014;
Sugamura & Keaney, 2011). Specific to women, the acceleration of age-associated declines in
cardiovascular capacity are associated with reduced estrogen production and oxidative stress
overproduction, which may considerably increase endothelial dysfunction vulnerability
observed in postmenopausal women (Moreau & Hildreth, 2014). Furthermore, chronic OS has
been associated with the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength (Cesari et al.,
2012; Howard et al., 2007), and older women are particularly susceptible to the damaging
effects of sarcopenia and dynapenia because this population possess lower levels of muscular
strength and muscle mass compared to men (Brady et a., 2014;Goodpaster et al., 2006; Hughes
et al., 2001).
Resistance training (RT) has been promoted as a primary strategy to attenuate these
age-related dysfunctions (American College of Sports Medicine, 2009; Garber et al., 2011).
Some studies have shown that RT provides benefits to older adults health by attenuating OS
(de Gonzalo-Calvo et al., 2013; Padilha et al., 2015; Parise et al., 2005). This evidence is based
on the traditional RT system, which is characterized by the use of same loads related to a given
repetition zone. However, other training systems have been developed in an attempt to
maximize exercise-induced benefits.

Among the different RT systems, the pyramid approach is a well-established system
for strength training prescription. The pyramid system is characterized by increasing the load
with a corresponding decrease in repetitions across sets (Fleck & Kraemer, 2014). The changes
on OS parameters induced by RT may be dependent on the specific characteristics of the
program, such as manipulation of training volume and intensity (Bloomer, 2008; akir-Atabek
et al., 2015; Deminice et al., 2011; Hudson et al., 2008; Parker et al., 2014; Santana et al., 2013;
Scheffer et al., 2012). Moreover, endogenous antioxidant adaptations are dependent on the
magnitude of RONS produced acutely by exercise bouts (Radak et al., 2001). Studies indicate
that there is a dose-response relationship between magnitude of load and muscular strength
increases in older individuals (Borde et al., 2015; Csapo & Alegre, 2015; Raymond et al., 2013;
Steib et al., 2010). The pyramid system, due to its inherent characteristic of varying loads and
number of repetitions, permits exercise performance at higher absolute workloads without a
substantial reduction in training volume, thus resulting in higher mechanical stresses.
Hypothetically, this may stimulate different metabolic pathways of RONS production. It is
therefore conceivable that the pyramid system may induce differential chronic adaptations on
OS compared to traditional RT.
Therefore, the purpose of the present randomized controlled trial was to investigate the
effect of RT performed with a traditional versus pyramid system on OS biomarkers in older
women. Based on the aforementioned information, we hypothesized that RT performed in both
systems would induce improvement on OS modulation and this adaptation on OS biomarkers
would be different between RT systems.
Methods
Participants
Participant recruitment was carried out through newspaper and radio advertisings, and
home delivery of leaflets in the central area and residential neighborhoods. All participants
completed health history and physical activity questionnaires and met the following inclusion
criteria: 60 years old or more, physically independent, non-smokers, free from cardiac or
orthopedic dysfunction, not receiving hormonal replacement therapy, and not performing any
regular physical exercise for more than once a week over the six months preceding the
beginning of the study. Participants passed a diagnostic graded exercise stress test with 12-lead
electrocardiogram reviewed by a cardiologist and were released with no restrictions for
participation in this study.
Ninety older women were assessed for eligibility. After individual interviews, 23 were
dismissed as potential candidates because they did not meet the inclusion criteria for the study.
The remaining 67 older women were selected for participation and then randomly divided into
one of three groups: a group that performed the RT program in traditional system (TD, n = 22),
a group that performed the RT program in a pyramid system (PR, n = 23), and a control group
that did not perform any type of physical exercise (CG, n = 22). Fifty-nine participants
completed the experiment (TD, n = 20, PR, n = 20, and CG, n = 19), and were included in the
analyses. The reasons for withdrawal were reported as lack of time (PR, n = 1), difficulty of
getting to University facilities (TD, n = 1; PR, n = 2), lack of motivation (TD, n = 1), and
personal reasons (CG, n = 2). Adherence to the program was satisfactory, with all subjects
participating in > 85% of the total sessions. Figure 1 is a schematic representation of participant
recruitment and allocation.
Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after a detailed description
of study procedures was provided. This investigation was conducted according to the
Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the local University Ethics Committee.
Experimental design
The investigation was carried out over a period of 12 weeks, with 8 weeks dedicated to
the RT program and 4 weeks used for measurements. Anthropometric and blood samples
measurements were performed at weeks 1-2, and 11-12. A supervised progressive RT was
performed between weeks 3-10.
Oxidative stress measurements
Blood was collected from the antecubital vein with participants seated after a 12-hour
fasting period. After collection, tubes containing ethylenediamine tetra-aceticacid plus samples
were centrifuged at 3.000 g for 15 min and plasma aliquots stored at -70C until assayed.
Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were determined in the plasma using a
semiautomatic method described by Witko-Sarsat et al. (Witko-Sarsat et al., 1996). AOPP

concentrations were expressed as micromoles per liter (mol/L) of chloramines-T equivalents.
Total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) was determined as reported by Repetto
et al. (Repetto et al., 1996). This method detects hydrosoluble and/or liposoluble plasma
antioxidants by measuring the chemiluminescence inhibition time induced by 2,2-azobis (2-
amidinopropane). The system was calibrated with the vitamin E analog TROLOX , and the
values of TRAP are expressed in equivalent of mol of Trolox . Plasma lipidhydroperoxides
levels were determined by ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) assay (Nourooz-Zadeh et
al., 1994) and results were expressed in mmol/L. Serum nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) levels
were assessed by nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) concentration according to the Griess
reaction, supplemented by the reduction of nitrate to nitrite with Cadmium (Cd) (Guevara et
al., 1998).
A Z-score of the percentage changes (from pre- to post-training) of the raw data for
each parameter was calculated. Thus, a composite Z-score, derived from the average of the
components was calculated as per the following formula: (TRAP Z-core) + (-1 x AOPP Z-
score) + (-1 x FOX Z-score) + (NOx Z-score) / 4.

Resistance training program
Supervised RT was performed during the morning hours in the University facilities.
The protocol was based on recommendations for RT in an older population to improve
muscular strength and hypertrophy (American College of Sports Medicine, 2009; Garber et al.,
2011). Physical education professionals personally supervised all training programs to help
ensure consistent and safe performance. Participants performed RT using a combination of free
weights and machines. The sessions were performed 3 times per week on Mondays,
Wednesdays, and Fridays. The RT program was a whole body program with 8 exercises
comprising one exercise with free weights and seven with machines performed in the following
order: chest press, horizontal leg press, seated row, knee extension, preacher curl (free
weights), leg curl, triceps pushdown, and seated calf raise.
Participants in the TD group performed 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions maximum with the
same load in the 3 sets. Alternatively, participants in the PR group performed 3 sets with the
load increasing and number of repetitions simultaneously decreasing for each set; thus, the
number of repetitions used in each set was 12/10/8/ repetition maximum, respectively, with
variable resistance. For both systems the participants carried out exercises until volitional
failure or an inability to sustain exercise performance with proper exercise technique.
Participants were instructed to inhale during the eccentric phase and exhale during the
concentric phase while maintaining a constant velocity of movement at a ratio of approximately
1:2 (concentric and eccentric phases, respectively). Participants were afforded 1 to 2 min of
rest interval between sets and 2 to 3 min between each exercise. Instructors adjusted the loads
of each exercise according to the subjects abilities and improvements in exercise capacity
throughout the study in order to ensure that they were exercising with as much resistance as
possible while maintaining proper exercise technique. Progression for TD was planned when
the upper limits of the repetitions-zone were completed for two consecutive training sessions
and for PR when the participants were able to perform two more repetitions in the last set. For
both systems weight was increased 2-5% for the upper limb exercises and 5-10% for the lower
limb exercises to the next session (American College of Sports Medicine, 2009).
During each RT session, researchers recorded the load performed by participants for
each set of the 8 exercises. The sum of the load used in the 3 sets of the 8 exercises was
considered the total session load, and then the sum of the 3 sessions of a week was utilized as
the weekly training load in kilograms.
Statistical analysis
Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was applied for comparisons. A
one-way ANOVA was applied to verify the differences among groups on the isolated and
composite Z-scores. When the F-ratio was significant, Fishers post hoc test was employed to
identify the mean differences. Baseline comparisons between groups were explored with one-
way analysis of variance. The effect size (ES) was calculated as post-training mean minus pre-
training mean divided by pooled standard deviation of pre-training and post-training (Cohen,
1992). An ES of 0.20-0.49 was considered a small effect, 0.50-0.79 a moderate effect, and
0.80 a large effect (Cohen, 1992). For all statistical analyses, significance was accepted at P <
0.05. The results were analyzed in accordance with the principle of the intention to treat
analysis, whereby the baseline measurement for each individual who withdrawal from the study
was carried forward to post-intervention (Gupta, 2011). The data were analyzed using
STATISTICA software version 10.0 (Statsoft Inc., Tulsa, Ok, USA).
Results
The anthropometric characteristics of the participants at baseline are presented in Table
1. There was no significant statistical difference among groups.

The total training load at weeks 1 and 8 are depicted in Table 2. There was a significant
group effect, in which, as expected, the PR presented higher values than the TD. There was a
significant time effect with both groups showing increases; no group-by-time interaction was
noted.
Table 3 indicates the OS biomarkers values at pre- and post-intervention period
according to groups. At baseline, there was no statistical difference (P > 0.05) among groups
for any variable. After the intervention period, both TD and PR groups presented higher (P <
0.05) values for antioxidant capacity (TRAP) compared to CG, while for the protein oxidation
adducts measured as AOPP, TD and PR presented lower (P < 0.05) scores compared to CG.
There were no differences (P > 0.05) between trained groups in the antioxidant capacity
markers and in the protein oxidation adducts markers. Lipid peroxidation (FOX) and NOx did
not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05) for any main effects.
The Z-scores of the percentage changes from pre- to post-training for each biomarker
are presented in Table 4. For TRAP and AOPP both trained groups presented significant
differences (P < 0.05) compared to CG. However, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were
observed for FOX and NOx. The composite Z-score of the percentage changes from pre- to
post-training of the OS according to group are displayed in Figure 2. A significant effect (P <
0.05) was observed, whereby the both training groups presented higher positive variations in
comparison to CG (composed Z-score: TD = 0.08 0.32; PR = 0.14 0.39; CG = -0.20
0.60).
Discussion
The main and novel finding of the present study was that RT as both traditional and
pyramid system promotes significant changes in antioxidant metabolism that are positively
reflected in OS markers in older women. We had hypothesized that RT systems would produce
differential changes in OS markers; this hypothesis was refuted since no difference in OS

markers were found between training systems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first
randomized controlled trial that has endeavored to compare the effects of RT systems on OS
in older women.
We can speculate on some possible reasons for the lack of observed differences on OS
between RT systems. For one, the repetition range applied in PR may have been too narrow to
elicit sufficiently higher mechanical stresses compared to TD and thus induce differential
adaptations. Alternatively, there may be a threshold for intensity in older women with respect
to maximizing OS, and this threshold may have been achieved in the TD group, thereby
rendering the higher load achieved by PR irrelevant from an OS standpoint. Further studies
using the pyramid system with a wider repetition range (e.g. 15, 10, 5 RM) are warranted to
determine if training over a spectrum of loads differentially influences OS.
Although we did not observe any difference between systems, the RT induced a positive
improvement on OS. The overall changes induced by RT in OS were expressed by percentage
changes in a composite Z-score. This approach may be an important tool to estimate the effect of
training, because it considers the overall response of a RT program, allowing the ability to draw
inferences of the intervention as a whole as opposed to isolated outcomes. In this investigation we
found that both training groups presented similar composite Z-scores that were significantly higher
than CG, indicating that of the whole sample, the participants who performed the RT achieved greater
positive improvements in OS. To date, few studies have investigated the RT effect on OS biomarkers,
and our outcomes agree with some previous investigations that observed improvement on OS in older
individuals (Padilha et al., 2015; Parise et al., 2005; Vincent et al., 2006). Parise et al. (2005) showed
that 12 weeks of RT with three sessions per week increased muscle antioxidant capacity in older
individuals (mean age 71 years). Similar results were demonstrated by Vincent et al. (2006), who
found OS reductions in older individuals (age range 60 to 72 years) following 24 weeks of RT.
The physiological mechanisms by which RT improves OS may be attributed to some
known factors. Physical exercise can increase the synthesis of RONS through the activation
of the electron transport chain, and the synthesis of lactic acid, catecholamines and
inflammatory factors that contribute to the production of reactive oxygen species in
mitochondria (McHugh et al., 1999). Additionally, anaerobic exercise, such as RT, can increase
the synthesis of xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase enzymes both of which affect OS
modulation (McHugh et al., 1999). In response to this process, the antioxidant system adapts
with adjustments favorable to the endogenous antioxidant system, thus increasing the body's
defense capacity.
We observed that RT was effective in maintaining the bodys antioxidant capacity
(TRAP) while reducing protein oxidation (AOPP). These findings are at odds with previous
work from our laboratory (Padilha et al., 2015) that showed RT chronically improves OS by
increasing TRAP while maintaining AOPP in older women. Although there is not a definitive
mechanism to support such a contention, it is logical to speculate that differences between
training protocols may have influenced adaptations. In the former study, the participants
performed one single set per exercise twice or thrice per week for 12 weeks, whereas the
present study lasted 8 weeks with three sets performed per exercise. Although speculative,
there may be a volume and/or frequency interaction that differentially influences the response
of TRAP and AOPP. That said, it is not possible to conclude whether the responses are time-
dependent, protocol-dependent, and/or simply an effect of the individual responsiveness to
training without direct mechanistic investigation. Taken together these results allow us to
hypothesize that RT may induce improvements in OS by different mechanisms. This
hypothesis warrants investigation in future studies with different combinations of volume and
intensity.
The results of this investigation indicate that RT did not significantly influence NOx.
These findings are consistent with those of Cocks et al. (2014), who also did not detect changes
in NO after a 6-week RT program. Alternatively, other investigations have observed increases
in NO levels following regimented RT (Maeda et al., 2006; Maiorana et al., 2003). The reason
for these conflicting results are not apparent at this time.
This investigation has some limitations that must be considered when attempting to
draw evidence-based conclusions. The results reported in this experiment are specific to
physically independent older women. Moreover, endogenous antioxidants such as catalase,

superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were not measured; investigation
of these markers could better reflect antioxidant system adaptation induced by RT. We also did
not control or evaluate subjects nutritional intake and daily physical activity levels, which may
have confounded results. The intake of antioxidants may upregulate the antioxidant system.
However, the older women were asked to maintain their regular daily living activities
throughout this period and not to change their nutritional habits to minimize life style
interferences.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that 8 weeks of progressive RT promotes an improvement on OS in
older women regardless of the system, specifically by the maintenance of the antioxidant
capacity and a reduction in protein oxidant adducts formation. From a clinical point of view,
our findings indicate that RT can be applied as a therapeutic and preventative tool to attenuate
OS associated with aging in older women. From a practical standpoint, results indicate that a
flexible approach to training load manipulation can be used according to individual preferences
and responsiveness to the respective training programs. Future studies are warranted to verify
the effects of longer intervention periods, manipulation of different variables that make up RT
prescription, and the physiological mechanisms related to improvement of oxidative stress
induced by RT.
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Figure 1. Flowchart of the study.

Figure 2. Composite Z-score of the percentage changes from pre- to post-training of the
oxidative stress according to groups in older women. P< 0.05 vs. control. #P< 0.05 vs. 1
control group.
Table 1 General characteristics of the sample at baseline. Data are expressed as mean and
standard deviation.
Traditional Pyramid Control F P
Age (years) 68.6 6.5 67.5 5.4 66.3 4.0 1.34 0.26
Body mass (kg) 67.4 10.0 65.2 9.7 64.7 12.8 0.28 0.75
Height (cm) 154.2 6.3 154.1 5.5 154.4 6.0 0.01 0.98
Body mass index (kg/m2) 28.3 4.1 27.5 3.3 27.0 4.8 0.47 0.62
Table 2 Training loads in kg at first and last week of the resistance training program. Data are
expressed as mean and standard deviation.
Traditional Pyramid Effects F P
Week 1 1196.5 128.8 1324.9 114.1 Group 3.84 0.05
Week 8 1827.6 212.4* 1949.1 250.8* Time 391.05 < 0.001
% 52.7 47.1 Interaction 2.29 0.11
Effect size 3.70 3.42
Note: * P< 0.05 vs. pre-training. P< vs. traditional group.

Table 3 Participants scores at baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention. Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation.
Traditional Pyramid Control Effects SP (2p) P

TRAP (molTrolox)
Pre 933.2 165.2 961.7 111.9 943.2 140.0 Group 0.55 (0.09) 0.06
Post 930.4 160.0 977.8 145.2 794.4 130.2* Time 0.83 (0.13) < 0.01
%
-0.3 1.7 -15.8 Interaction 0.99 (0.29) < 0.001

Effect size -0.02 0.13 -1.10
AOPP (mol/L)
Pre 105.2 39.5 108.3 37.2 96.2 15.8 Group 0.08 (< 0.01) 0.77
Post 91.2 25.0* 93.0 30.3* 111.0 20.4* Time 0.18 (0.02) 0.29
% -13.3 -14.1 15.4 Interaction 0.76 (0.14) 0.01
Effect size -0.43 -0.45 0.82
FOX (mmol/L)
Pre 0.64 0.2 0.71 0.3 0.65 0.3 Group 0.44 (0.07) 0.11
Post 0.66 0.2 0.81 0.2 0.60 0.1 Time 0.08 (< 0.01) 0.55
% 3.1 14.1 -7.7 Interaction 0.20 (0.03) 0.40
Effect size 0.10 0.40 -0.25
NOx (mol/L)
Pre 7.06 2.9 6.86 3.2 7.24 3.6 Group 0.32 (0.05) 0.21
Post 6.08 3.4 6.60 2.8 8.6 4.9 Time 0.05 (< 0.01) 0.92
% -13.9 -3.8 18.8 Interaction 0.27 (0.04) 0.28
Effect size -0.31 -0.09 0.32
Note: TRAP = total radical-trapping antioxidant potential. AOPP = advanced oxidation protein products. FOX = ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange. NOx = nitric oxide
metabolites. * P< 0.05 vs. pre-training. P< vs. control group. SP = statistical power. 2p = partial eta-squared.
Table 4 Z-scores of the percentage changes from pre- to post-training period (8 weeks)
according to group in older women. Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation.
Traditional Pyramid Control P

TRAP 0.34 0.68* 0.50 1.1* -0.73 0.59 < 0.001
AOPP -0.23 0.91* -0.36 0.80* 0.63 1.01 < 0.01
FOX -0.03 1.10 0.18 1.02 -0.15 0.86 0.57
NOx -0.25 0.62 -0.11 0.53 0.39 1.49 0.10
Note: TRAP = total radical-trapping antioxidant potential. AOPP = advanced oxidation protein products. FOX
= ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange. NOx = nitric oxide metabolites. * P< 0.05 vs. control.

Effect of Resistance Training Systems On Oxidative Stress in Older Women

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Effect of Resistance Training Systems on Oxidative Stress in Older Women by Ribeiro AS et al.

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

Note: This article will be published in a forthcoming issue of

Section: Original Research

Authors: Alex S. Ribeiro1,2, Rafael Deminice2, Brad J. Schoenfeld3, Crisieli M. Tomeleri2,

Affiliations: 1Center for Research in Health Sciences. University of Northern Paran,

Running Head: Resistance training and oxidative stress

Journal: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise

Acceptance Date: April 7, 2017

2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

Effect of resistance training systems on oxidative stress in older women

Running head: Resistance training and oxidative stress

Padilha 2, Danielle Venturini 4, Dcio S. Barbosa 4, Lus B. Sardinha 5, Edilson S. Cyrino 2

Zip code: 86210-000; Phone: +554391523899; +554332593860; e-mail: alex-

trapping antioxidant parameter plasma concentration after intervention (TD= 930.4160.0

molTrolox, PR= 977.8145.2 molTrolox, CG= 794.4130.2 molTrolox). For the

promotes an improvement in markers of oxidative stress in older women independent of the

Keywords: strength training, TRAP, AOPP, NOx, FOX.

Oxidative stress (OS) is characterized by an imbalance between production of reactive

overproduction, which may considerably increase endothelial dysfunction vulnerability

maximize exercise-induced benefits.

Among the different RT systems, the pyramid approach is a well-established system

on OS parameters induced by RT may be dependent on the specific characteristics of the

number of repetitions, permits exercise performance at higher absolute workloads without a

substantial reduction in training volume, thus resulting in higher mechanical stresses.

Hypothetically, this may stimulate different metabolic pathways of RONS production. It is

OS compared to traditional RT.

effect of RT performed with a traditional versus pyramid system on OS biomarkers in older

women. Based on the aforementioned information, we hypothesized that RT performed in both

systems would induce improvement on OS modulation and this adaptation on OS biomarkers

would be different between RT systems.

electrocardiogram reviewed by a cardiologist and were released with no restrictions for

participation in this study.

recruitment and allocation.

performed between weeks 3-10.

Oxidative stress measurements

semiautomatic method described by Witko-Sarsat et al. (Witko-Sarsat et al., 1996). AOPP

concentrations were expressed as micromoles per liter (mol/L) of chloramines-T equivalents.

Total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) was determined as reported by Repetto

antioxidants by measuring the chemiluminescence inhibition time induced by 2,2-azobis (2-

values of TRAP are expressed in equivalent of mol of Trolox . Plasma lipidhydroperoxides

levels were determined by ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) assay (Nourooz-Zadeh et

score) + (-1 x FOX Z-score) + (NOx Z-score) / 4.

Resistance training program

The protocol was based on recommendations for RT in an older population to improve

weights), leg curl, triceps pushdown, and seated calf raise.

failure or an inability to sustain exercise performance with proper exercise technique.

concentric phase while maintaining a constant velocity of movement at a ratio of approximately

the weekly training load in kilograms.

STATISTICA software version 10.0 (Statsoft Inc., Tulsa, Ok, USA).

The anthropometric characteristics of the participants at baseline are presented in Table

1. There was no significant statistical difference among groups.

Table 3 indicates the OS biomarkers values at pre- and post-intervention period

comparison to CG (composed Z-score: TD = 0.08 0.32; PR = 0.14 0.39; CG = -0.20

differential changes in OS markers; this hypothesis was refuted since no difference in OS

determine if training over a spectrum of loads differentially influences OS.

improvement on OS. The overall changes induced by RT in OS were expressed by percentage

inferences of the intervention as a whole as opposed to isolated outcomes. In this investigation we

The physiological mechanisms by which RT improves OS may be attributed to some

inflammatory factors that contribute to the production of reactive oxygen species in

We observed that RT was effective in maintaining the bodys antioxidant capacity

mechanism to support such a contention, it is logical to speculate that differences between

dependent, protocol-dependent, and/or simply an effect of the individual responsiveness to