CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL
A brief review of previous studies on the effect of shear wall in flat slab buildings and
optimum location of shear wall is presented is this section. This literature review focuses on
recent contributions related to different dynamic analysis of flat slab multistorey structures
and past efforts most closely related to the needs of the present work.

2.2 Literature Review

H.-S. Kim, D.-G. Lee (2005)1 in their paper summarise that an efficient analytical
method to obtain accurate results in significantly reduced computational time. The proposed
method employs super elements developed using the matrix condensation technique and
fictitious beams are used in the development of super elements to enforce the compatibility at
the interfaces of super elements. The stiffness degradation due to cracking in the flat slab
system considered in the equivalent frame method was taken into account by reducing the
modulus of elasticity of floor slabs based on linear elastic finite element analysis in this study.
Static and dynamic analyses of example structures were performed and the efficiency and
accuracy of the proposed method were verified by comparing the results with those of the
refined finite element model and the equivalent frame method.

R. P. Apostolska , G. S. Necevska-Cvetanovska,(2008)2 in their paper summarise that flat

slab system with certain modifications (design of beam in the perimeter of the building and/or
RC walls) can achieve rational factor of behaviour considering EC8 and can be consider as a
system with acceptable seismic risk. Modifications with additional construction elements
improve small bearing capacity of the system and increase strength and stiffness, improving
seismic behaviour of flat-slab construction system. Selected result from the analysis are
presented in the paper. The purely flat-slab RC structural system is considerably more flexible
for horizontal loads than the traditional RC frame structures which contributes to the increase
of its vulnerability to seismic effects. The ductility of these structural systems is generally

Seismic Response Of Multistorey Flat Slab Building With Shear Wall In Seismic Zone -V Page 1
limited by the deformability capacity of the column-slab connection. To increase the bearing
capacity of the flat-slab structure under horizontal loads, particularly when speaking about
seismically prone areas and limitation of deformations, modifications of the system by adding
structural elements are necessary.

Mohamed A. A. El-Shaer (2010)3 in their paper summarise suggestions to improve the

seismic performance of high - rise buildings horizontal members in slabs (ribs or beams-
column) buildings are presented. ETABS version 9.5 is for analysis under lateral loads.
ETABS is a programmer for linear, nonlinear, static and dynamic analysis, and the design of
building systems. Multistory buildings constitute a very special class of structures and
therefore deserve special treatment . The program is used to calculate the drifts for the
systems and we noticed that the minimum drift was occurred in the ribbed slab system. So
that, in high seismic risk regions, ribbed-slab-column frames is recommended to be gravity
load resisting systems for building of high values of height/width ratios. Based on the results
the following conclusions could be drawn:

1- The choice of the system for slab in the tall building is very important to resist the internal
forces and stability.

2- The system of Ribbed slab reduced the inter-story drift, and Displacement by greater than
51% for core system.

3- The Ribbed slab system resist the punching shear failures, and increase the ductility
capacity.

4- The flat slab cases, large inter-story drift which cause brittle punching shear failures,
reduces the ductility capacity

Vikunj k.Tilva, Prof. B.A.Vyas (2011) 4 in their paper summarise that to avail a comparison
between flat slab panel with drop and without drop in four storey lateral load resisting
building. A four storey building (having 6mx6m panel) is subjected to gravity load + lateral
load in ETABS (Extended 3D Analysis of Building Systems) software and then each storey is
exported to SAFE(Slab Analysis by the Finite Element Method) software for analyzing
punching effect due to lateral loads. On the basis of permissible punching shear criteria

Seismic Response Of Multistorey Flat Slab Building With Shear Wall In Seismic Zone -V Page 2
according to IS 456, economical thickness of flat slab with drop and without drop are selected
the results show that from economic point of view slab with drop provision is preferable. Also
punching shear stress is reduced by adopting drop at slab-column connection

Prof. K S Sable, Er. V A Ghodechor, Prof. S B Kandekar (2012) 5 in their paper presents a
summary of the study, for conventional R.C.C building and flat slab building for different
floor height. The effect of seismic load has been studied for the two types of building with
different height. The natural time period increases as the height of building increases,
irrespective of type of building viz. conventional structure, flat slab structure and flat slab
with shear wall. However, the time period is same for flat slab structure and flat slab with
shear wall. Base shear of conventional R.C.C building is less than the flat slab building. Story
drift in buildings with flat slab construction is significantly more as compared to conventional
R.C.C building .This paper presents a summary of the study, for conventional R.C.C building
and flat slab building for different floor height. The effect of seismic load has been studied for
the two types of building with different height. On the basis of the results following
conclusions have been drawn:

1. The natural time period increases as the height of building ( No. of stories) increases,
irrespective of type of building viz. conventional structure, flat slab structure and flat slab
with shear wall. However, the time period is same for flat slab structure and flat slab with
shear wall.

2. In comparison of the conventional R.C. building to flat slab building, the time period is
more for conventional building than flat slab building because of monolithic construction.

3. For conventional building, average response acceleration coefficient decreases with

increase in the height of building, however, for, flat slab structure and flat slab with shear
wall, this change is not significant because in both structures less members are stiffenened.

4. For all the structure, base shear increases as the height increases. This increase in base
shear is gradual up to 9th -storey, thereafter, it increases significantly gives rise to further
investigation on the topic.

Seismic Response Of Multistorey Flat Slab Building With Shear Wall In Seismic Zone -V Page 3
5. Base shear of conventional R.C.C building is less than the flat slab building.

6. Story drift in buildings with flat slab construction is significantly more as compared to
conventional R.C.C building. As a result of this, additional moments are developed.
Therefore, the columns of such buildings should be designed by considering additional
moment caused by the drift.

7. A structure with a large degree of indeterminacy is superior to one with less indeterminacy,
this is primarily because of more members are monolithically connected to each other and if
yielding takes place in any one of them, then a redistribution of forces takes place. As a result,
the structure can sustain to take additional load. Additionally, redistribution reduces as the
number of member reduces in a selected lateral load resisting system.

Dr. Uttamasha Gupta, Shruti Ratnaparkhe, Padma Gome (2012) 6 in their paper Seismic
Behaviour of Buildings Having Flat Slabs with Drops present work to compare the
behaviour of multi-storey buildings having flat slabs with drops with that of having two way
slabs with beams and to study the effect of part shear walls on the performance of these two
types of buildings under seismic forces. Present work provides a good source of information
on the parameters lateral displacement and storey drift. For all the cases considered drift
values follow a parabolic path along storey height with maximum value lying somewhere near
the middle storey. Use of flat slabs with drop results in increase in drift values in shorter plans
and decrease in larger plans, marginally in a range of 0.5mm to 3mm. Still all drift values are
within permissible limits even without shear walls In zone III and IV use of flat slabs with
drop in place of beam slab arrangements, though, alters the maximum lateral displacement
values, however, these all are well within permissible limits, even without shear walls. Within
the scope of above work following conclusions are drawn:

1. For all the cases considered drift values follow a parabolic path along storey height with
maximum value lying somewhere near the middle storey.

2. Use of flat slabs with drop results in increase in drift values in shorter plans and decrease in
larger plans, marginally in a range of 0.5mm to 3mm. Still all drift values are within
permissible limits even without shear walls.

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3. In zone III and IV use of flat slabs with drop in place of beam slab arrangements, though,
alters the maximum lateral displacement values, however, these all are well within
permissible limits, even without shear walls.

4. Provision of part shear walls in zone V is not enough to keep maximum lateral
displacements within permissible limits, whether it is a beam slab framed structure or framed
structure with flat slabs with drop.

5. Replacement of beam slab arrangement by flat slabs with drop results in increase in column
reinforcement, however, presence of shear walls compensates the increment resulted, but in
larger plans only in all the zones. In case of larger plans increase in column reinforcement is
0.6 to 1 % without shear walls and 0.2 to 0.6 % with shear walls, hence presence of shear
walls has significant contribution to column reinforcement in case of larger plans. In shorter
plans such increment is 0.4 to 0.7 % without shear walls and 0.3 to 0.7 % with shear walls,
hence presence of shear walls has no significant contribution in shorter plans.

6. From lateral displacement view point, in shorter plans master slave approach may be
adopted but in larger plans realistic analysis considering slabs at various floor levels should be
carried out. Though time elapsed in analysis increases, however, it is of the tune of 5-10
minutes only.

7. From column design view point, with shear walls master slave approach may be used,
however, without shear walls realistic approach should be adopted

Dhananjay D. Joshi1, Dr. Pranesh B. Murnal (2013) 7 In this paper results obtained by
performing push over analysis on flat slabs by using most common software SAP2000 were
discussed. The development of performance based codes for the design or rehabilitation of
buildings in seismic active areas show that an inelastic procedure commonly referred to as the
pushover analysis is a viable method to assess damage vulnerability of buildings. Basically, a
pushover analysis is a series of incremental static analysis carried out to develop a capacity
curve for the building. Based on the capacity curve, a target displacement which is an estimate
of the displacement that the design earthquake will produce on the building is determined.

Seismic Response Of Multistorey Flat Slab Building With Shear Wall In Seismic Zone -V Page 5
The pushover analysis is a relatively simple way to explore the non linear behavior of
buildings.Base shear of conventional RCC building is more than the flat slab building.The
performance point of flat slab is more than the conventional structure due to its flexibility.The
behavior of properly detailed conventional building is adequate as intersection of the demand
and capacity curves. The results obtained in terms of demand, capacity gave an insight into
real behavior of the structure.

Sharad P. Desai, Swapnil B. Cholekar (2013 )8 in their paper summarise that the Dynamic
response of Flat slab with drop and without drop and Conventional Reinforced Concrete
Framed Structures for different height with and without masonry infill wall. Dynamic analysis
for different types of building is done by using Response Spectrum method for earthquake
zone III as per Indian Standard code. The effect of Flat slab with drop and Flat slab without
drop considering with and without masonry infill wall is evaluated. In the present work
significant change in the seismic parameters such as Fundamental Natural Period, Design
Base Shear, Displacement and Axial Force of the structure is noticed.

Navyashree K, Sahana T.S (2014)9 in their paper summarise the behaviour of multi-storey
commercial buildings having flat slabs and conventional RC frame with that of having two
way slabs with beams and to study the effect of height of the building on the performance of
these two types of buildings under seismic forces. Present work provides a good source of
information on the parameters lateral displacement, storey drift, storey shear, column
moments and axial forces, time period.In this work six number of conventional RC frame and
Flat Slab buildings of G+3, G+8, and G+12 storey building models are considered. The
performance of flat slab and the vulnerability of purely frame and purely flat slab models
under different load conditions were studied and for the analysis, seismic zone IV is
considered. The analysis is done with using E-Tabs software. It is necessary to analyze
seismic behaviour of building for different heights to see what changes are going to occur if
the height of conventional RC Frame building and flat slab building changes. Therefore, the
characteristics of the seismic behaviour of flat slab and conventional RC Frame buildings
suggest that additional measures for guiding the conception and design of these structures in
seismic regions are needed and to improve the performance of building having conventional
RC building and flat slabs under seismic loading

Seismic Response Of Multistorey Flat Slab Building With Shear Wall In Seismic Zone -V Page 6
Sumit Pawah, Vivek Tiwari, Madhavi Prajapati (2014)10 in their paper summarize that to
compare behaviour of flat slab with old traditional two way slab along with effect of shear
walls on their performance. The parametric studies comprise of maximum lateral
displacement, storey drift and axial forces generated in the column. For these case studies we
have created models for two way slabs with shear wall and flat slab with shear wall, for each
plan size.This investigation also told us about seismic behavior of heavy slab without end
restrained. For stabilization of variable parameter shear wall are provided at corner from
bottom to top for calculation. Results is comprises of study of 36 models, for each plan size,
18 models are analyzed for varying seismic zone. Following conclusion had been made with
regards of this study as follows-

1. Provision of part shear walls in zone V is not enough to keep maximum displacements
within permissible limits, whether it is a beam slab framed structure or framed structure with
flat slabs with drop

2. From lateral displacement view point, in shorter plans master slave approach may be
adopted but in larger plans realistic analysis considering slabs at various floor levels should be
carried out. Though time elapsed in analysis increases, however, it is of tune of 5-10 minutes
only.

3. From column design view point, with shear walls master slave approach may be used,
however, without shear walls realistic approach should be adopted.

K. G. Patwari, L. G. Kalurkar (2015)11 in their paper summarise to study of 5 storeys

building in zone II,and is analyzed with flat slab by changing various location of shear wall to
determine various parameters like storey shear and displacement. Analysis is done using
ETABs software. 3D building model is created for various static and dynamic analysis
method and effect on structure.Displacement increases in case of flat slab structure than
conventional structure but displacement decreases in case of structure along with flat slab
with shear wall. For Structure with shear wall along periphery have story displacement is
minimum. Base shear increases with the height of the structure. Base shear of conventional
R.C.C. structure is less than flat slab structure. Conclusion with respect to lateral
displacement, storey shear and time period are as follows-

Seismic Response Of Multistorey Flat Slab Building With Shear Wall In Seismic Zone -V Page 7
1. Lateral displacement: Displacement increases in case of flat slab structure than
conventional structure but displacement decreases in case of structure along with flat slab
with shear wall. For Structure with shear wall along periphery have story displacement is
minimum. It is 29.13 % and 10.06 % less for Structure with shear wall along periphery than
Structure with L type shear wall and Structure with non parallel shear wall along periphery
respectively.

2. Storey shear: Base shear increases with the height of the structure. Base shear of
conventional R.C.C. structure is less than flat slab structure. The values of storey drift for all
the stories are found to be within the permissible limit i.e. not more than 0.004 times to storey
height according to IS 1893 : 2002 (Part I)

3. Time period: The natural time period increases as the height of structure increases
irrespective of type of structure. However, the time period is same for flat slab structure and
flat slab with shear wall. In comparison of the conventional structure to flat slab structure, the
time period is more for conventional structure than flat slab structure because of monolithic
construction.

Rajiv M S, Guru Prasad T N, (2015) 12 in their paper presents work to compare the
behaviour of multi-storey buildings having flat slabs with drops to that of having two way
slabs (conventional slab). The effect of part shear walls on the performance of different types
of buildings [(G+7) and (G+14)] under seismic forces are studied. Equivalent static force
method, Response spectrum method and Time history analysis are considered for different
types of models and comparative results are drawn. The natural mode (time) period increases
as the height of building (No. of stories) increases, irrespective of type of building
conventional slab (bare), flat slab (bare) and flat slab with shear wall. However, the time
period is more for conventional slab and flat slab with bare frame compared with that of flat
slab with shear wall for different models because of stiffness participation factor is less in
bare frame for both storeys.
This presents a summary of the project work, for conventional R.C.C building, flat slab
building and flat slab building with shear wall at different locations for different types of
building [(G+7) and (G+14)] in the seismic region. On the basis of the results following
conclusions have been drawn:

Seismic Response Of Multistorey Flat Slab Building With Shear Wall In Seismic Zone -V Page 8
1. The natural mode (time) period increases as the height of building (No. of stories)
increases, irrespective of type of building conventional slab (bare), flat slab (bare) and flat
slab with shear wall. However, the time period is more for conventional slab and flat slab with
bare frame compared with that of flat slab with shear wall for different models because of
stiffness participation factor is less in bare frame for both (G+7) and (G+14) storeys.

2. Base shear is maximum at the base level (ground floor) [For all the structure]. Base shear of
flat slab R.C.C building with bare frame is less than the flat slab building with shear wall for
different models or location because of mass participation factor are more in shear wall
building compared with that of flat slab with bare frame for both (G+7) and (G+14) storeys.

3. Displacement increases as the height increases [For all the structure]. Displacement of flat
slab R.C.C building with bare frame is more than the flat slab building with shear wall for
different models or location because of stiffness participation factor is more in shear wall
building compared with that of flat slab with bare frame. Exterior shear wall structure gives
better performance and resists lateral displacement for seismic loads for both (G+7) and
(G+14) storeys.

4. For acceleration parameter Time history method gives better performance when compared
to Response spectrum method for both (G+7) and (G+14) storeys.

Bhudiya Bharat, Vadher Narendrasinh (2016)13 in their paper analyze conventional RC

frame structure and flat slab structure for 5 storey, 8 storey and 11 storey and comparison of
both structure for with and without shear wall in Zone V and Zone IV. For present study
irregular building is consider. Study is conducted on Plan irregularity (irregular floor plan) as
per IS 1893-2002. To study the effect of shear wall on both structure, linear dynamic analysis
(Response spectrum analysis) in software ETABs is carried out. In each analysis, the behavior
of conventional slab structure and flat slab structure with and without shear wall was
investigated and Top storey displacement, storey shear, Maximum storey drift and time period
were observed. Comparison of analysis results for both structure is done in terms of time
period, storey displacement, storey drift and storey shear. The following conclusions are
drawn from the study.

Seismic Response Of Multistorey Flat Slab Building With Shear Wall In Seismic Zone -V Page 9
1) Time period is less, lesser is mass of structure and more is the stiffness of structure. There
is 50% to 60 % Reduction in time period of conventional structural system compared Flat slab
structural system, indicates that conventional structural systems has higher Stiffness compared
to flat slab structural system.

2) There is 50% to 60 % Reduction in time period for with shear wall structure to without
shear wall structure indicates that with shear wall structure has higher stiffness compare to
without shear wall structure.

3) The maximum top storey displacement should not exceed H/500, where H=total height of
the building, the permissible limit. It can be seen that when the height of the building is
increase, the top storey displacement is also increase. From graph it can be seen that in Zone
V structure has higher displacement than zone IV structure so as seismic zone level increase
displacement is also increase. Top storey displacement for conventional structure is well
within in IS code permissible limit whereas flat slab structure top storey displacement is not
well within in limit in Zone V. But by providing a suitable size of shear wall at suitable
location in plan top storey displacement of flat slab structure with shear wall is then well
within in permissible limit.

4) There is 35% to 40 % Reduction in storey displacement of conventional structural system

compared flat slab structural system and 30% to 50% in reduction in storey displacement of
with shear wall structure to without shear wall structure.

5) There is 30% to 40 % Reduction in storey drift of conventional structural system compared

flat slab structural system and 40% to 50% in reduction in storey drift of with shear wall
structure to without shear wall structure.

6) From graph it is observed for 5 storey structure there is minor difference in storey shear of
conventional structural to flat slab structure but as height of structure increase storey shear of
flat slab structure is also increase and same as seismic zone level is increase shear is also
increase.

Seismic Response Of Multistorey Flat Slab Building With Shear Wall In Seismic Zone -V Page 10
7) It is also observed that as height of flat slab structure is increase a required thickness of
shear wall to limit a top storey displacement of flat slab structure is also increase.

8) So Building with shear wall is preferred because of considerable difference in storey

displacement, time period, base shear and storey drift.

Rajini .A .T , Dr. Manjunath N Hegde (2016) 14 in their paper presents to comparative study
of the behaviour of flat slab and conventional slab buildings of 20 stories in different cases
are, normal conventional and flat slab building, flat slab building with column drop,
conventional building and flat slab building with shear walls at different locations are
analyzed by considering two typical zones of zone III and zone V, through dynamic response
spectrum analysis by using ETABS software. Comparing the consequences of all models in
terms of time period and frequency, lateral displacements, story shear and story drifts by
plotting graphs. After concluded as displacement and story drifts are less in flat slab building
than conventional slab building. And story shear is more in flat slab building with drop and
shear wall. Flat slab building with combination of column drop and shear wall is performed
very well under seismic loads to reduce the displacements and drifts with increases stiffness
of building. This paper present a assess of the study, for conventional R.C. building and flat
slab building with and without shear wall, flat slab with drop panel, some models are analyzed
by dynamic analysis and based on results concluded as,

1) The only flat-slab RC structural system is noticeably more plastic for horizontal loads than
the traditional RC frame structures which give to the increase of its susceptibility to seismic
effects.

2) Providing grouping of drop and shear wall time period is 40% reduced. Time period of
providing shear wall at periphery is 20% more than using L type shear wall.
From the present study observed that displacement in conventional building is more than flat
slab building, displacement is reduced by 30% providing drop to the flat slab building and
60% reduced by providing L type shear wall.

3) Lateral displacement and storey drift of combined flat slab at centre and conventional slab
at outer side is 20% less than conventional building.

Seismic Response Of Multistorey Flat Slab Building With Shear Wall In Seismic Zone -V Page 11
4) In this study displacement reduced with increases the rigidity of building.

5) Storey shear in flat slab building is more in conservative building. By providing column
drop to the flat slab building storey shear is further 20% increased than without drop.

6) Storey drift in conservative building is 45% more in flat slab building. From the 0.004
times story height as per code.

Mitan Kathrotiya, Dr. Kaushal Parikh (2017)15 in their paper presents on the review study
of the behaviour of multi storey building having conventional RC frame structure, flat Slabs
and to study the effect of the buildings under the seismic forces. The structure was subjected
to different loading condition in different Seismic Zone and for different Soil condition. The
seismic behaviour of the flat Slab and the conventional RC building structure was obtained
using various software aids. On the basis of the seismic behaviour, the performance of the
structure was checked. Then after finally the additional required measures and concepts for
the design of structure for the improvement were suggested. This study includes various
information on the seismic parameters like storey drift, seismic base shear, and natural time
period Based on the study they conclude Lateral Displacement at middle stories level is
maximum. The displacement of the flat slab structure is reduced by provision of shear wall
As the no. of floor increases the lateral Displacement increases.The natural time period is
increases as the numbers of floors increases.

Thimmayapally Dileep Kumar, A.Mownika Vardhan (2017) 16 in their summarise the

analysis and design of regular and irregular flat slab for multistoreyed building under two
seismic zones to increase the bearing capacity of the flat-slab Structure under horizontal
loads, particularly when speaking about seismically prone areas and limitation of
deformations, modifications of the system by Adding structural elements are necessary. The
purely flat-slab rc structural system is considerably more flexible for horizontal loads than
The traditional rc frame structures which contributes to the increase of its vulnerability to
seismic effects. Important conclusion from the study are as follows-

Seismic Response Of Multistorey Flat Slab Building With Shear Wall In Seismic Zone -V Page 12
1. Flat-slab building structures possesses major advantages over traditional slab-beam-column
structures because of the free design of space, shorter construction time, architectural
functional and economical aspects.

2. Because of the absence of deep beams and shear walls, flat-slab structural system is
significantly more flexible for lateral loads then traditional RC frame system and that make
the system more vulnerable under seismic events.

3. The purely flat-slab RC structural system is considerably more flexible for horizontal loads
than the traditional RC frame structures which contributes to the increase of its vulnerability
to seismic effects.

4. The critical moment in design of these systems is the slab-column connection, i.e., the
penetration force in the slab at the connection, which should retain its bearing capacity even at
maximal displacements.

5. To increase the bearing capacity of the flat-slab structure under horizontal loads,
particularly when speaking about seismically prone areas and limitation of deformations,
modifications of the system by adding structural elements are necessary.

2.3 CLOSURE
The literature review has suggested that use of Time history analysis for flat slab multi-storey
building with and without shear wall is useful. So it has been decided to use ETABS 2016 for
the modeling. With the help of the software study of multi-storey flat slab building with
variable shear wall location has been done. It gives the nonlinear storey drift, displacement
and drift index curve of the building. Further from the literature study it has been observed
that not much focus is placed on the optimum location of shear wall in flat slab buildings.
Therefore in the present study, a typical multi storey flat slab structure with and without shear
wall is analyzed by time history analysis. With the help of this, results so obtained have been
studied to understand the effect of shear wall and to identify its optimal location in multi
storey flat slab building.

Seismic Response Of Multistorey Flat Slab Building With Shear Wall In Seismic Zone -V Page 13
2.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
Based on the literature review presented above salient objectives of the present study
are defined as follows:--

a) To study the seismic performance of multistorey flat slab building for vertical and
earthquake loading.

b) To study the seismic response of flat slab structure with variable shear wall locations
and to optimize the location of shear wall for best seismic performance

c) The effect of storey displacement, storey base shear, storey drift, storey stiffness and
drift index to be observed in the structure under gravity and earthquake loading

d) The comparative study of seismic behaviour of flat slab structure (without shear wall)
and flat slab structure (with optimaly placed shear wall).

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