INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU MALAYSIA KAMPUS SULTAN MIZAN,

22200 BESUT,
TERENGGANU DARUL IMAN

PPISMP
SEMESTER 2

BIOLOGY 1
GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMAN AND PLANT
AND
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

NAMAE : SITI QURRATUL AINI ULFA BINTI RODIN JAYA

I/C NO : 910606-03-6028
UNIT : 2 PPISMP SCIENCE
SUBJECT : SCIENCE (BIOLOGY 1)
CODE : SN2311P5
LECTURER’S NAME : MR. RASHID BIN MOHAMAD
SUBMISSION DATE : MARCH 2010
 VOW PAGE

I admit that this coursework is my own work that I have done it myself except for the
article and summary that I have explained the sources.

Signature : (_______________________)
Name : SITI QURRATUL AINI ULFA BINTI RODIN JAYA
I/C NO : 910606-03-6028
Date : ___ ________________ 2010.
 BIOLOGY 1
GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMAN AND PLANT
AND
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
IPG KAMPUS SULTAN MIZAN, KOTA PUTRA, BESUT, TERENGGANU
 APPRECIATION

Assalamualaikum.
Firstly I am very grateful because finally I did finished my coursework task on the
right time given. First of all, I would like to convey my appreciation to my parents. This is
because they had given me a lot of supports in doing this coursework perfectly.

I would like to thank my dedicated lecturer and also my coordinator from the
bottom of my heart. She have helped me and my classmates on how to understand this
coursework and make it easier and simple. Without her help, I does not sure whether I
can finished this coursework on time or not.

I also wanted to convey my appreciation to all of my friends for giving me

lots of moral supports and pulling me up each time I fall. They have helps me in doing
this coursework and they also did gave comments on my coursework such as their
opinion about the arrangement of the tasks, views about the task and so on.

Thank you.
 CONTENTS

VOW PAGE I
HEADING ENCLOSURE II
CONTENTS III
INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 GRAPHIC NOTES
1.1 Gaseous Exchange in Human 2-9
1.2 Gaseous Exchange in Plants 10 - 15
2.0 INVESTIGATION 16 - 18
REFLECTION 19
BIBLIOGRAPHY 20
COLLABORATION FORM 21
 INTRODUCTION

Living organisms need energy for cellular activities. Cells that carry out aerobic
respiration require a continuous supply of oxygen and need to remove carbon dioxide.
To enable this, organisms have developed gas exchange surfaces where respiratory
gases are exchanged between living cells and the environment.

Gaseous exchange in plants occurs mainly through pores called stomata. They
are found on the epidermis of leaves and stems of flowering plants. In dicotyledonous
leaves the stomata are found mainly on the lower epidermis. Lenticels found in the bark
of stems and root hairs with thin walls and large surface area also allow gaseous
exchange to take place.

Large organisms need a transport system to supply their cells with nutrients,
oxygen and other materials and to remove waste products. The main transport system
in mammals is the circulatory system consisting of the heart and the flow of blood
through a network of blood vessels.
1.0 GRAPHIC NOTES

1.1 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMAN

Living organisms need energy for cellular activities. Cells that carry out aerobic
respiration require a continuous supply of oxygen and to remove the carbon dioxide. To
enable this, organism has developed gas exchange surfaces where respiratory gases
are exchanged between the living cells and environment. In mammals, a respiratory
system is developed and gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs.

Small unicellular organisms

Have a large surface area to volume ratio.
Have a short distance for rapid diffusion.
Passive diffusion of gases that occurs through the cell surface
membrane along the diffusion gradient is sufficient for their needs.

Multicellular organisms
E.g : MAMMALS.
Larger and more complex forms.
Have a smaller surface area to volume ratio.
The skin is usually impermeable to gases.
The central body cells are more removed from the external
environment.
Needs specialised organ systems, not only for respiration, but also
for digestion, circulation, excretion,reproduction, nervous and
endocrine functions.
1.1.1 Gaseous exchange in humans

The respiratory surface of a human is made-up of over 700 million air sacs, called
alveoli, inside a pair of lungs. The lungs, located in the thoracic cavity are protected by
the ribcage and separated from the abdomen by the muscular diaphragm.

- The C-shaped cartilage rings of the trachea allow the continuous movement of
air through the air passage.
- Goblet cells secrete mucus to trap dust particles and microbial spores.
- The cilia on the epithelium lining the respiratory tubes move the mucus and
trapped particles to the pharynx to be swallowed or removed via the mouth.
- Oxygen in the alveolus diffuses across the thin epithelium of the alveolus and the
endothelium of the capillary into the blood.
- It the diffuses into the red blood cells.
 Acts as internal gas exchange surfaces. Alveoli
Allows the passage of air to the alveoli. Bronchioles
Allow the passage of air from trachea to bronchioles. Bronchi
Allow the passage of air from trachea to bronchioles. Trachea
Contains vocal chords for sound production. Larynx
Opening to allow air into the larynx. Glottis
Connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx. Pharynx
Filters, moistens, and warms the air. Nasal cavity
The function of the structure of the human gas exchange system :
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the respiratory system :

Oxygen rich
air from Nasal cavities Pharynx Trachea
environment

Oxygen and
carbon dioxide
Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
exchange at
alveoli

Bronchioles Bronchi Trachea Pharynx

Carbon
dioxide rich air
Nasal cavities
to the
environment
1.1.2 Mechanisms of Ventilation.

Breathing occurs in two stages :

a) Inspiration (Inhalation) is the process in which air is actively inhaled into the
lungs.
b) Expiration (Exhalation) is the process in which air is exhaled from the lungs.
1.1.2.1 Inspiration

Diaphragm
Exterbal intercostal
Ribcage is pulled muscles contract,
muscles contract,
upwards and diaphragm moves
internal intercostal
outwards downwards,
muscles relax
becomes flattened

Air pressure in the

Air is drawn into
Thoracic volume lungs decreases to
the lungs along a
increases below atmospheric
pressure gradient
pressure

Volume of the
lungs increases

1.1.2.2 Expiration
 Diaphragm
Internal intercostal
Ribcage is pulled muscles relax,
muscles contract,
downwards and diaphragm moves
external intercostal
inwards upwards, return to
muscle relax
dome shape

Air pressure in the

Air is moved out of
Thoracic volume lungs increases to
the lungs along the
decreases higher than that of
pressure gradient
atmosphere

Volume of the
lungs decreases

1.1.3 Adaptations for gaseous exchange in the lungs

Large surface
area

Thin walls moist surface

Alveoli

Surrounded
by numerous Permeable
blood walls
capillaries
1.2 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN GREEN PLANT

What is stomata?

Air containing carbon dioxide enters the plant through these

openings where it is used in photosynthesis and respiration. Oxygen
produced by photosynthesis exits through these same openings.
Also, water vapor is released into the atmosphere through these
pores in a process called transpiration.

Gaseous exchange in plants occurs mainly through pores called stomata.

 They are found on the epidermis of leaves and stems
of flowering plants.

In decotyledonous leaves, stomata are mainly found

on the lower epidermis.

Lenticels found in the bark of stems.

Root hairs with thin walls and large surface area allow
gaseous exchange to take place.

Structure of stomata
 Has thinner outer
contains
wall, less elastic,
chloroplasts
inner wall

Celulose microfibrils
are radially
orientated in the cell
kidney-shaped
wall and the guard
cells are joined at
the end

The epidermal
Each consists of a
cells surrounding
stomatal pore
Guard cells the guard cells
surrounded by two
are called
guard cells
subsidiary cells

1.2.1 Stomatal opening and closing

1.2.1.1 Stomatal opening

Stomatal opening is Guard cell

promoted by high generated ATP by Blue light is
light intensity and photophosphorylatio absorbed by BL
low mesophyll CO2 n during photoreceptors
level photosynthesis

ATPs generated are

hydrolysed to Cell become
Potassium channel
provide energy to increasingly
activated
drive the photon- negative charge
pump

Accumulation of K+
K diffuse from the
+
causes the water
subsidiary cells into potential in guard Guard cells turgid
the guard cells cells become
negative

Outer wall thinner

and more elastic Guard cells curve
Stomata opens
than the thicker outwards
inner wall

1.2.1.2 Stomatal closing

 Stomatal closure
triggered by water Hormone abscisic ABA binds to
stress, high acid (ABA) is receptors at the cell
temperature, secreted by plant membrane at the
increasing CO2, and cells guard cells
low light intensity

Permeability of The accumulation of

Calcium ions enter
calcium channels Ca2+ inhibits the
the guard cells
increased proton pump

Water diffuses out to

Potassium ions Water potential in
neighbouring
move out into the guard cells
subsidiary cells by
subsidiary cells increases
osmosis

Turgor pressure
Cells become flaccid Stoma closes
decreases

Factors which lead to stomata opening and closing.

 There is an endogenous rhythm (a
biological clock). Stomata open during
The water balance of a plant
the day and close during the night.
affects stomatal apperture.
(Though certain succulents which are
Wilting plants close their
native to hot, dry conditions have a
stomata. The plant growth
reversed rhythm to enable them to
regulator abscisic acid (ABA)
economise on water loss.) However,
seems to act as a mediator
stomata continue to open and close on
under these conditions. Water
an approximately 24 hour clock (circadian
stress in the roots can transmit
= about a day) even when switched to
(in xylem?) its influence to
continuous light. The phase of this
stomata in leaves by the signal of
opening and closure can be shifted
ABA.
(made to occur at other times of the day)
by contol of the end of the dark period.

Light causes stomates to open. The

Low concentrations of CO2
cause stomata to open. If CO2-
free air is blown across
stomata in darkness, their
stomates open. High CO2
causes stomates to close.
minimum light level for opening of stomates
in most plants is 1/1000 to 1/30 of full
sunlight, just enough to cause some net
photosynthesis. Blue light (430-460nm) is
nearly 10 times as effective as red light
(630-680nm). The wavelengths that are
effective in the red part of the spectrum are
the same as those that are effective in
photosynthesis ie is absorbed by
chlorophyll. However, the blue light effect is
quite independent of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis will change intercellular CO2
concentrations and may have its effect
through number iii) above.

Importance of stomata
 Allow gaseous exchange of carbon dioxide (for
photosynthesis) and oxygen (for respiration) between the
plant and the surrounding

Regulate the rate of transpiration and control water loss by

the plant

Pull water and mineral salts from the roots to the higher parts
of the plant

2.0 Investigation about the blood circulatory system in human from the website.
a) Method :
a. Surfing the internet.
b. Find the information about blood circulatory system in human.
c. Analyze what is the importance of blood circulatory system in human.

b) Observation :
a. The importance of blood circulatory system
- To move materials throughout the body :
- Oxygen, carbon dioxide & other wastes, nutrients, hormones, and
antibodies.
- It moves oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood to organs and body
tissues.
- It returns un-oxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood to the heart.
- carry the blood to every part of your body.
- Blood moves oxygen and nutrients to cells.
- Carries carbon dioxide and other wastes away from the cells.
- Sometimes the blood carries substances made in one part of the
body to another part of the body where they are needed.

c) Graphics :
A- Heart.

A heart is an organ made of cardiac muscle tissue. Heart is located behind the
breastbone, called sternum, and between the lungs. It has four compartments called
chambers. This chambers is divided by two which is the two upper chambers are called
the right and left atria. While, the two lower chambers are called the right and left
ventricles. During one heartbeat, both atriums contract at the same time. Then, both
ventricles contract at the same time. A one-way valve separates each atrium from the
ventricle below it. The blood flows only in one direction from an atrium to a ventricle,
then form a ventricle into a blood vessel. A wall prevents blood from flowing between
the two atriums or the two ventricles. This walls keeps blood rich in oxygen separate
from blood low in oxygen. If oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood were to mix, the
body cells would not get all the oxygen they need.
B Trace the pathway of blood from heart to lungs and back

A Blood, high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen, returns from the body to the
heart. It enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava.
B The right atrium contracts, forcing the blood into the right ventricle. When the
right ventricle contracts, the blood leave the heart and goes through the
pulmonary artery to the lungs. The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that
carry blood that is high in carbon dioxide.
C Oxygen-rich blood travels from the lungs through the pulmonary vein and into the
left atrium. The pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygen-rich blood.
D The left atrium contracts and forces the blood into the left ventricle. The left
ventricle contracts, forcing the blood out of the heart and into the aorta.

REFLECTION
Assalamualaikum.
Finally, I did manage to finish this biology coursework within the time given.
Behind the process of finishing this coursework, I have gone through many difficulties
instead of finishing this coursework. I am having problems with the time management,
the sources for finding the information of the coursework, and the arrangement of the
coursework.

Time management is really testing me to be a good time manager from now until
the future. With lots of coursework, I need to find sometimes for finishing this
coursework. I tried to manage my time instead of busy finishing all the coursework
given to me. I make the schedule and follow the schedule according which coursework
should be done first and which coursework should be submit first. This is because I do
not want to keep rushing on something because sometimes when we keep rushing, our
work will end in trouble.

Besides, I really find it difficult to find the information to put in this coursework. I
went to library and borrowed some books, searched on health books at home, and
surfing the internet for various information to be taken. But, it seems like the information
is still not much. But, I tried to collect all the information and make it into group to see
which parts is still not enough for doing the coursework.

Lastly, the arrangement of the coursework sometimes is confusing me. All

contents looks the same and my head stuck in the middle of the arrangement. But,I tried
to calm myself and do it slowly. Moreover, I ask my friends help on their opinions about
the arrangement for the coursework. Finally, I did manage to finish it.

Thank you.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
B.S.Beckett, (1986) Biology A Modern Introduction GSCE Edition, Great Britain, Oxfor
University

Gairdner B.Moment, Ph.d, Helen M. Ph.d, (1977) Mainstream of Biology, USA, The
William & Wilking Company

Joan E.Rahn, (1974) Biology The science Of Life, United States Of America, Macmillan
Publishing

Lee ching (2009), Pre-U Text Stpm Biology Volume 1, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul
Ehsan, Longman

Thomas A.Steyaert, (1971) Life Are Patterns Of Order, USA, Mc Graw-Hill

www.bisnet.or.id.GASEOUSEXCHANGE , accessed on 10 March 2010

www.rsc.org/education/teachers/learnnet/cfb/CIRCULATORY.htm, accessed on 13
March 2010

www.tutorvista.com, accessed on 14 March 2010