International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology (IJEART)

ISSN: 2454-9290, Volume-1, Issue-4, October 2015

Effects of Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage

Device and Redox Flow Battery in a Genetic Algorithm
Based Load Frequency Controller
A. Adhithan, K. R. Venkatesan, J. Baskaran

Abstract- The main objective of Load Frequency Control In order to keep the power system in normal operating state,
(LFC) is to regulate the power output of the electric generator a number of controllers are used in practice. As the demand
within an area in response to changes in system frequency and deviates from its normal operating value the system state
tie-line loading. Thus the LFC helps in maintaining the changes. Different types of controllers based on classical
scheduled system frequency and tie-line power interchange linear control theory have been developed in the past [5].
with the other areas within the prescribed limits. Most LFCs
Because of the inherent nonlinearities in system components
are primarily composed of an integral controller. The
integrator gain is set to a level that the compromises between and synchronous machines, most load frequency controllers
fast transient recovery and low overshoot in the dynamic are primarily composed of an integral controller. The
response of the overall system. This type of controller is slow integrator gain is set to a level that compromise between fast
and does not allow the controller designer to take into account transient recovery and low overshoot in the dynamic
possible changes in operating condition and non-linearitys in response of the overall system. This type of controller is slow
the generator unit. This paper shows the control of load and does not allow the controller designer to take into
frequency in a two area power system with PI controller, account possible non-linearity in the generator unit, so the
incorporating of Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage PID controller will be used for the stabilization of the
Device (SMES) and Battery Energy System (BES) such as
frequency in the load frequency control problems. The main
Redox Flow Battery (RFB) for the improvement of Load
Frequency Control of a two area interconnected power system objectives of LFC in order to regulate the power output of
using Genetic Algorithm (GA). the electric generator within a prescribed area in response to
changes in system frequency, tie line loading so as to
Index Terms - Load Frequency Control -Genetic Algorithm- maintain the scheduled system frequency and interchange
SMES, RFB with the other areas within the prescribed limits. The
effectiveness of LFC is judged in terms of Area Control
I. INTRODUCTION Errors (ACE), the system output is given by
Load Frequency Control (LFC) problem occurs due to ACEi= Ptie,i +bi fi (1)
sudden small load perturbations which continuously disturb ACEi is area i control error, bi is area i frequency bias
the normal operation of a power system. The modern power constant, delfi is area i frequency change, Ptie,i is the
systems with industrial and commercial loads need to operate change in tie-line power.
at constant frequency with reliable power. The goals of the
LFC are to maintain zero steady state errors in a multi area II. SUPER CONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY
interconnected power system.[1]. STORAGE(SMES) UNIT
LFC is a very important issue in power system with an Fast acting energy storage devices can effectively damp
increasing demand for electric power and more electromechanical oscillations in a power system, because
complicated .Therefore the objective of LFC of a power they provide storage capacity in addition to the kinetic
system is to maintain the frequency of each area and in energy of the generator rotor, which can share the sudden
interconnected system within specified tolerance by changes in power requirement. The present paper shows the
adjusting the new outputs of LFC generators so as to effectiveness of small sized magnetic energy storage (MES)
accommodate fluctuating load demand. In general LFC units (both superconducting and normal loss types) for this
systems are designed with Proportional- Integral (PI) application and suggests means of best utilization of the
controllers. However, since the I control parameters are small energy storage capacity in such units to improve the
usually tuned; it is incapable of obtaining good dynamic load frequency dynamics of large power areas.[5]
performance for various load and system changes. In this
study, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to determine the gain
of the PID controller. In the integral controller, if the integral
gain is very high, undesirable and unacceptable large
overshoots will occur. However, adjusting the maximum
and minimum values of proportional gain (kp) and integral
gain (ki) respectively, the outputs of the system (voltage,
frequency) could be improved. In this simulation study, two
area power system with two different parameters are chosen
and load frequency control of this system is made based on
PID controller.

I. PROBLEM FORMULATION
Fig.1 SMES unit: circuit point of view

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 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology (IJEART)
The schematic diagram in Fig. 5.1 shows the configuration of
a thyristor controlled SMES unit . Control of the converter
firing angle provides the DC voltage Ed appearing across the
inductor to be continuously varied between a wide range of
positive and negative values. The inductor is initially charged
to its rated current Id0 by applying a low positive voltage.
Once the current reaches the rated value, it is maintained
constant by reducing the voltage across the inductor to zero
since the coil is superconducting. The inductor current
deviation is used as negative feedback signal in SMES
control loop. So, if the load demand changes suddenly, the
negative feedback provides the prompt restoration of current.
The inductor current must be restored to its nominal value
quickly after a system disturbance so that it can respond to
the next load perturbation immediately. The block diagram
representation of SMES incorporating the negative inductor
current deviation feedback is shown in fig 2. Thus the
dynamic equations for the inductor voltage deviation and
current deviation of the smes unit are
and
Where ACE1 is area control error of area 1
Fig.2 SMES block diagram with inductor current deviation
feedback
The detailed small perturbation transfer function block
diagram of the interconnected thermal power system with
SMES in area 1 with the tie-line is shown in fig 3.
Fig 3. Small perturbation transfer function block diagram of
the interconnected thermal power system with SMES
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ISSN: 2454-9290, Volume-1, Issue-4, October 2015
III. REDOX FLOW BATTERY (RFB) UNIT
The rechargeable batteries such as redox flow which are not
aged by a frequent charging and discharging have a quick
response and outstanding function during overload. The
batteries efficiency increased when the cycle period of
charging and discharging became shorter . In addition to
levelling load, the batteries are advantageous for the
secondary control of the power system and maintain a power
quality of distributed power resource. The RF batteries are
capable of very fast response [8] and so hunting due to a
delay in response will not occur. For this reason the ACE is
used as the command value for the RFB in controlling the
output response in the LFC problem.The RFB include Load
Frequency Control which gives the excellent short time
overload output.
The effect of generation control and absorption of fluctuation
needed for power quality maintenance are expected in the
present power market scenario. RF batteries are capable of
very fast response and , therefore, hunting due to a delay in
response does not occur. For this reason, the ACE is used
directly as the command value for LFC to control the output
of RF batteries as shown in the below figure 4.
Fig.4 Redox Flow Battery system model
The detailed small perturbation transfer function block
diagram of the interconnected thermal power system with
RFB in area 1 with the tie-line is shown in fig 5.
Fig 5. Small perturbation transfer function block diagram of
the interconnected thermal power system with RFB
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 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology (IJEART)
ISSN: 2454-9290, Volume-1, Issue-4, October 2015
IV. GENETIC ALGORITHM BASED CONTROLLERS V. SIMULATION RESULTS
Genetic Algorithms (GA.s) are a stochastic global search GA based load frequency controller for a two area
method [19, 20] that mimics the process of natural evolution. interconnected power system with SMES and RFB are
It is one of the methods used for optimization. John Holland designed and implemented.
formally introduced this method in the United States in the
1970 at the University of Michigan. The continuing With SMES With RFB With With
performance improvement of computational systems has
conventional conventional SMES RFB GA
made them attractive for some types of optimization. The
genetic algorithm starts with no knowledge of the correct GA
solution and depends entirely on responses from its
environment and evolution operators such as reproduction, f1 23 19 17 14
crossover and mutation to arrive at the best solution. By
starting at several independent points and searching in f2 21 19 17 13
parallel, the algorithm avoids local minima and converging
to sub optimal solutions. In this way, GAs have been shown Ptie 23 13 12 11
to be capable of locating high performance areas in complex
domains without experiencing the difficulties associated with
high dimensionality, as may occur with gradient decent Table.1 Overshoot with different control schemes
techniques or methods that rely on derivative information.
The steps involved in creating and implementing a genetic
algorithm:

a)Generate an initial, random population of individuals for a

fixed size.

b)Evaluate their fitness.

c)Select the fittest members of the population.

d)Reproduce using a probabilistic method (e.g., roulette

wheel).

e)Implement crossover operation on the reproduced

chromosomes

f)(choosing probabilistically both the crossover site and the

mates.)

Fig.7 f1 for a two area interconnected power system with

coordinated SMES

Fig.8 f2 for a two area interconnected power system with

Fig.6 Genetic Algorithm process Flow chart coordinated SMES

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 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology (IJEART)
ISSN: 2454-9290, Volume-1, Issue-4, October 2015

Fig.9 Ptie for a two area interconnected power system with Fig.12 Ptie for a two area interconnected power system
coordinated SMES with coordinated RFB

Fig.10 f1 for a two area interconnected power system with Fig.13 f1 for a two area interconnected power system with
coordinated RFB coordinated SMES using GA

Fig.11 f2 for a two area interconnected power system with Fig.14 f2 for a two area interconnected power system with
coordinated RFB coordinated SMES using GA

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 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology (IJEART)
ISSN: 2454-9290, Volume-1, Issue-4, October 2015

Fig.18 Ptie for a two area interconnected power system

Fig.15 Ptie for a two area interconnected power system with coordinated RFB using GA
with coordinated SMES using GA
VI. CONCLUSION
In this proposed study, Genetic Algorithm based PI has been
introduced for automatic load frequency control of a two area
power system. For this purpose, first, more adaptive tuning
mechanism for the PI controller parameters is obtained. It
has been shown that the proposed control algorithms are
effective and provides significant improvement in system
performance.

It has been shown in the present thesis that small sized

SMES units and RFB with suitable control can effectively
reduce the frequency and tie-line power oscillations
following sudden small load perturbations. This method of
improving the load frequency control of power systems has
the advantage that it does not require the governor or any
other part of the power system to perform any sophisticated
control action.

APPENDIX
Fig.16 f1 for a two area interconnected power system with
coordinated RFB using GA
Data for the interconnected two area power system,

Rating of each area=2000MW,

Base Power=2000MVA,

f=60 HZ ,a12=-1,

R1=R2=2.4 Hz/p.u,

Tg1=Tg2=0.08 s,

Tt1=Tt2=0.3 s,

Tps1=Tps2=20 s,

1=2=0.425 p.u. MW/HZ

T12=0.545 p.u. MW/HZ

Pd1=0.01mp.u.MW
Fig.17 f2 for a two area interconnected power system with
coordinated RFB using GA For SMES,

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 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology (IJEART)
Ksm=0.12 KV/unit MW
Tsm=0.03 s
For RFB,
Krfbi = 1.8, Tdi = 0, Tr = 0, Kr = 0
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ISSN: 2454-9290, Volume-1, Issue-4, October 2015
BIOGRAPHY
A.Adhithan was born in 1989 in Tamilnadu, India.
He received his B.E-EEE degree from SRR college
of engineering under the control of Anna
University, Chennai in 2011 and M.E-PSE Degree
from Annamalai University, Chidambaram in 2013.
Now he is working as a Assistant professor of EEE
department in Adhiparasakthi Engineering College,
Melmaruvathur, Tamilnadu, India. His research area of interest includes
power system, electrical machines, FACTS.
Mr. K.RVenkatesan received the under graduate
degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
from Annamalai University, Chidambaram in 2001
and the post graduate degree in Power System
Engineering from Annamalai University,
Chidambaram in 2008.He is joined as Assistant
Professor in Kings College of Engineering at Thanjavur and now presently
working in Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Melmaruvathur.
J. Baskaran was born in 1976 in Tamilnadu, India.
He received his B.E degree from Madras
University, Chennai in 1997 and M.E Degree
from Annamalai University, Chidambaram in 2006
and PhD from Anna University, Chennai in 2010.
He has 14 years teaching and 4 years research
experience. Now he is working as a professor and
Head of EEE department in Adhiparasakthi Engineering College,
Melmaruvathur, Tamilnadu, India. His research area of interest includes
power electronics, optimization control in power system, FACTS,
Distributed power system

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