Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Submitted to
December 2014
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... 2
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. 2
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 3
1. Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Significance of the Project ............................................................................................................... 6
3. Outcomes of the Project .................................................................................................................. 7
4. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 8
5. Optimal Beamforming for Multiuser MIMO-OFDM Cellular Broadcast/Multicast Wireless
Networks ................................................................................................................................................ 11
5.1. Overview of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 11
5.2. Proposed Beamforming and Resource Allocation Strategies ............................................... 13
5.3. Multiuser MIMO Beamforming............................................................................................. 14
5.3.1. Multiuser Successive Maximum Ratio Transmission for MIMO Wireless Systems .......... 16
5.4. Optimal Beamforming for Multicell Cooperative Networks ................................................. 20
5.4.1. Optimal Beamforming for Cooperative Broadcast Networks: .......................................... 21
5.4.2. Optimal Beamforming for Cooperative Unicast Networks: .............................................. 23
5.4.3. Optimal Beamforming for Cooperative Multicast Networks: ........................................... 25
5.4.4. Optimal Multi-User Uplink Beamforming for Cooperative Unicast Networks: ................ 29
5.5. User Scheduling .................................................................................................................... 30
5.6. Video Quality: ....................................................................................................................... 32
5.7. Simulation Results ................................................................................................................. 34
6. Optimal Power Allocation and Downlink Beamforming for Cognitive Radio system .................... 39
6.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 39
6.1.1. Overview of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 39
6.2. Literature Review .................................................................................................................. 41
6.3. System model........................................................................................................................ 43
6.4. Problem formulation for multiuser Cognitive Radio scenarios ............................................. 44
6.5. Optimal MIMO-OFDM Power allocation without primary user CSI ...................................... 46
6.6. Simulation Results ................................................................................................................. 48
7. References: .................................................................................................................................... 50
List of Tables
Table 1: Model Parameter for various video sequences. ....................................................................... 34
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Broadcast/ Multicast multimedia services in wireless networks. ............................................. 9
Figure 2: Multi-user multiple input multiple output system. ................................................................. 10
Figure 3: Cooperative multi-cell broadcast scenario. ............................................................................. 11
Figure 4: Cooperative Wireless Network with Multicast Transmission of Multimedia Data. ................ 12
Figure 5: Transmit and receive beamforming in MIMO systems. .......................................................... 13
Figure 6: Broadcast service in MIMO cooperative cellular network. ..................................................... 22
Figure 7: Unicast service in MIMO Cooperative Cellular Network. ........................................................ 23
Figure 8: Multicast service in MIMO Cooperative Cellular Network. ..................................................... 26
Figure 9: Relationship between video quality and data rate. ................................................................ 32
Figure 10: Scalable Video Coding for wireless networks. ....................................................................... 33
Figure 11: Test video sequences ............................................................................................................ 34
Figure 12: Sum rate vs. transmit power while employing different beamforming techniques. ............ 36
Figure 13: Sum rate of SCEB based maximum rate (MR), proportional fairness (PF) and round robin
(RR) scheduling schemes. ....................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 14: Video quality of test video sequences with SCEB multicast beamforming in 2x2 and 4x4
MIMO multicast scenario with NG = 50 groups and two users in each group. ...................................... 37
Figure 15: Video quality versus power for various competing MU-MIMO transmission techniques,
namely, SO, MS-MRT, BD, CTR-BD, and CTR-SO (I and NI, i.e., iterative and non-iterative versions). ... 38
Figure 16: Average throughput versus power for various competing MU-MIMO transmission
techniques, namely, SO, MS-MRT, BD, CTR-BD, and CTR-SO (I and NI, i.e., iterative and non-iterative
versions). ................................................................................................................................................ 38
Figure 17: Multiband cognitive radio interweave model for frequency allocation to primary and
secondary users. ..................................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 18: Cognitive radio multiuser- MIMO scenario with both primary and secondary users
transmitting. ........................................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 19: MIMO-OFDM based interweave Cognitive Radio (CR) .......................................................... 44
Figure 20: Maximum transmission rate of the CR users versus the interference threshold .................. 49
Figure 21: Maximum interference at any PU receive mode vs. Interference Threshold ....................... 50
Figure 22: Total capacity of the CR users versus the interference threshold ......................................... 50
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1. Summary
The first objective of this project was to develop optimal resource allocation
schemes for MIMO-OFDM based broadcast cellular systems with cooperative base
stations such that the total data rate is maximized and higher reliability is achieved
with reduced power consumption at the base stations is achieved. In this context,
we propose a novel scheme to jointly determine the optimal transmit/receive
beamformers together with multi-user power allocation towards transmission rate
maximization in a cooperative MIMO cellular wireless network for unicast/multicast
scenarios. For the unicast scenario, we propose a successive constrained
eigenbeamforming (SCEB) technique to reduce the inter-user interference and
enhance the data rates subject to power constraints. This scheme is further
extended to a multicast scenario (SCEB-M) to maximize the sum rate of a user group
with group constraints on the transmit power. We develop the successive multi-user
uplink beamforming (SMUB) scheme which maximizes the SINR of the users in multi-
cell cooperative cellular networks. It is shown that higher data rates can be achieved
due to the zero interference property of the proposed SMUB scheme.
Finally, when the number of users/groups is large, user scheduling plays a prominent
role in efficient allocation of the time-frequency resources. Towards this end, we
develop various user scheduling schemes that can be employed with the proposed
optimal beamforming schemes to enhance the throughput and fairness of the end
user.
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We employ a practical H.264 scalable video quality model to demonstrate the
performance of the presented schemes in realistic video streaming broadband
wireless networks. The simulation results presented in this work rely on the rate
models derived using the Joint Scalable Video Model (JSVM) software developed by
the Joint Video Team (JVT) and are, thus, readily applicable in practice. The
presented results clearly demonstrate the ability of the proposed algorithm to
maximize the video quality in comparison with the other competing MU MIMO
precoding techniques. Simulation results show that the proposed SCEB schemes
achieve a superior data rate and video quality in comparison to conventional
resource allocation schemes in cooperative cellular scenarios.
The second objective of this project was to develop optimal schemes for downlink
beamforming and power allocation for cognitive radio based multiuser MIMO-OFDM
broadcast systems with the aim of maximizing the system throughput while ensuring
better quality of service. In this context, we present optimal power allocation
strategies for a MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing) based cognitive radio (CR) system. The proposed
power allocation schemes maximize the downlink transmission rate of the CR users
under spatial interference constraints, considering both the availability and absence
of the primary user (PU) Channel State Information (CSI). It is demonstrated that the
isotropic interference minimization in the absence of PU CSI can be formulated as a
semi-definite program (SDP) while it reduces to linear interference constraints based
CR user sum-rate maximization in the presence of PU CSI. Closed form power
allocation expressions are derived for the above scenarios under a sum-trace
interference relaxation.
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2. Significance of the Project
This project has significant implications, particularly in context of India, and also
provides benefits to end users. This research tries to achieve some of the visions
expressed in the National Telecom Policy India [32]: 1) Promote efficient use of
spectrum, 2) Provide affordable and reliable connections at minimum 2 Mbps
download speed and making available higher speeds of at least 100 Mbps in future,
3) Optimize transmission of services to consumers irrespective of their devices or
locations. 4) Employ low power solutions to reduce the operational costs and
achieve sustainability.
The benefits to the end user are threefold. This project aims to achieve better
connectivity in terms coverage, quality of service, and data rates for the mobile end
users. With reliable connection and significantly higher data rate, users will be able
to access rich set of applications such mobile TV, multiplayer gaming, high speed
internet connectivity seamlessly irrespective of their location.
We have shown that the proposed resource allocation schemes achieve a superior
data rate and video quality. Hence, the proposed techniques enhance the
multimedia content delivery capabilities of current wireless networks for interactive
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applications such as video streaming, multimedia multicasting and broadcasting. An
important area where this project has significant impact is education and learning.
This project envisions efficient and robust information dissemination to large
number of users enabling the rapid proliferation of information communication
technology based learning. This project develops schemes that will help in realizing
mature broadcast technology, thus, it may have significant impact in adoption of
broadcast services.
The proposed schemes reduce the power consumption at base stations. Hence, they
are energy efficient and potentially reduce the carbon foot print and energy costs
thereby lowering the detrimental effects on environment.
In summary, this research will take us a step closer in meeting key requirements of
next generation networks such as supporting high data rates by making use of new
spectrum opportunities and facilitate transition to a more competitive mobile
telecommunication landscape. The project outcomes will serve in enhancing the
intellectual capabilities and knowledge through workflow documents, publication of
the results, and build competencies to develop new sustainable technologies.
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3. Nikhil Gupta and Aditya K. Jagannatham, "Multiuser Successive Maximum Ratio
Transmission (MS-MRT) for Video Quality Maximization in MIMO OFDMA based
4G Wireless Networks", In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 78th Vehicular
Technology Conference-Fall Las Vegas, USA, 2-5 September 2013.
4. N. Venkategowda, N. Tandon, A. K. Jagannatham, Cooperative Multi-Cell
Beamforming for MIMO Unicast/Multicast Broadband H.264 Scalable Video
Networks, In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on
Multimedia and Expo (ICME), July 2013.
4. Introduction
The increase in multimedia traffic from applications such as video-on-demand,
mobile television, interactive gaming, etc., necessitates the enhancement of the
multimedia content delivery capabilities of 3G/ 4G wireless communication
technologies such as LTE, WiMAX and UMTS which are characterized by applications
involving high quality and reliable delivery of multimedia content. Reliable service to
mobile users in wireless cellular networks implies support of higher data rates with
quality of service (QoS). The maximum achievable data rate depends on the
bandwidth and power (SNR) as given by the Shannon capacity theorem,
The system capacity is constrained by the available bandwidth and power. Thus, in
order to maximize the data rates either the bandwidth and/or the transmit power
should be increased, which are scarce in a wireless communication environment.
Multiple transmit and receive antennas technology known as Multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) can be employed to achieve significant capacity gains with
no extra bandwidth requirement [1]. Further reliable transmission link can be
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obtained by using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) which
mitigates the problem of inter-symbol interference associated with frequency
selective channels by carrying out the data transmission over several orthogonal
subcarriers. Given its potential, MIMO wireless technology in combination with
OFDM is an attractive solution for next-generation wireless networks to achieve
higher throughput and reliability. More recently, the attention has shifted from
single-user point-to-point (P-P) MIMO scenario to multiuser MIMO channels (MU-
MIMO), where several users simultaneously access the communication channel [2].
Although the general area of multi-user communications has been well studied, new
areas of research opens up when users and base station employs multiple antennas.
A multiuser MIMO system is schematically depicted in Figure 2.
Broadcast/
Multicast
Mobile Video-on-demand
TV
Figure 1: Broadcast/ Multicast multimedia services in wireless networks.
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Figure 2: Multi-user multiple input multiple output system.
A more recent 4G LTE Release 9 supports BMS functionality where base stations
transmit the same signal simultaneously using the same time-frequency resource [4].
BMS involves data transmission from a single coordinated source to multiple users at
the same time and same channel [5], [6]. This scheme is illustrated in Figure 3. Since,
the data is same for all users, it increases the signal strength, rather than acting as
interference. This results in efficient distribution with lower interference and lesser
bandwidth utilization. Another promising technique for solving the problem of
bandwidth is the cognitive radio (CR) systems.
The increasing demand for bandwidth cannot be met using the traditional fixed
frequency band assignment. A report by the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) states that the already allocated spectrum is largely underutilized [9]. The
limited frequency resources and their inefficient usage, make the change of the
frequency assignment policy inevitable. Cognitive radio (CR) provides us a way for
dynamic spectrum access to improve spectral efficiency. The CR system
opportunistically allocates vacant primary user (PU) licensed spectral bands to
secondary users (SUs) thus improving spectrum utilization. OFDM provides great
ease in dynamically allocating unused spectrum among CR users. Thus, MIMO-OFDM
has been recognized to be the most promising scheme for usage in CR systems.
Employing multiuser broadcast systems further improves the spectral efficiency as
the same frequency band is being used to serve multiple users simultaneously.
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Figure 3: Cooperative multi-cell broadcast scenario.
Rich set of applications, for instance, mobile TV, disaster warning systems,
multiplayer gaming, require dissemination of same data (information) to many users.
These applications are typically supported through broadcast/multicast services
(BMS) in wireless communication systems [5]. In a multi cellular environment, we
can employ cooperative distribution of data where multiple base stations (BSs)
broadcast copies of the same data to the required users in synchronization. Figure 3
illustrates such a cooperative broadcast scenario. This network architecture consists
of a content server which provides the data demanded by the users. The base
station controller (BSC) forwards the demanded data to base stations and
coordinates among different BS. We can consider a scenario where many users
spread across different cells demand the same information, for example, a video or a
particular TV channel in mobile TV application. This demand is routed to the
content/media server via BSC. The content server forwards the data to BSC and the
BSC to base station for broadcasting. In traditional systems, while receiving the data
from a BS, signals from other BSs are treated as interference even though the other
BSs are transmitting the same information. In contrast, signal from other BSs in a
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cooperative scenario is treated as desired signal rather than interference. This is
possible when neighboring BS transmits at the same frequency as in OFDM signaling
which will be predominantly used in future wireless systems. Hence, signals from
different BSs can be combined to form a stronger signal. This increases the reliability
of the communication system. Further, the data rate attained at each user depends
on the strength of the received signal which in turn depends on the power
transmitted and the quality of link between the BS and the user. The wireless link
strength, however, is random in nature. Therefore transmitting higher power does
translate into an increase in the performance. By employing multiple antennas at
transmitter, multiple links can be established with the receiver. Besides, the transmit
power at BSs is limited. Therefore the available resource in terms of power, which is
scarce, must be judiciously used. We need techniques which can intelligently allocate
power to different antennas and OFDM subcarriers while keeping the link quality
and the power transmitted by other BSs in mind. Hence the research focus is to find
optimal resource allocation for broadcast/ multicast services for a MIMO
cooperative cellular network such that the total data rate of the system is maximized
and total power consumption is minimized.
Core
Network
Base Station
Controller BS 1 Group 1
Group 1
video
Group 2
Multimedia BS 3
Content Server
Group 2
Video BS 2
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5.2. Proposed Beamforming and Resource Allocation Strategies
As mentioned in the previous section the research focus is to find optimal resource
allocation strategies at MIMO transmitters of different base stations such that the
total data rate of the system is maximized and total power consumption is
minimized. These objectives can be attained by maximizing the received signal
power at users with a limitation on the transmit power at the base stations.
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system can be employed to achieve
significant capacity gains with no extra bandwidth requirement. This can be achieved
by spatially multiplexing several users simultaneously for multiple access over the
wireless channel. Further, in a cooperative transmission scenario, MIMO gives
additional degrees of freedom for signal transmission which can be employed for
interference cancellation, transmit and receive beamforming.
Channel
In Figure 5 the transmit beamformer indicates the direction in which the signal is
transmitted and receive beamformer indicates the direction in which the signal is
received by the user. Thus, we need to determine these directions and the amount
of power that should be allocated in a particular transmit direction so that signal to
noise power ratio is maximum at every user. The wireless channel link condition
fluctuates due to the mobility of user and scatterers present in the path of
transmission. Hence the optimal direction and should be continuously
adapted according to the varying channel conditions. Further, in a multiuser scenario
depicted in Figure 4 where the BS is communicating with multiple users and hence
causing interference to other users, we need to determine the transmit and receive
direction such that the interference is minimum. We propose a novel scheme to
jointly determine the optimal transmit/receive beamformers together with multi-
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user power allocation towards transmission rate maximization in a cooperative
MIMO cellular wireless network for broadcast, unicast, and multicast scenarios. The
proposed algorithms for these scenarios are explained in the following sections.
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suggested a framework for coordinated transmitreceive processing (CTR), a
beamforming technique based on [37], which not only supports single-mode
beamforming but also generalizes the BD and SO algorithms to scenarios where the
total number of receive antennas exceeds the number of transmit antennas at the
base station. However, this technique is based on an iterative procedure to compute
the optimal beamformers, resulting in high computational complexity. In [36]
Spencer and Swindlehurst have suggested a noniterative framework for CTR.
However, it employs a heuristic method for the selection of the receive
beamformers, which yields suboptimal results.
Toward this end, similar to linear processing schemes such as BD and SO, in this
paper, we propose a low-complexity MU beamforming algorithm based on
maximum ratio transmission [38], specifically targeted toward video quality
maximization in 4G MIMO-OFDM wireless networks. Similar to SO, it nullifies the
interference to all the previously scheduled users from the successively scheduled
users. Further, since it is based on beamforming employing a single mode to each
selected user, it is able to schedule a large number of users, thereby resulting in
higher video quality and improved quality-of-service in high subscriber- density
scenarios. This leads to enhanced end-user video experience when compared with
the BD and SO techniques [19], [39]. Moreover, it employs the strongest available
mode for transmission to the user, leading to higher user rates and, hence, better
video quality when compared with the non-iterative version of CTR [19]. The
iterative version provides an additional marginal improvement in the video quality as
compared with multiuser successive maximum ratio transmission (MSMRT) at the
expense of very high computational complexity. Thus, MS-MRT provides an
attractive multiuser multiantenna scheduling algorithm with a performance close to
that given by the globally optimal beamformer computation. The results also
demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides higher system throughput, as
compared with the other techniques.
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5.3.1. Multiuser Successive Maximum Ratio Transmission for MIMO
Wireless Systems
We consider a multiuser MIMO system, with one base station with transmit
antennas and users. The number of receive antennas for user is for
. Let each denote the channel matrix between the base
station and user . Let the distance from the base station and random shadowing
factor for the th user be denoted by and , respectively. The quantity denotes
the power transmitted per subchannel per user. The received signal vector
at user is given as
where is the symbol transmitted by the base station for user , and represents
the beamforming vector for user . The quantity is the vector
representing additive white Gaussian noise with zero mean and covariance
. Further, is the number of users simultaneously scheduled
per OFDMA subcarrier. Now, we describe the proposed MS-MRT beamforming
algorithm for multiuser MIMO transmission. Similar to SO [19], the selected user at
each step experiences interference only from the previous users. By choosing the
beamforming vector that maximizes the user signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
(SINR) while maintaining no interference to the previous users, it results in an
increase in the number of users being simultaneously scheduled, leading to higher
video quality. Further, this approach does not involve decomposition of the
aggregate channel matrices as is done in BD and SO, thereby decreasing the
computational complexity. It employs successive orthogonal projections to achieve
this criterion. Consider the initial user set . Let the singular value
where * + and * +
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contains the singular values along its principal diagonal.
Similar to maximum ratio transmission, one can now choose the first user as
beamformer . The user set can be updated by removing the selected user
value of . Consider now beamforming along the direction , which is the right
singular vector associated with the singular value . This is now precoded with the
( ) can be simplified as
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Hence, beamforming in the direction of at user as previously described
Thus, the net interference at user is 0. Further, it can be readily seen that the
Naturally then, the criterion to choose user and its mode at stage 1 can be
formulated as
Continuing for stages, selection of users yields the final MS-MRT transmitted
vector for the selected users with respective modes , , with
each as
and =1. Thus, successive transmission on a specific mode of each user while
simultaneously nulling the interference at the previously chosen users can be
achieved through MS-MRT, thereby enhancing the fairness of the overall data and
video scheduler. Thus, the interference matrix is lower triangular since the
interference from the successively scheduled users is zero along the dominant
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receive mode of the previously scheduled users. The given procedure corresponds to
an opportunistic scheduler that schedules the user with the maximum SINR at each
stage. This can be readily adapted for PF-based PFMS- MRT scheduling, which
maximizes the video quality, by choosing the user and corresponding mode at stage
as
where is the average rate experienced by user at time . This average rate is
updated as
and * + ( )
Step 2: for to do
Step 3: for do
Step 4: for do
and compute as
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Step 7: end for
and for max-rate scheduling. For Round-Robin, ) is simply the next user
to be scheduled.
Step 13: Additionally, for PF-MS-MRT, update the average user rate for each user in
.
Optimal transmission strategies for reliable service in cellular systems are an integral
part of existing standards and also in the standards under development. Wireless
communication standards such as LTE, LTE-Advanced recommend the networks to
have optimal strategies for resource allocation. Third generation 3GPP standards [11],
[12] call for means to optimize energy efficiency and minimize energy consumption of
the networks within the permitted impact on coverage, capacity and quality of service.
Especially, release 9 of 3GPP [12] requires the network to have optimization techniques
which include: Interference control, Capacity and coverage optimization.
Many researchers have proposed optimal resource allocation schemes for a variety of
wireless networks operating with different architectures. Armada et al. [15] propose
several power allocation schemes in a coordinated base station downlink transmission
with per antenna and per base station power constraints. These techniques have a limit
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on the number of users supported. Most of the existing schemes are for point to point
communication with little work on broadcast. These schemes cannot be easily adapted
to varying requirements of the users especially for the users at cell boundaries. In [14],
the authors provide a review of recent scheduling and resource allocation techniques
for downlink multicast services in OFDMA based systems. Zhang and Letaief [13] have
proposed adaptive resource-allocation scheme, which jointly adapts subcarrier
allocation, power distribution, and bit distribution according to instantaneous channel
conditions for multiuser MIMO- OFDM. However the schemes described are sub-
optimal. BSs in a cellular network are connected via backhaul links. The existing
schemes do not utilize this knowledge to the full extent and such schemes do not yield
macro diversity.
In the context of cooperative multi-cell MIMO system, a block diagonalization based
downlink transmission scheme is proposed in [16] and [15]. Jafar et al. propose a dirty
paper coding based algorithm in [17] where new users are required to be invisible with
respect to interference to the existing users. Network coordinated beamforming
techniques were suggested by [18]. However, this analysis considers a scenario which is
restrictive in nature with the solution applicable only for few active users and cells.
Further, multimedia content is predominantly broadcast/ multicast in nature, where
many users or a group of users subscribe for the same service. There is a significant
dearth of research which addresses optimal beamforming and power allocation for
such broadcast/ multicast services. In [7], the authors propose power allocation for an
OFDM based cooperative multi-cell system with single antennas at both the BSs and
the users. But the model considered therein employs coherent combining of the signals
from the different BSs, thus requiring additional time/ bandwidth resources. Moreover,
most of the above works are computationally complex.
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transmission schemes to maximize the total data rate of the system. The proposed
optimal beamforming scheme maximizes the broadcast signal to noise ratio at each
user thus resulting in higher sum rate of the system. We formulate the problem of
obtaining the beamformer and the optimal amount power that should be allocated
to each direction as an optimization problem. The solution of the optimization
problem can be obtained by eigenvalue decomposition of the channel and thus
having a low complex solution compared to existing schemes.
BS 1
Broadcast
BS 3 Group
BS 2
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The solution of the above problem yields the optimal direction which is the
eigenvector corresponding to maximum eigenvalue of the channel matrix. The
optimal beamforming vector which maximizes the broadcast SNR is given as
( )
Base
Station 1
User k
User l Base
Station 2
Base Station N
In such a scenario we need to find the optimal transmission scheme that can support
large users in the presence of interference from multiple data sources. Consider a
unicast system with N base stations transmitting in cooperation to K users as shown
in Figure 7. Let the user under the consideration be user k, thus the transmission to
the remaining users (K-1) users interferes with the signal of user k thereby degrading
the signal quality leading to loss in the data rate. Similarly a reduction in overall
system data rate occurs since all the users experience interference. In order to
reduce the degrading effects of the interference, we propose a successive
constrained eigenbeamforming (SCEB) technique to reduce the inter-user
interference and enhance the data rates subject to power constraints. These
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schemes are based on linear eigenvector precoding and therefore have a low
complexity compared to existing schemes.
Let the data for user be denoted as . Let the wireless channel between base
station and user be denoted as and the transmit beamforming direction
from base station to user be denoted as . Each base station transmit the
data to all users hence the data transmitted from base station is
After the gain introduced by the wireless channel, the data received at user ,
which is the sum of desired signal from all the base stations and interference due to
other users, can be expressed as,
.
The aggregate transmit beamforming vector for user can be obtained by stacking
the beamformers of user from base stations 1 to which can be expressed as,
The aggregate wireless channel matrix between user and all the base stations
, can be obtained by concatenating channel matrix between user and
all the BSs as
Therefore the received signal vector at user , with base station cooperation can be
succinctly expressed as
Now the user will receive the signal along the direction . Thus signal received at
the antennas of user after receive beamforming with is given as
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Exploiting the additional freedom given by multiple antennas at transmitter and
receiver, the proposed successive constrained eigenbeamforming (SCEB) scheme
determines the beamforming vector and such that:
Interference caused by other users is zero:
Sum data rate of the unicast is maximized. The expression for sum rate is
given by
The SCEB algorithm for unicast scenarios to enhance the data rates, while limiting
the interference with user power constraints, is employed to derive the SCEB-M for
multicast scenarios to maximize the sum rate of a user group with group power
constraints.
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BS 1 Group 1
Group 1
video
Group 2
BS 3
Group 2
Video Group 3
BS 2
. Let the transmit beamformed vector of multicast data symbol of group i along
the direction for user j with being the fraction of power allocated to user j,
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The objective is to determine the matrix such that the sum rate is maximized
and interference to other multicast group is zero. The aggregate channel matrix of N
base stations for user k of multicast group is given by the matrix.
beamformers , and power allocation factors for all the users in a given
multicast group such that the sum rate of the group is maximized and the
transmission from previous scheduled groups does not interfere with the
signals of the multicast group under consideration. The scheme explained above is
summarized next with an example. Consider the multicast service scenario in
cooperative wireless network as shown in Figure 8 with three multicast groups. The
steps involved in successive constrained eigenbeamforming for a multicast service
illustrated in Figure 8 are:
Step 1: Chose a user group say multicast group 1
Step 2: Determine the transmit beamformers, receive beamformers, and
power allocation factors for all the four users in a multicast group 1 assuming
no interference.
Step 3: Chose the next user group say multicast group 2
Step 4: Determine the transmit beamformers, receive beamformers, and
power allocation factors for all the three users in a multicast group 2 such
that transmission of group 2 does not interfere with signals of multicast
group 1.
Step 5: Chose the next user group say multicast group 2
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Step 6: Determine the transmit beamformers, receive beamformers, and
power allocation factors for all the users in a multicast group 3 such that
transmission of group 3 does not interfere with signals of multicast group 1
and multicast group 2.
The above steps can be generalized as the group orthogonality constraints to
successive nullify interference in cooperative multicast as
Further, the optimal transmit beamformer for user k can be obtained as the solution
of optimization problem,
Now the total transmit power is optimally divided among users of multicast
group i. This division can be formulated as optimization problem given by
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provided to the users. We propose different user scheduling algorithms in the next
section which maximize the efficiency of the resource allocation strategies.
In this section, we find the transmit beamformers that maximize the SINR of the
users in the uplink. In this scenario, the base stations estimate the channel state
information. This information is employed by the base station controller to
determine the appropriate user ordering and the optimal beamforming vectors,
which are then fed back to the various users. Consider an uplink cooperative multi-
cell MIMO network, where the mobile stations employing antennas each,
transmit to cooperative base stations, each employing receive antennas. The
aggregate channel matrix between user and the base stations is denoted by
[ ] , where , ,
denotes the channel matrix between user and base station . Let
denote the transmit beamformer of user . Hence the signal received
at the cooperating base stations can be expressed as
Employing maximum ratio combining at the base stations, the receive beamformer
for user can be derived as From the above equation, the signal power
is given by and the interference component in the estimate is
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From the first constraint in the above problem, it is interesting to observe that the
interference cancellation is symmetric, i.e. if the uplink beamformer for user is
obtained such that it does not cause interference to user , then the
transmission by user employing does not cause interference to user .
Hence, in contrast to the successive downlink beamforming scenario, there is no
interference among the scheduled users in the successive uplink beamforming
scenario. The solution for can be obtained by solving the problem,
30 | P a g e
the system which is given by the total number of transmit antennas in cooperative
network which is . Hence the maximum number of schedulable users is . In
order support large number of users, we need algorithms that can optimally
schedule users for successive interference cancellation thereby maximizing the sum
rate of the network. The prominent max-rate (MR), round robin (RR) and
proportional fairness (PF) based scheduling strategies commonly employed in
unicast multiuser wireless scenarios can be readily extended to the multicast
cooperative multicellular scenario. Consider the set of multicast groups
and let S, the subset of multicast groups U, represent the set of the
currently scheduled users. The maxrate scheduling scheme , which is aimed at
maximizing the net sum rate of the scheduled users, for scheduling a user group at
the time instant m can be expressed as,
where is the index of chosen user group and the quantity SINR of user k in the
31 | P a g e
where denotes the average rate of user group and calculated as,
The proposed multiuser beamforming schemes are ideally suited for multimedia
content transmission in cooperative cellular scenarios. In this context, we study the
performance of the proposed schemes in realistic video scheduling scenarios. The
quality of video depends on the frame rate, which is the number of frames played
back in one second, and quantization level, which is the number of bits used to
encode the pixels in the video. This relationship is shown in Figure 9 where quality of
the image increase as the number of quantization levels increase. The video quality
is therefore proportional to the data rate of the video. Thus, given a data rate of a
user only a certain amount of video quality can be achieved. We determine the
quality of video that can be transmitted in unicast/ multicast networks employing
the proposed beamforming techniques and scheduling algorithms. For this purpose
we employ the practical H.264 based video rate quality models. As these models are
derived from the standard joint scalable video model (JSVM) reference codec for the
H.264/SVC specification, they are readily applicable in practice.
H.264 based scalable video coding (SVC) has been demonstrated to be ideally suited
for wireless video transmission due to the dynamic quality scaling possible to meet
32 | P a g e
the requirements of users and wireless links as shown in Figure 10. The video quality
can be adapted based on the data rate available for a particular user. For instance
either the spatial resolution (spatial scalability) or the number of frames per second
(temporal scalability) in video sequence or both can be varied to achieved different
video qualities.
QCIF
SVC 176144
Scene Decode @15fps
128 Kbps Spatial
CIF scalability
SVC 352288
Decode @15fps
384 Kbps
4CIF
SVC 704576
Decode @15fps
2 Mbps
SVC Temporal
HDTV
Encode SVC scalability
1280x720
Decode @60 fps
20 Mbps
Figure 10: Scalable Video Coding for wireless networks.
The theoretical video quality and video rate models are used to demonstrate the
power of the proposed optimal resource allocation schemes. The rate of the video
R(q, t) in terms of the scalable quantization parameter q and the frame rate t of the
H.264 coded video is given as,
33 | P a g e
rate and quality parameters. The values of these parameters for the standard video
sequences Akiyo, Foreman, Football, City, and Crew, shown in Figure 11, are
presented in Table 1. The sum rate and video quality performance of the proposed
beamforming schemes is demonstrated in next section.
Video Sequence
(Spatial
Resolution)
Foreman CIF 7.7 2.057 2.207 -0.0298 1.4475 3046.3
(352 288)
Akiyo CIF 8.03 3.491 2.252 -0.0316 1.4737 612.85
(352 288)
Football CIF 5.38 1.395 1.49 -0.0258 1.3872 5248.9
(352 288)
Crew CIF 7.34 1.627 1.854 -0.0393 1.5898 4358.2
(352 288)
City CIF 7.35 2.044 2.326 -0.0346 1.5196 2775.5
(352 288)
Akiyo QCIF 5.56 4.019 1.832 -0.0316 1.4737 139.63
(176 144)
Foreman QCIF 7.1 2.59 1.785 -0.0298 1.4475 641.73
(176 144)
City 4CIF 8.4 1.096 2.367 -0.0346 1.5196 20899
(704 576)
Crew 4CIF 7.34 1.153 2.405 -0.0393 1.5898 18021
(704 576)
34 | P a g e
The unicast scenario is equivalent to multicast with one user in each group and the
broadcast scenario is equivalent to multicast scenario with all the active users in a
single group. The BSs employ = 2 or =4 antennas and the mobile stations
employ = 2 or =4 antennas. We consider an orthogonal frequency division
multiple access (OFDMA) scenario with bandwidth of 1 MHz. As already described,
we consider the standard digital video sequences Akiyo, Foreman, Football, City, and
Crew belonging to different spatial resolutions to determine the video quality
achieved by employing the proposed SCEB scheme. The characteristic scalable video
rate and quality parameters, and the associated maximum rate are listed in Table 1.
We consider a transmit power P in the range of 4 to 40 dB. The sum data rate
comparison for multicast scenarios for N =4 cooperating BSs with NG=50 groups
comprising =2 users per group is illustrated in Figure 12 for two or four transmit
and receive antennas. As the user power increases, it leads to increase in the
interference. Thus it can be seen from Figure 12 that SCEB-M scheme with Capon
beamforming (SCEB-MVDR) performs better in comparison with maximum ratio
combining beamforming (SCEB-MRC) and sub-optimal schemes such as proportional
power allocation (PPA) which allocates the power to users in proportion to the
strength of their channel, and equal power allocation (WPA). The sum rate
performance of the maximum rate, proportional fairness and, round robin scheduler
for multicast scenario while employing SCEB-M and Capon beamforming is given in
Figure 13. The results therein demonstrate the robust performance of the proposed
cooperative multicell beamforming schemes which can be seen to achieve net data
rate in the range of 50 to 550 Mbps. Further, the performance of the opportunistic
maximum rate scheme is slightly higher in terms of sum throughput compared to the
competing proportional fairness and round robin schemes. It should be noted that
the achievable sum rate increase as more antennas are employed, due to better
utilization of degrees of freedom available in the multiuser diversity modes of the
system. Further, adding more antennas has direct bearing towards the achieved
video quality, which is shown in Figure 14. A comparison of the proposed schemes in
terms of H.264 video content scheduling in cooperative scenarios is shown in Figure
14. It can also be noted that the video quality rate in the transmit power range of 4
to 40 dB saturates at high power as a result of increase in interference while the
35 | P a g e
number of spatial multiplexing modes remain constant. However, better video
quality can be achieved by employing SCEB beamforming with more transmit
antennas at the BS. The comparison of video quality for the above schedulers in
multicast scenario clearly brings out the superiority of SCEB based proportional
fairness video scheduling in cooperative cellular scenarios.
Figure 12: Sum rate vs. transmit power while employing different beamforming techniques.
Figure 13: Sum rate of SCEB based maximum rate (MR), proportional fairness (PF) and round robin
(RR) scheduling schemes.
36 | P a g e
Figure 14: Video quality of test video sequences with SCEB multicast beamforming in 2x2 and 4x4
MIMO multicast scenario with NG = 50 groups and two users in each group.
Figure 15 and Figure 16 show the plot of the video quality and throughput,
respectively, versus power for the proposed MS-MRT beamforming scheme
described in Section 5.3 and several other existing techniques. For BD, an optimal
subset of users is chosen by iterating through all the possible user subsets and
selecting the one with the maximum SINR. For the other techniques such as SO,
successive users in the subset were chosen based on the MaxSINR criterion. In the
figure, CTR-BD and CTR-SO refer to the CTR beamforming scheme, whereas I and NI
refer to their respective iterative and noniterative versions. The plots clearly
demonstrate the superior performance in terms of video quality provided by the
proposed MS-MRT technique compared with other noniterative techniques as well
as the iterative version of the coordinated Tx-Rx SO technique. However, the optimal
iterative CTR-BD scheme provides a marginal improvement in the video quality
compared with MS-MRT at the cost of significantly high computational complexity
due to the multiple rounds of optimization. This superior video quality performance
of CTR-BD-NI arises because of its fair interference distribution properties compared
with MS-MRT, which nulls the interference to the previously scheduled users,
thereby resulting in a higher interference level at the successively scheduled users.
They also depict the ability of the MS-MRT scheme to provide the highest average
37 | P a g e
throughput as compared with the other beamforming techniques. Thus, MS-MRT is a
practical scheme to achieve performance close to the optimal joint transmit receive
beamforming scheme while limiting the computational complexity.
Figure 15: Video quality versus power for various competing MU-MIMO transmission techniques,
namely, SO, MS-MRT, BD, CTR-BD, and CTR-SO (I and NI, i.e., iterative and non-iterative versions).
Figure 16: Average throughput versus power for various competing MU-MIMO transmission
techniques, namely, SO, MS-MRT, BD, CTR-BD, and CTR-SO (I and NI, i.e., iterative and non-iterative
versions).
38 | P a g e
6. Optimal Power Allocation and Downlink Beamforming for
Cognitive Radio system
6.1. Introduction
Cognitive radio (CR) provides us a way for dynamic spectrum access to improve the
bandwidth utilization [25]. CR systems allow the secondary users (SUs) to
opportunistically access the spectrum licensed to the primary users (PUs) provided
the interference caused due to the SU transmission is below the acceptable limit.
This results in better spectrum utilization than the fixed spectrum allocation. OFDM
provides great ease in dynamically allocating unused spectrum among CR users.
Thus, MIMO-OFDM has been recognized to be the most promising scheme for usage
in CR systems. We would like to exploit the benefits of multiuser MIMO broadcast
systems in cognitive radios.
Figure 17: Multiband cognitive radio interweave model for frequency allocation to primary and
secondary users.
39 | P a g e
set of primary users. The base stations and users can have multiple antennas to
transmit and receive the signals. Such a scenario is illustrated in Figure 18. CR
transmits in the spectrum adjacent to PU resulting in interference which adversely
affects the performance of the PU. Hence, we need to limit the interference caused
by the SU to PUs as well as to other SUs. The performance of the system is
characterized by the total data rate and we need to maximize the total data rate that
can be achieved while minimizing the interference to other PUs and SUs. For
effective spectrum sharing in the multi-user case, in addition to the interference at
the PUs, we also need to deal with the inter-user interference experienced among
the CR users. This necessitates development of schemes to cancel the inter-user
interferences due to other CR users. Interference can be cancelled by employing
beamforming. Beamforming is a technique in which the signal is transmitted in a
particular spatial direction. In CR systems we need to ensure that the interference
Desired signal
Interference
Figure 18: Cognitive radio multiuser- MIMO scenario with both primary and secondary users
transmitting.
caused at the PU due to CR transmission should not degrade the quality of serviced
PUs as they are the licensed users. Such an interference-constrained scenario limits
the transmit power of each SU as well as the achievable data rate of SUs. Hence, we
need optimal schemes for beamforming and power allocation for a multi-user
MIMO-OFDM based cognitive radio broadcast system with the aim of maximizing the
40 | P a g e
system capacity. The solution to above mentioned maximization problem may lead
to unfair distribution of power among CR users. For example, SUs with higher
channel gains may be allocated with large transmit power to maximize the overall
transmission rate, while allocating negligible power to other users with poor channel
quality. To handle this, we need to develop alternate schemes to obtain optimal
beamformers and optimal power loading factors jointly which aim for fairness by
ensuring minimum quality of service to every CR user while limiting the interference.
Various works in existing literature have presented schemes for MIMO-OFDM based
Cognitive Radio transmission. In [40] a sum interference constraint based single
carrier MIMO optimal power allocation scheme is presented for CR scenarios. The
scheme in [41] considers secondary user MIMO rate maximization in dynamic
spectrum access CR networks, without primary user interference minimization. A
scheme for optimal subcarrier allocation in OFDM based CR systems is presented in
[42]. The work in [8]Error! Reference source not found. considered an interweave
ystem, with the spectral holes allocated to the CR users interspersed between the
primary user bands. The authors presented an optimal scheme for CR rate
maximization while limiting the interference to the primary users in a SISO-OFDM
based CR system. A similar scheme has been presented for MIMO OFDM power
allocation in [43] under the sum interference constraint. However, the scheme
presented therein is suboptimal as they consider per antenna power allocation,
while it is well known that per singular mode power allocation is optimal in MIMO
41 | P a g e
systems. Further, the model is restrictive as it considers only single antenna and not
MIMO wireless systems for the primary users. In a MIMO system, to maximize the
spatial multiplexing gains, one has to transmit and load power along the right
singular vectors of the MIMO channel matrix and receive along the direction of left
singular vectors, also termed as the modes of the MIMO channel. Hence, we propose
new schemes for optimal CR power allocation towards transmission rate
maximization based on spatial interference constraints, that is minimizing the
interference on every receive mode in a MIMO OFDM [44] wireless network,
considering both the presence and absence of channel state information (CSI).
The spatial multiplexing properties of MIMO beamforming can be effectively
employed in multi-user systems to mitigate the inter-user interference. Schemes for
downlink beamforming for single-antenna and multi-antenna multiuser systems are
presented in [26], [45]. Employing multiuser MIMO with CR based access further
improves the spectral efficiency through spatially multiplexing several users.
Previous works [46],[47] present a zero-forcing (ZF) and MMSE-based precoding
algorithm for rate-maximization in multi-user MIMO CR, nulling the interference at
the primary user. Iterative beamforming schemes for multi-user MIMO are
presented in [48], [49], [50]. While such works consider single carrier systems and
null interference, MIMO-OFDM with interference minimization can yield larger
capacity gains. Therefore, we propose optimal beamforming and power allocation
schemes for multi-user MIMO-OFDM based interweave CR broadcast scenarios. We
utilize block diagonalization (BD) [19] to formulate the optimal CR power allocation
paradigm for throughput maximization considering both the availability and
unavailability of primary user channel state information (CSI). We present power
allocation under CSI uncertainty for stochastic and worst case rate maximization. We
propose a novel max-min scheme towards fairness in power allocation based on a
quasi-convex optimization framework, which is solved employing an SDP based rank
relaxation.
42 | P a g e
6.3. System model
43 | P a g e
Figure 19: MIMO-OFDM based interweave Cognitive Radio (CR)
44 | P a g e
the spectral mask of the th primary user can be represented by the expression
[51],
single carrier is restricted to . Let the channel matrix for the interference
channel between the primary user base station and the nth CR user subcarrier
induced by the lth primary user signal be denoted by . Hence, the
Where are unitary matrices and is the diagonal matrix containing the
non-negative singular values . Let denote the number of non-zero singular
values, where . It is well known that the optimal transmit
precoding matrix corresponding to the MIMO channel matrix is . The
transmit covariance matrix for the th subcarrier is given as,
45 | P a g e
where is the diagonal matrix, with the principal diagonal as
where is the spectral distance between the th CR subcarrier and the th primary
user band. The quantity is the interference factor for the th primary user band
due to the th CR subcarrier, defined as
We consider an interference threshold of for the primary users. Since the primary
users employ a MIMO wireless system, in principle it is essential to limit the
interference caused by the CR users at each mode of every primary user. In the
absence of primary user CSI, this can be formulated as limiting the worst case
isotropic interference caused by the CR users that is limiting the interference at all
possible modes. Hence, the optimal power allocation for sum-rate maximization for
the CR user subcarriers, subject to the constraint of primary user interference
threshold similar to [8], is obtained as a solution to the convex semi-definite
programming (SDP) problem [10] described as,
46 | P a g e
As demonstrated above, the isotropic interference constraint at each of the users
reduces to an SDP constraint, where the generalized inequality is on the convex cone
of positive semi-definite matrices. Further, this guarantees a low level of
interference at each primary user. A relaxed constraint problem, considering the
sum of the total interference across all primary users can be formulated by replacing
the first constraint in the above optimization as,
47 | P a g e
The optimal power allocation for capacity maximization obtained solving the KKT
conditions is as follows,
48 | P a g e
slightly lower rate owing to stringent per PU interference restrictions. For
comparison, we also plot the performance of proportional and uniform power
allocation schemes. In proportional power allocation (PPA), each CR user is assigned
a power inversely proportional to the sum interference factors given as
Figure 20: Maximum transmission rate of the CR users versus the interference threshold
49 | P a g e
Figure 21: Maximum interference at any PU receive mode vs. Interference Threshold
Figure 22: Total capacity of the CR users versus the interference threshold
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50 | P a g e
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