Electronics

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Electromagnetic Theory

Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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Electromagnetic Theory
Copyright , by MADE EASY Publications.
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced
into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
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mentioned publisher of thisbook.

First Edition: 2015

Second Edition: 2016 (Revised and Updated)

All rights reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
written permission from the publisher.
Preface
This book was motivated by the desire to further the evolution of a concise
book on Electromagnetic Theory. Keeping in focus the importance of this
subject in GATE and ESE, we have done a proper study and thereafter
developed the content of the book accordingly. This edition has an
expanded discussion of all relevant topics in the subject.

Initially, we compiled the perceptions of our students on their problems

in GATE and ESE while dealing with the questions from this subject. We
identified their various problems like- lack of fundamentals of the subject,
difficulty in solving simple questions, shortage of a complete study package, etc. These strengthened
our determination to present a complete edition of Electromagnetic Theory textbook.

The book addresses all the requirements of the students, i.e. comprehensive coverage of theory, fundamental
concepts, objective type problems and conventional problems, articulated in a lucid language. The concise
presentation will help the readers grasp the concepts with clarity and apply them with ease to solve problems
quickly. The book not only covers the entire syllabus of GATE and ESE, but also addresses the need of many
other competitive examinations. Topics like vector analysis, electrostatics, time-varying electromagnetic fields,
electromagnetic waves, transmission lines, antennas and waveguides etc. are given full coverage in line with of
our research on their importance in competitive examinations.

We have put in our sincere efforts to present elaborate solutions for various problems, different problem solving
methodology, some useful quick techniques to save time while attempting MCQs without compromising the accuracy
of answers. A summary of important points to remember is added at the end of each topic. For the convenience of
the readers, points to remember are specifically highlighted in the form of a note- both in theory as well as solved
examples. At the end of each chapter, sets of practice question are given with their keys, that will allow the readers
to evaluate their understanding of the topics and sharpen their problem solving skills.

Our team has made their best efforts to remove all possible errors of any kind. Nonetheless, we would highly
appreciate and acknowledge if you find and share with us any printing, calculation and conceptual error.

It is impossible to thank all the individuals who helped us, but we would like to sincerely thank all the authors, editors
and reviewers for putting in their efforts to publish this book.

With Best Wishes

B. Singh
CMD, MADE EASY
Contents
Electromagnetic Theory
Chapter 1
Vector Analysis......................................... 1
1.1 Introduction..................................................................... 1
1.2 Coordinate Systems...................................................... 7
1.3 Vector Calculus..............................................................13
Student Assignments....................................................30
Chapter 2
Electrostatics...........................................33
2.1 Introduction...................................................................33
2.2 Gausss Law - Maxwells Equation...........................33
2.3 Electric Flux Density....................................................35
2.4 Applications of Gausss Law.....................................36
2.5 Electric Field Intensity................................................41
2.6 Coulombs Law..............................................................43
2.7 Electric fields due to Charge Distributions.........45
2.8 Electric Potential...........................................................48
2.9 Electric Field as the Gradient of the
potential - Maxwells equation................................53
2.10 Electric Dipole and Electric Flux Lines..................55
2.11 Energy Density in Electrostatic Field.....................57
2.12 Current and Current Density....................................59
2.13 Continuity Equation....................................................62
2.14 Boundary Conditions..................................................63
2.15 Poissons and Laplaces Equations..........................69
2.16 Capacitance....................................................................71
2.17 Induced Charge and Method of Images..............75
2.18 Permittivity.....................................................................76
Student Assignments....................................................77
Chapter 3
Magnetostatics.......................................80
3.1 Introduction...................................................................80
3.2 Biot-Savarts Law..........................................................81
3.3 Amperes Circuit Law-Maxwells Equation...........86
3.4 Magnetic Flux Density - Maxwells Equation......89
3.5 Magnetic Scalar And Vector Potentials................90
3.6 Forces Due To Magnetic Fields................................92
3.7 Magnetic Boundary Conditions..............................97
3.8 Permeability...................................................................99
Student Assignments................................................. 102
Chapter 4
Time-Varying Electromagnetic Fields..... 104
4.1 Introduction................................................................ 104
4.2 Maxwells Equations For Static EM Fields......... 104
4.3 Faradays Law of Induction.................................... 104
4.4 Transformer and Motional EMFs.......................... 106
4.5 Displacement Current............................................. 108
4.6 Maxwells Equations In Final Forms.................... 110
Student Assignments................................................. 111
Chapter 5
Electromagnetic Waves........................113
5.1
Introduction................................................................ 113
5.2
Intrinsic Wave Impedance...................................... 113
5.3
Wave Propagation in Materials............................ 114
5.4
Loss Tangent and Dissipation Factor.................. 122
5.5
Wave Propagation in Good Conductors
(s >> w)..................................................................... 122
5.6 Wave Propagation in Lossless Media................. 125
5.7 Wave Propagation in Free Space......................... 127
5.8 Wave Polarization...................................................... 127
5.9 Power and Poynting Vector................................... 132
5.10 Normal Incidence - Plane Wave Reflection/
Transmission at a Dielectric Interface . ............. 134
5.11 Oblique incidence- Plane wave reflection /
transmission at dielectric interface ................... 142
Student Assignments................................................. 151
Chapter 6
Transmission Lines...............................155
6.1 Introduction................................................................ 155
6.2 Transmission Line Equations................................. 156
6.3 Transmission Line Circuit (Input impedance,
Reflection coefficient, SWR).................................. 165
6.4 Special Cases............................................................... 170
6.5 Smith Chart................................................................. 171
6.6 Impedance Matching Techniques....................... 174
Student Assignments................................................. 176
Chapter 7
Antennas...............................................178
7.1 Introduction................................................................ 178
7.2 Basic Parameters of Antennas.............................. 185
7.3 Simple Radiating Systems...................................... 208
7.4 Antenna Arrays.......................................................... 212
Student Assignments................................................. 220
Chapter 8
Waveguides.....................................223
8.1 Introduction................................................................ 223
8.2 Rectangular Waveguide Equations..................... 223
8.3 TM Modes.................................................................... 227
8.4 TE Modes...................................................................... 235
8.5 Dominant Mode........................................................ 240
8.6 Power Transmission in Rectangular
Waveguides................................................................. 242
Student Assignments................................................. 243