Minimization of Leakage Ground Current in Transformerless Single-Phase

Full-Bridge Photovoltaic Inverters

Dimitrios Zografos, Eftichios Koutroulis Yongheng Yang, Frede Blaabjerg

SCHOOL OF ELECTRONIC & DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
COMPUTER ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CRETE AALBORG UNIVERSITY
Chania, Greece Aalborg, Denmark
Tel.: +30 / 28210 37233 Tel.: +45 / 9940 9254
Fax: +30 / 28210 37542 Fax: +45 / 9815 1411
E-Mail: dimitriz5@yahoo.gr, efkout@electronics.tuc.gr E-Mail: yoy@et.aau.dk, fbl@et.aau.dk
URL: http://www.ece.tuc.gr URL: http://www.et.aau.dk

Keywords
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Voltage Source Inverters (VSI), Single phase system,
Optimization, Genetic Algorithms.

Abstract
The market of PV systems is rapidly expanding during the last years and the transformerless DC/AC
inverters are key components in this evolution. Despite its design and control simplicity, a
transformerless full-bridge DC/AC inverter may exhibit a high leakage ground current, due to
capacitive coupling between the solar panels and ground, which prohibits its employment in
single-phase PV systems. Thus, multiple alternative transformerless PV inverter topologies have been
developed in the past, which, however, comprise additional power devices and/or passive components.
In this paper, a new modulation method is proposed for optimally controlling the power switches of
transformerless single-phase full-bridge PV inverters, such that their leakage ground current is
minimized. The design results demonstrate that by using the proposed technique, the leakage ground
current of transformerless full-bridge inverters is reduced below the maximum limit imposed by the
VDE 0126-1-1 standard, thus enabling their application in single-phase PV installations, instead of
more complex PV inverter structures.

Introduction
The installed Photovoltaic (PV) capacity in the world has been increased to more than 138 GW during
the last years, motivated by the environmental benefits provided by the solar energy conversion
technology, as well as the improved cost-competiveness and reliability of the PV devices and systems.
Countries such as China, USA and Japan are expected to drive the global PV market growth in the
following years [1].

The transformerless PV inverters have dominated in the PV market for interfacing the PV energy into

Fig. 1: A block diagram of a transformerless grid-connected PV inverter.

the electric grid, due to their high power density, high efficiency and low cost features, compared to
the DC/AC power converters which employ a transformer for providing galvanic isolation with the
electric grid [2]. A block diagram of a transformerless grid-connected PV inverter is depicted in Fig. 1.
The power section comprises power switches (e.g. IGBTs, Silicon Carbide-type JFETs etc.), which are
controlled by applying modulation techniques such as the Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
(SPWM), Space Vector Modulation (SVM) etc. [3]. An output filter is used to filter the
high-frequency harmonics of the voltage generated by the power section, such that a sinusoidal current
with unity power factor is injected by the PV inverter into the electric grid. The DC input source
consists of multiple PV modules connected in series and parallel, according to the voltage/power
specifications of the DC/AC inverter. The metallic frame of the PV modules is connected to the
electric-grid ground for human safety protection. Due to the large surface area of the PV modules,
parasitic capacitive coupling is developed between the solar cells and the grounded metallic frame of
the PV modules [4]. The value of the parasitic capacitors which are formed under such conditions
(i.e. C pv1 and C pv 2 in Fig. 1) depends on the PV modules type and the ambient temperature and
humidity conditions (e.g. 10-100 nF/kWp [5]). Depending on the topology of the power section and
the modulation strategy employed, an AC common-mode voltage may be developed between the DC
input terminals and the ground, which leads to the circulation of a leakage ground current (i.e. ig in
Fig. 1). The leakage ground current causes a reduction of the power conversion efficiency and quality
of the electric grid current, while, additionally, it is a source of ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI)
and induces potential safety threats. Thus, a maximum permissible leakage ground current value of
300 mA has been established by the VDE 0126-1-1 standard [6].

The transformerless full-bridge DC/AC inverter topology has the advantage of design and control
simplicity. Although employing a bipolar SPWM strategy to control a transformerless single-phase
full-bridge PV inverter eliminates the leakage ground current problem, it also results in the generation
of a high ripple-current [7]. In contrast, in the case that a unipolar SPWM control strategy is applied,
then the resulting ripple current is low, but a high leakage ground current is developed. Thus, multiple
alternative transformerless PV inverter topologies have been developed (e.g. HB-ZVR, H6, NPC etc.)
where the AC voltage developed across the parasitic capacitor is substantially reduced, thus limiting
the leakage ground current to an acceptable level, e.g. [5, 8]. Some of these topologies (e.g. H5,
HERIC etc.) have also been incorporated into commercial PV inverter products. Simulation results on
the evaluation of the leakage ground current generated by HERIC-, H5- and NPC-based
transformerless single-phase PV inverters, respectively, are presented in [9].

In [10], the full-bridge structure is modified by adding two power switches and a split-capacitor leg
(i.e. a capacitive voltage divider of the DC input voltage), in order to clamp the common-mode voltage
during the freewheeling period at one half of the PV input voltage. These power switches are
controlled to operate at the switching frequency, while the power switches of the full-bridge section
are controlled by a unipolar SPWM scheme. A similar concept has also been implemented in [11],
where two power switches and a power diode are added to the basic full-bridge topology. Two
additional power switches are employed in [12] for decoupling the full-bridge from the DC-bus, thus
retaining the common-mode voltage to a constant value during freewheeling of current. Additionally,
two diodes connected to the midpoint of a split-capacitor branch, have been included in the inverter
circuit for alleviating the impact of the power semiconductors switching asymmetry on the stability of
the common-mode voltage level. A PWM-based strategy for controlling a power inverter of this type
is presented in [13]. Using this technique, the split-capacitor midpoint is retained at one half of the DC
input voltage level, despite the asymmetric operation of the power converter, which arises during
practical operating conditions, due to e.g. different delays of the control signals, different switching
performance of the individual power devices etc. In [14], the leakage ground current of a Current
Source Inverter (CSI) is reduced by incorporating an additional leg in the inverter circuit, which
comprises two power switches connected to the electric-grid neutral and to the midpoint of a
split-capacitor structure, respectively.
As an alternative solution to the leakage ground problem, a passive-filter structure is presented in [15],
which utilizes the LCL output filter of the inverter, one common-mode choke of the EMI output-filter
and two large split DC-link capacitors, in order to reduce the leakage ground current of a full-bridge
inverter. An active common-mode filter connected at the output of a full-bridge inverter has been
proposed in [16] for reducing the amplitude of the leakage ground current, which consists of additional
power switches and a winding incorporated at the common-mode inductor of the ElectroMagnetic
Compatibility (EMC) output-filter.

However, all approaches described above for solving the leakage ground current problem have the
disadvantage of requiring a higher number of power devices and/or passive components compared to
the full-bridge PV inverter topology. Thus, the PV inverter design and control complexity is increased,
which adversely affects the cost and power conversion efficiency of the PV inverter. Additionally, for
the proper operation of some of the past-proposed transformerless PV inverter topologies (e.g. NPC,
Conergy etc.) doubling of the PV array DC input voltage is required.

The performance of various modulation techniques in terms of leakage ground current has been
investigated in [17-19], but these studies have been limited only in three-phase inverters. Comparative
performance evaluations of various PWM methods, in terms of the resulting leakage ground current in
a three-phase bridge inverter, are presented in [18] and [20], respectively. A modulation technique is
presented in [21], where the PWM control pulses of the power switches are produced by adding a third
harmonic signal to a low frequency (i.e. 50 Hz) reference voltage. However, this technique is suitable
for a five-level PV inverter, which comprises two additional power switches compared to the
single-phase transformerless full-bridge topology. A hybrid multicarrier PWM technique for reducing
the leakage ground current in a transformerless five-level cascaded multilevel inverter is proposed
in [22]. According to this method, the variations of the common-mode voltage are reduced by
employing two in-phase carrier signals, which are both phase shifted by 180o at each half-cycle.
A modulation strategy for controlling a cascaded multilevel inverter comprised of two full-bridges, in
order to reduce the leakage ground current, is presented in [23]. Each full-bridge structure is
power-supplied by an individual PV source, while the outputs of the two full-bridges are connected in
series. The modulation strategy exploits the redundant states of this multilevel inverter structure for
reducing the variation of the voltage of the stray capacitances between the PV sources and ground,
which in turn results in a reduction of the parasitic leakage ground current amplitude. A modulation
technique is presented in [8] for controlling an H5 single-phase transformerless PV inverter, which is
based on a combination of the bipolar and unipolar PWM methods. The target of this method is to
minimize the leakage ground current and, simultaneously, keep the grid current distortion at a low
level during operation with a non-unity power factor, as dictated by the VDE-AR-N4105 standard.

Considering the techniques described above, it is concluded that an effective unipolar PWM technique
for reducing the leakage ground current of single-phase full-bridge PV inverters, is still not available.
In this paper, a new modulation method is proposed for optimally controlling the power switches of
transformerless, single-phase full-bridge inverters, such that a three-level PWM output waveform is
produced and simultaneously the leakage ground current is minimized. For that purpose, an
optimization process employing Genetic Algorithms has been developed, in order to calculate the
optimal duration of each individual (positive or negative) pulse of the inverter output waveform.
Compared to the past-proposed approaches, the method presented in this paper has the advantage that
it enables the reduction of the leakage ground current of a conventional single-phase full-bridge
inverter within the limits specified by the VDE 0126-1-1 standard without requiring additional power
components to be employed in the PV inverter structure. Thus, the design complexity and cost of the
transformerless PV inverter are reduced.

The proposed optimization method

The transformerless single-phase full-bridge PV inverter structure, which has been considered in the
proposed optimization process, is depicted in Fig. 2. The parasitic elements considered in this model
are the following [24]: (i) C pv1 , C pv 2 are the stray capacitances formed between the solar cells and the
Fig. 2: The transformerless single-phase full-bridge PV inverter considered in the proposed
optimization process.

Fig. 3: The waveform of the output voltage of the transformerless single-phase full-bridge PV
inverter, which has been considered in the proposed optimization process.

grounded metallic frame of the PV array, (ii) C1 , C2 are the parasitic capacitances between the
full-bridge legs and the grounded chassis of the inverter through the heat sink, (iii) Z1 , Z 2 are the
impedances of the electric network lines and (iv) Z g is the ground impedance. The power stage of the
full-bridge inverter is interconnected with the electric grid through an output filter comprised of
inductors L1 and L2 , respectively. In the proposed methodology it is assumed that the full-bridge
inverter is controlled such that the waveform of the output voltage, which is produced (i.e. Vspwm in
Fig. 2), consists of the three-level PWM pulse-train shown in Fig. 3. Since this waveform exhibits an
odd and half-wave symmetry, the even harmonics are eliminated from its spectral content. The leakage
ground current is a function of the switching angles 1 - n of Vspwm in Figs. 2 and 3, where
1 < 2 < ... < n < 90o . The target of the proposed technique is to calculate the optimal values of the
switching angles 1 - n , such that the leakage ground current, ig ( X ) , is minimized:

minimize {ig ( X )} (1)

X

where X = [1 , 2 ,..., n ] is the vector of the design variables, composed by the switching angles
1 - n of the Vspwm pulse-train.

A block diagram of the proposed optimization process is illustrated in Fig. 4. The proposed
optimization procedure is executed through the iterative interaction of two software process, which are
based on the MATLAB and SIMULINK platforms, respectively. Initially, the values of the following
parameters of the grid-connected PV inverter shown in Fig. 2 are specified by the designer:
switching frequency,
Fig. 4: A block diagram of the proposed optimization process for deriving the optimal values of
switching angles 1 - n .

modulation index,
magnitude of the DC input voltage which is produced by the PV source,
RMS value and frequency of the electric grid voltage,
parasitic capacitances C pv1 , C pv 2 , C1 and C2 ,
electric line impedances Z1 , Z 2 and Z g and
output filter inductances L1 and L2 .
The values of these parameters are provided to a software program operating under the MATLAB
platform, which comprises: (i) the functions required for minimizing the leakage ground current
objective function using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) according to (1), (ii) a function for deriving the
time-series of the control signals of the full-bridge inverter power switches, according to the desired
set of switching angles 1 - n , such that the 3-level PWM waveform depicted in Fig. 3 is produced by
the full-bridge PV inverter and (iii) a software-based mechanism for communication with the
SIMULINK-based process. Then, a model of the single-phase full-bridge inverter (see Fig. 2), which
has been implemented in SIMULINK, is used for simulating the operation of the inverter in the time
domain. During this process, the full-bridge inverter is controlled to operate according to the set of
switching angles 1 - n , which have been transmitted by the MATLAB-based part of the proposed
optimization procedure described above. For each set of angles 1 - n , the leakage ground current of
the inverter under steady-state conditions is calculated by using the appropriate functional elements of
SIMULINK and the resulting value is transmitted back to the MATLAB-based part of the proposed
optimization process.

In the proposed optimization method, the optimal values of the switching angles X = [1 , 2 ,..., n ] ,
which result in the minimization of objective function ig ( X ) in (1), are computed using GAs. Genetic
Algorithms are suitable for application in complex optimization problems, since they are able to derive
the global optimal solution with a relative computational efficiency [25]. Their operation is based on
the iterative generation of sets of design variables vectors, X , which constitute a population of
chromosomes. Each of these chromosomes corresponds to a potentially optimal solution of the
optimization problem. During the evolution of the GA-based optimization process, the objective
function is evaluated for each member of the current population and appropriate operations
(e.g. mutation, crossover etc.) are applied to the chromosomes of the population. Thus, the initial
population of design variables vectors, X , is progressively modified, such that the optimization
process evolves towards better solutions of the optimization problem. This process is repeated until a
vector of the design variables values has been derived, which provides the minimum value of the
leakage ground current objective function [i.e. ig ( X ) in (1)]. In the proposed optimization process, the
value of the PV inverter leakage ground current, ig ( X ) , is computed for each value of X produced
during the evolution of the GA-based optimization process, by the MATLAB- and SIMULINK-based
iterative processes described above.

The amplitude, Vmo ,1 , of the fundamental component of the full-bridge inverter output voltage

waveform, which is shown in Fig. 2, is calculated using a Fourier analysis according to the following
equation [26]:

4VDC n
Vm
o ,1 = [( 1) k +1 cos(ak )] = M VDC (2)
k =1

where VDC is the DC input voltage of the full-bridge inverter and M is the modulation index.
During the execution of the proposed optimization process, it is ensured that by applying the set of
switching angles 1 - n , which is included in the vector of design variables, X , the resulting output
voltage waveform of the full-bridge inverter contains a fundamental component with the desired
amplitude. For that purpose, the switching angles 2 - n contained in each GA chromosome, X , are
firstly produced by the GA-based optimization algorithm. Then, the corresponding value of switching
angle 1 is calculated by using (2), according to the following equation:

M n
( 1) cos ( ak )
k +1
1 = cos1 (3)
4 k =2

where the value of the modulation index, M , is input in the optimization process by the PV inverter
designer, as analyzed above.

Additionally, the harmonic distortion of the current injected into the electric grid by the full-bridge
inverter is computed for each vector of the design variables, X , which is produced during the
execution of the proposed optimization process. In case that the resulting harmonic distortion of the
PV inverter output current does not fulfill the requirements of the IEEE-1547 standard for
interconnecting distributed power sources with electric power systems, then the corresponding set of
switching angles 1 - n is rejected and it is not considered as a potentially optimal solution of the
optimization process. Thus, it is ensured that the optimal set of switching angles 1 - n will be
derived by the proposed GA-based optimization procedure, such that both the leakage ground current
of the full-bridge inverter is minimized and, simultaneously, the quality of the current injected into the
electric is not deteriorated.

Optimization results
The leakage ground current of a 5 kW / 50 Hz single-phase full-bridge inverter (Fig. 2), consisting of
IGBT power switches and power diodes, has been minimized by applying the proposed optimization
process, which has been described above. The full-bridge inverter under study operates with a DC
input voltage of VDC = 400V , while the values of the parasitic components in Fig. 2 have been set
equal to C pv1 = C pv 2 = 100 nF , C1 = C2 = 0.5 nF , Z1 = Z 2 = 50 103 + j 2 10 3 and
Z g = 10 + j 2 103 , respectively. The optimal values of the leakage ground current [i.e. ig in (1)],
 (a)

(b)
Fig. 5: The leakage ground current produced by a single-phase full-bridge inverter in the case that the
unipolar SPWM and the proposed optimization method are applied: (a) for various values of the
output-filter total inductance and f s = 10 kHz and (b) for various values of the switching frequency
and L1 + L2 = 10 mH .

which is calculated using the proposed optimization technique, for various values of switching
frequency f s and the total output-filter inductance (i.e. L1 + L2 in Fig. 2), are shown in Fig. 5. The
corresponding values of ig produced in the case that the full-bridge inverter is controlled according to
the unipolar SPWM method are also shown in Fig. 5. It is observed that by increasing the switching
frequency and the total inductance of the output-filter results in a reduction of the leakage ground
current. The leakage ground current generated in the case that the proposed method is applied, is lower
by 52.7-90.3 % compared to that produced when applying the unipolar SPWM modulation method. In
case that the output-filter total inductance is higher than 15 mH or the switching frequency is higher
than 10 kHz, respectively, then the ground leakage current produced by the proposed method is below
the 300 mA limit dictated by the VDE 0126-1-1 standard, thus enabling to deploy the conventional
single-phase full-bridge inverter structure in residential applications without incorporating the
additional power components required by past-proposed approaches.

The resulting Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the PV inverter output current when using the
proposed and unipolar SPWM techniques is 0.48-3.5 % and 1.39-3.41 %, respectively, thus fulfilling
the requirements of the IEEE-1547 standard. As an example, the optimal values of the switching
angles and the waveforms of the leakage ground current, which result in the case that f s = 10 kHz and
L1 + L2 = 10 mH for the unipolar SPWM and the proposed method, are illustrated in Fig. 6.

The variation of the leakage ground current with the value of the parasitic capacitors C pv1 = C pv 2 and
the DC input voltage, respectively, for both the proposed and the unipolar SPWM methods in case that
f s = 15 kHz and L1 + L2 = 10 mH , is illustrated in Fig. 7. These results demonstrate that the leakage
ground current stays below the 300 mA limit when applying the proposed optimization method, over
the entire range of parasitic capacitance and DC input voltage values, while the unipolar SPWM
method is not capable to achieve this constraint.
 (a) (b)

(c)
Fig. 6: Results for f s = 10 kHz and L1 + L2 = 10 mH : (a) waveform of the leakage ground current for
unipolar SPWM, (b) waveform of the leakage ground current for the proposed method and (c) the
optimal values of the switching angles for the proposed method.

(a) (b)
Fig. 7: The variation of the leakage ground current for the unipolar SPWM and the proposed method,
respectively, in case that f s = 15 kHz and L1 + L2 = 10 mH : (a) with the value of parasitic capacitors
C pv1 = C pv 2 and (b) with the DC input voltage of the inverter.

Conclusion
The market of PV systems is rapidly expanding during the last years and the transformerless DC/AC
inverters are key components in this evolution. The transformerless full-bridge PV inverter structure is
characterized by design and control simplicity. However, in the case that a unipolar SPWM
modulation strategy is applied for controlling a single-phase full-bridge PV inverter, then the leakage
ground current, which is generated due to capacitive coupling between the solar cells and the grounded
metallic frame of PV modules, exceeds the limit imposed by the VDE 0126-1-1 standard. Existing
techniques of reducing leakage ground current in single-phase PV systems are based on the
employment of PV inverter topologies which comprise additional power devices and/or passive
components, compared to the conventional full-bridge inverter structure. In this paper, a GA-based
method has been proposed for optimally controlling the power switches of transformerless
single-phase full-bridge inverters, such that the leakage ground current is minimized. The design
results demonstrate that by using the proposed modulation technique, the leakage ground current of
the conventional transformerless single-phase full-bridge inverters is reduced below the maximum
limit imposed by the VDE 0126-1-1 standard, thus enabling their application in single-phase PV
installations instead of more complex PV inverter topologies.
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