BIOLOGY

Osmosis Lab

Wuttipong Sarocha (June)

Boonjirachot Ratima (Praew)
Ngampravatdee Thaya (New)
Lerviriyaphan Kanyanat (Mimi)
Roongkaviwat Apichaya (Proud)

1005

2017 March 10th

Introduction: (Attach at the back)

Purpose: To observe the effect of osmosis that changes shape, mass and volume of

potatoes and jellies after soaking in different types of solution.

Hypothesis:

- If jelly is soak in 40 ml of distilled water for 1 hour then it will swell

(increase volume and mass).

- If jelly is soak in 40 ml of salt concentrated salt solution for 1 hour then

it will shrink (decrease volume and mass).

- If potato is soak in 40 ml of distilled water for 1 hour then it will swell

but doesnt change the shape.

- If potato is soak in 40 ml of salt concentrated salt solution for 1 hour

then it will shrink but doesnt change the shape.

Material List:

- 6 Beakers (3 for jelly, 3 for - Concentrated Salt

potato) Water

- 2 Cylinder - Knife
 - 3 Jellies - Cutting Board

- 3 Potato Pieces - Weighing Paper

- Electronic Balance - Markers

- Distilled Water - Lab Coats

Procedure/Methods:
1. Prepare all the materials needed and cut potato into 3 equal pieces.

2. Measure the mass of all jellies and potatoes.

3. Record the mass, observe potatoes and jellies then write the descriptions.

4. Fill the both cylinder with 40 ml water.

5. Measure the volume by measuring the initial volume, dropping the potatoes and

jellies in the water and observing the changing volume. (Archimedess Principle).

6. Record the volume of all potatoes and jellies.

7. Fill beaker 1 with 40 ml of distilled water and 1 jelly. Label the beaker by a marker

and leave it for 1 hour.

8.Fill beaker 2 with 40 ml of concentrated salt solution and 1 jelly. Label the beaker

by a marker and leave it for 1 hour.

9. Fill beaker 3 with 1 jelly. Label the beaker by a marker and leave it for 1 hour.

(Control group)

10. Fill beaker 4 with 40 ml distilled water and 1 piece of potato. Label the beaker by

a marker and leave it for 1 hour.

11. Fill beaker 5 with 40 ml concentrated salt solution and 1 piece of potato. Label

the beaker by a marker and leave it for 1 hour.

12. Fill beaker 6 with only 1 piece of potato. Label the beaker by a marker and leave

it for 1 hour. (Control Group)

13. After 1 hour. Remeasure the mass and volume of all jellies and pieces of potato

in all beakers.

14. Observe and write the description of the changes of each jelly and pieces of

potato after being soaked in water.

Data tables
 Data Table A :
the volume and mass of the 2 jellies before and after soaking in
distilled water.
the volume and mass of the 2 jellies before and after soaking in salt
water.
Volume and Mass of Jelly 1 and Jelly 2 (Before/After)
Jelly 1 (Color): Jelly 2 (Color)

Dimensions Initial: Before Final: After Initial: Before Final: After

soaking Soaking in Soaking soaking in Salt
distilled water Water

Volume (ml ) 4 5 3 3

Mass 5.10 6.85 5.03 4.73

Data Table B :
the volume and mass of the 2 potatoes before and after soaking in
distilled water.
the volume and mass of the 2 potatoes before and after soaking in salt
water.
Volume and Mass of Potato 1 and Potato 2 (Before/After)
Potato 1: Potato 2:

Dimensions Initial: Before Final: After Initial: Before Final: After

soaking Soaking in Soaking soaking in Salt
distilled water Water

Volume (ml ) 3.5 4 3.5 3

Mass 3.44 4.15 3.61 2.87

Data Table C:
descriptive observations of the jelly before and after soaking in distilled
water
descriptive observations of the jelly before and after soaking in salt
water
Jelly 1 and Jelly 2 Changes After Soaking (Qualitative data)
Jelly 1 (soak in distilled water) Jelly 2 ( soak in salt water)

Before: Color - Purple Before: Color - Purple

Texture - Squeezy Texture - Squeezy
After: Color - Purple with some white covered After: Color - Clear Purple ( Able to see through)
Size - Expand (Swell)

Data Table D:
descriptive observations of the potato before and after soaking in
distilled water
descriptive observations of the potato before and after soaking in salt
water
Potato 1 and Potato 2 After Soaking (Qualitative data)
Potato 1 (soak in distilled water) Potato 2 ( soak in salt water)

Before: Color - Pale Yellow Before: Color - Pale Yellow

Sha Shape - Small cube (similar to Butter)
pe - Small cube (similar to Butter) Dense
Dense

After: color remains the same After: very pale Yellow, look like some salts
sticked on the potato cube.

Data Table E:
percent changes in volume of the jelly
percent changes in mass of the jelly
Percentage Changes in Mass and Volume of Jelly 1 and Jelly 2
Jelly 1 : soaked in Jelly 2 : soak in salt water
distilled water

Percent change in volume 25 % 0%

Percent change in mass 34.31 % -30 %

Data Table F:
percent changes in volume of the jelly
percent changes in mass of the jelly
Percentage Changes in Mass and Volume of Potato 1 and Potato 2
Potato 1 : soaked in Potato 2 : soak in salt water
distilled water

Percent change in volume 50 % -50 %

Percent change in mass 71 % -74 %

 Data in form of Bar Graphs

From what we have recorded, we then make into bar graphs to show the differences
and also the percent changes between before and after(of mass and volume),
which have 1 hour difference between before and after (of potato cubes and jellies).
Analyzing Result:

1.What happened to the jellies after being soaked in distilled water and salt water for
an hour? Why?
After the jelly is being soaked in the distilled water, the jelly increases 25% in
volume and 34.31% in mass. That is because there is more solute in the jelly than in
the distilled water. Therefore, the water moves into the jelly, making the jelly swells or
increases in size, mass and volume. In this case, the jelly is hypertonic and the
distilled water is hypotonic.
On the contrary, after the jelly is being soaked in the salt water, the jelly
decreases 30% in mass but the volume didnt change. That is because there is more
solute in the salt water than in the jelly. So the water moves out of the jelly, making
the jelly shrinks or decreases in size and mass. In this case, the jelly is hypotonic
and the salt water is hypertonic.

2. What happened to the potato after being soaked in distilled water and salt water
for an hour?
After the potato is being soaked in distilled water for 1 hour, when we take it
out the potatos volume increases by 50% and the mass increases by 71%. So it tells
us that the potato cube swells since the water started to diffuse in it. From that, we
got the conclusion that there is more solute in the potato than in the distilled water.
On the other hand, when we put the potato into salt concentration, it became
paler than before.The mass decreases by 50% and the volume decreases by 74%.
From that, it let us know that there is more solute in the salt water than in the potato.

Conclusion: The jelly swells in the distilled water (hypotonic solution), on the other
hand, shrinks in the salt water (hypertonic solution). Similarly, the potato also swells
in the distilled water (hypotonic solution) and shrinks in salt water (hypertonic
solution).
 Worklog

Name Date Job/Role Complete or Not

Created Google Docs

New 28 Feb 17 Complete
Made a report cover

Mimi 01 Mar 17 Made data tables Complete

Praew 02 Mar 17 Made methods and materials list Complete

Praew 04 Mar 17 Write hypothesis and purpose Complete

Whole All members went into the lab and

02 Mar 17 Complete
group started doing osmosis experiment

Answered the first question in

New, Mimi 07 Mar 17 Complete
Analysing Results Questions

Made bar graphs and line graphs

June 07 Mar 17 Answered the second question in Complete
Analysing Results Questions

Reading the whole report to make the

Proud 07 Mar 17 Complete
conclusion

Checking the report - make some

Mimi 07 Mar 17 Complete
corrections
Whole
07 Mar 17 Group discussion Complete
group

Proud 07 Mar 17 Insert images of materials Complete

Appendix
 Introduction

There are 2 different types of membrane transport, active transport is the type
that required energy, different from passive transport which doesnt require energy.
Passive transport is the movement of small, polar/neutral molecules, the movement
of molecules can divide into 2 type simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion but water
has the special type of transport call Osmosis. Osmosis is a movement of water
through a selectively permeable member in the cell, which means it only allows
certain sustains to pass through. Water is a small slightly-negative polar molecule
that could pass through the membrane freely from lower solute concentration to
higher solute concentration, the movement causes different types of solution and the
net movement which is the overall direction of movement of a substance, measured
by the force capacity on one side against the force capacity on the other (Kiddietyte,
2008). Types of solution are hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solution. Hypotonic
solution occurs when solute concentration is lower than water concentration, on the
other hand, Hypertonic solution occurs when solute concentration is higher than
water concentration, and an Isotonic solution occurs when both, water and solute
concentration are equal causing zero net movements (Khan Academy, n.d).
Osmosis had played a very important role for living things either plants or animals all
need osmosis to stay alive. For example, plants need osmosis to get water through
their roots, humans' body use it to maintain body concentration. However, plants cell
has the cell wall that prevents them from busting but human doesn't this make it
better for plants to be in hypertonic solution but dangerous for human or every
animal cell.
In this experiment, we analyzed the changes of jellies and potatoes cell after
soaking in 40 ml of types of solution for 1 hour and observed the differences
changes in shape, mass and volume of animals cell compared to plants cell the
occurs because of differents cells' structure.

REFERENCES

K. (2008). What is net movement? Retrieved March 02, 2017, from

https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080305160235AAmjOeO
Khan Academy. (n.d.). Retrieved March 02, 2017, from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/diffusion-
and-osmosis/a/osmosis

(B. Ratima 5961174)

Introduction
According to IHW (2005), there are different ways substances can pass
through the membrane, whether it is to enter or leave the cells. They are mainly
divided into 2 ways ; active and passive. Osmosis is one special type of passive
transport which is a diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
without using energy, in which it moves from the side of lower solute concentration to
the higher solute concentration. Because this selectively permeable membrane only
allows some substances to pass through, not every solute can pass through it as
water can. Normally, each side will have different concentration of a solute, therefore,
there will be a movement of water from the side with less solute (hypotonic) to the
side with more solute (hypertonic). But if the solute can cross the membrane, there
would be a balance of the two sides, which is called an Isotonic solution. So these
types of solutions are very important to living things, to the patients in the hospital ,
to the plants absorption of water , also freshwater and seawater animals could not
survive without this.(Saucedo,2012)
To get a clearer picture and also a better understanding of how the water
moves in osmosis, conducting an experiment would be a great way. In this
experiment, we will be soaking a jelly and potato in both hypertonic and hypotonic
solution. So after the experiment, we will be able to observe the change in volume
and mass, which can tell us the movement of water whether it goes in or out of the
jelly/potato.

REFERENCES

IHW (March,2005). Movement across membranes. Retrieved 06 March 2017 from

http://www.biologymad.com/resources/diffusionrevision.pdf

Saucedo, J. (May 1,2012). Osmosis. Retrieved 06 March 2017 from

http://www.brighthubeducation.com/science-homework-help/111424-guide-to-
hypotonic-hypertonic-and-isotonic-solutions/

( L. Kanyanat 5961124 )
 Introduction

Every cell in the world cannot live without membrane transport. According
to Powell and Kaminski (2016), membrane transport is the movement of molecules
across the cell membrane and it depends on the permeability of membrane. There
are two ways in which the solute molecules can move across the cells- passive
transport and active transport as per Powell and Kaminski (2016). In passive
transport, molecules are able to move across the membrane along the concentration
of gradient which is from high to low concentration until both sides of the membrane
reaches equilibrium. However, only the small polar or nonpolar molecule can diffuse
across the membrane. There are many forms of passive transport include simple
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. The first one is simple diffusion, this type
of diffusion allow molecule that are nonpolar such as carbon dioxide or oxygen to
pass through the bilayer membrane easily. In addition, it does not require special
protein to help in transportation molecule. While in facilitated diffusion, the molecules
that are large and polar cannot enter membrane freely without using integral protein:
carrier and transport. The last type of passive transport is osmosis in which water
move from a lower concentration gradient to a higher concentration gradient through
a semipermeable membrane as per Glicksman (2015). In particular, osmosis cannot
happen if two solutions have the same concentration gradient. Plants also require
osmosis in order to move water from the root to other parts of the plants. In active
transport, the molecule is move from low to high concentration and it requires energy
during the transportation. The famous type of energy used in this transportation is
ATP.

According to Helmenstine (2016) and Jones (2013), the cells have the ability
to gain and lose water from its surrounding fluid through osmosis. This movement of
water is caused by the pressure of both extracellular and intracellular fluid.Therefore,
tonicity is the ability of the extracellular fluid to make water diffuse across the cell
membrane by osmosis. There are three types of tenacity of solutions- hypertonic,
isotonic and hypotonic as per Jones (2013). Hypertonic solution is when the osmotic
pressure is higher on the outside of the membrane than inside, that is, there is a
higher concentration of solute on the outside of the cell than inside so water will
move out from the cell to the higher concentration gradient with it reaches
equilibrium. So the cell will shrink if placed in hypertonic solution. In isotonic solution,
the extracellular fluid has the same concentration as the intracellular fluid, that is,
both side of the membrane has the same concentration so there will not be any net
movement of water from outside or inside the cell membrane. I this case, the cell will
not change size. Lastly, hypotonic is when the extracellular fluid has lower osmotic
pressure than intracellular fluid, that is, there is lower concentration of solute on
outside of the cell than inside, so water will move into the cell until it reaches
equilibrium. Hence, the cell will swell if placed in hypotonic solution.

The experiment is about osmosis and its relation to the tonicity of solution.
Potato and jelly are two substances that will be used as a representative of living
thing cells. The outer layer of the potato and jelly are like the cell membrane that
carries out transportation of material. The solutions outside the cells are distilled
water and salt water in order to see the movement of osmosis. Hypothetically
distilled water is considered to be a hypotonic solution while salt water is a
hypertonic solution. Consequently, the potato and jelly shape after one hour in the
beaker may be unchanged, swell or shrink according to the concentration of the
solution.

REFERENCES

Glicksman, H. (2015, March 6). Diffusion and Osmosis: Twin Perils in the Life of the
Cell. Retrieved March 04, 2017, from
http://www.evolutionnews.org/2015/03/diffusion_and_
o094151.html

Helmenstine, A. M. (2016, July 22). Understand Osmotic Pressure and Tonicity.

Retrieved March 05, 2017, from http://chemistry.about.com/b/2013/11/17/
osmotic-pressure-and-tonicity.htm

Jones, C. (2013, February 11). Tonicitys Effects on Cells. Retrieved March 05, 2017,
from http://personalcaretruth.com/2013/02/tonicitys-effects-on-cells/

Powell, G., & Kaminski, J. (2016, July 21). Membrane Transport. Retrieved March
04, 2017,
from https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Biological_Chemistry/Proteins/Case_Studies
%3A_
Proteins/Membrane_Transport

(R. Apichaya 5961113)

 Introduction

In every living thing made up of cell(s). Which Cell membrane is thing helping
separate what is inside the cell and outside of the cell. For cell membrane, selective
permeable, the term selective mean choice and Permeable mean to pass
through. Therefore, it means the phospholipid bilayer that allows something to pass
through directly and something cannot pass through directly. In addition, selective
permeability is a more precise term because, as the name implies, the cell has some
ability to select what can and cannot cross the cell membrane (James, 2003, para
3). Things that can pass through directly is something that small, they can be polar
or nonpolar but nonpolar will pass through the layer faster. On the other hand, things
that cannot pass through directly is things that large which may be polar or nonpolar
and also ions. However, these things that cant pass through directly need to use
channel or carrier protein being the way to help these things can pass the layer.
Membrane transport can be divided into 2 types which are passive transport and
active transport. Passive transport doesnt need energy during the process but active
transport still needs the energy (ATP). Passive transport has three types which are
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Osmosis the movement of water
molecule pass over membranes. Water molecules will spread across the membrane
and it will follow the more concentrated solution or the side that has more solute
(Nave, 2016). When water and solute are unequal, it can happen in two ways which
call hypertonic and hypotonic. Hypertonic happen when the solution has more solute
than the other side, so the cell will shrink. In contrast, hypotonic happen when the
solution is less solute than the other side, so the cell will swell. Also, when there is
the same amount of solute in two sides, it is called isotonic (Lui, 2015)
As I mentioned, we will link this osmosis lab with this information. We will use
jelly and potato after soaking in distilled water and salt water. We will see how it's
changing before and after soaking, and we will focus on their percent changes in
mass and volume. Therefore, we will find the conclusion that which potato or jelly is
shrinking or swell when they are soaked in different water. In addition, distilled water
will be the hypotonic solution and salt water will be the hypertonic solution. Also, for
the isotonic solution, we will use jelly and potato that wont soak in any water. Which
this experiment will refer to the osmosis between water and the solution.

REFERENCES
 James, N. (2003). Selective Permeability: Definition & Overview - Video & Lesson
Transcript | Study.com. Study.com. Retrieved from
http://study.com/academy/lesson/selective-permeability-definition-lesson-quiz.html

Nave, C. (2016). Diffusion and Osmosis. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved

from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/diffus.html
Lui, J. (2015). Isotonic, Hypotonic, & Hypertonic Solutions. Sophia. Retrieved from
https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/isotonic-hypotonic-hypertonic-solutions

(N. Thaya 5961075)

 Introduction

Every cell is being cover with a cell membrane, which known as plasma membrane
as another name. Cell membrane are made up of phospholipids bi-layer and proteins
(The cell membrane, 1999). In addition, its property known as selectively
permeable, which means it only allow some molecules to pass through (in and out);
included hydrophobic and small uncharged polar molecules or small molecules.
Besides, the molecules that cannot pass through are included large uncharged polar
or large molecules and ions molecules, which those molecules will use protein, such
as carrier protein or channel protein. In order to allow the molecules move in and out,
cell membrane occurs 2 processes, which called active transport and passive
transport. In active transport, this process need to required energy in order to
transport the molecules in and out the cell, since the molecules are moving from low
concentration gradient to high concentration gradient or against the gradient. That
can understand as moving from an uncrowded place to a crowded place, from that
need to put energy for push into the crowded place. In contrast, passive transport
does not need energy since the molecules move from a high concentration gradient
to low concentration gradient or down the gradient. From this, it can understand that
go along the flow from a crowded place to an uncrowded place. Moreover, there are
3 types of passive transport, are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis,
which osmosis is a special type that use to transport water. This movement of water
molecules across the membrane from an area of high water concentration down a
low water concentration or to the side with more solute. From this, it divided into 3
states which to describe the solution of water moving in and out of a cell, which also
known as tonicity. This tonicity is to show the concentration of all solutes substances
in the solution. Additional, the 3 states are hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic; that
hypotonic is to describe a side where they have more water concentration than
solutes. In contrast, water less than solutes hypertonic, then isotonic solution is
when both side have the equal water concentration and solutes (Khan Academy,
2015). Additionally, in hypotonic and hypertonic, it is easy to notice which side is
when it comes to animation, where we can see it clearly. That if the level of water on
one side rises but another falls, then the side that it falls is hypotonic and rise is
hypertonic (BBC GCSE Bitesize: Osmosis, 2011).
The purpose of this experiment was to observation the differences and
changes between potato cube and jellies when put it in 40 ml of distilled water and
salt concentration water each. In order, we measured the mass, volume and shape
and soaked them for 1 hour then carried out the result by weigh the mass and
volume again and see how the shape change. After that, we then find those result to
calculate the percent changes.

REFERENCES

Khan Academy. (2015). Khan Academy. Retrieved from

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/diffusion-
and-osmosis/a/osmosis

The Cell Membrane. (1999). Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved from

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/celmem.html

BBC GCSE Bitesize: Osmosis. (2011). Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved from

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/cells/cells4.s
html

(W. Sarocha 5961096)