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Noise currents can flow both to and from the power supplys input, along the
wiring that connects the converter to the energizing source (the ac line or a
battery, usually). Currents exiting the supply are called conducted emissions.
Radiation from this path can cause interference with other devices, which is
why power cables are often routed through ferrite chokes.
1. In a typical electronic package, current flow from the input of the power
supply to the voltage source is referred to as conducted emissions.
FIG.2
Ripple Current
Electrical devices switching on and off create almost all electrical noise. (A
steady dc current doesnt generate noise.)
Even a passive device such as a rectifier can generate noise. Rectifiers dont
turn on and off (that is, conduct and stop conducting) instantaneously.
Common rectifiers have a response time of about 1 s, generating harmonics
not only at multiples of the ac frequency being rectified, but also in the
megahertz region. These harmonics can find their way to both the input and
output of the power supply.
If the front end includes power factor correction (PFC) circuitry, there will be
additional EMI from the PFCs MOSFETs and diodes.
Grounding
Proper grounding reduces the effects of all noise sources, both emissions and
susceptibilities, by providing a low-impedance path to ground for EMI
currents. There are four significant ground points in a power system .
Noise can be generated from within the system itself (internal noise) or from
an outside source (external noise). Examples of these types of noise are:
Internal noise
External noise
FIG.3
Usually, only the chassis (4) is connected to ground (earth). Obviously, the
lower the value of Z for the EMI frequencies of interest, the more effective
the grounding. (Z is presumably a complex value that varies with frequency.)
It might be useful to look at a block diagram and decide which paths the
high-frequency noise currents are likely to take based on how these points
are selected and how their connections are implemented.
The ideal situation is for Z to be zero, with all chassis current passing to
earth. A non-ideal situation would be noise currents travelling from the front
end to the equipment being powered. During EMI qualification testing, its
important that all noise currents go to earth, and not to the measurement
equipment, as that would affect both common- and differential-mode
measurements.
Compliance
There are significant differences at low frequencies. FCC part 15 starts at 450
kHz.
EN 55022 starts at 150 kHz. MIL STD 461 (not shown) starts at 10 kHz for CE
102. The designer should check the revision level for the spec of interest and
state it in any specification.
Measurements
There are two commonly used measurement procedures for conducted
emissions: quasi-peak and average. The spec limits for each are given in the
EN 55022 specification. Both measurements may be required.
The FCC and EN specs have two acceptance levels. Level A is for business
and industrial equipment. Level B requires a lower emission level for
consumer products.
Most EMI radiates from the input and/or output cables, which dont benefit
from any shielding the enclosure might provide. Their emission levels might
vary, depending on the location of the cables, and how they are dressed.