Chapter 12 Coordination and Response

Chapter 3 Coordination and Response

Coordinating System 1. Nervous system
2. Endocrine system

Component of Nervous system 1. Sensory receptor

2. Integrating centre
3. Effectors

Sub-system of human nervous system 1. Central nervous system

2. Peripheral nervous system

Central nervous system 1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system 1. 12 pairs of Cranial nerve

2. 31 pairs of Spinal nerve

Neurone ( nerve cells ) 1. Afferent neurone

2. Efferent neurone
3. Interneurone

Sensory neurone

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Efferent neurone

Dendrite Fibre that receive information fron other neurone.

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Axon Conduct nerve impulse away from the cell body

Cell body Integrate and coordinates the metabolic activities.

Myelin sheath Protect and insulates the axon

Speed up the transmission of nerve impulse

Node of Ranvier Speed up the transmission of nerve impulse

Synaptic terminals Transmit signal to muscle cell, gland cells or

dendrites of other neurone

Structure of spinal cord

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- The spinal cord is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid which act as shock absorber and
provide nutrient to it.
- Sensory neurons have their cell bodies in the spinal (dorsal root) ganglion. Their axons
travel through the dorsal root into the grey matter of the cord.
- Within the grey matter are the cell bodies of interneurons with which the sensory
neurons may connect.
- Also located in the gray matter are the motor neurons whose axons travel out of the cord
through the ventral root.
- The white matter surrounds the grey matter. It contains myelin-coated axon of neurone.

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Transmission of information across synapses

Synaptic cleft Separates the synaptic terminal from the
dendrite, muscle cell or gland cells.
Spaces between presynaptic membrane and
postsynaptic membrane.
Synapse The site where two neurons communicate or a
neurone and an effector cell communicate.

Examples of neurotransmitter

Importance of synapse

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Structure of brain and its main function

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Cerebrum It is the largest part of the brain and is made up

of two hemispheres called the cerebral
hemispheres

The left hemisphere control movement on the

right side of body.
The right hemisphere control movement on the
left side of body.

The outer region of cerebrum is called cerebral

cortex is highly convoluted which increase the
surface area. It is believed that higher the
number of convolutions, higher is the
intelligence.

The cerebrum has sensory areas, association

areas and motor areas. They are responsible of
the action of the voluntary muscles. Cerebrum is
also responsible for the intelligence, thinking,
memory, consciousness and will power.

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Cerebellum It is responsible for maintaining the balance

while walking, swimming, riding, etc. It is also
responsible for precision and fine control of the
voluntary movements.

Medulla oblongata Regulate the autonomic function or involuntary

actions such as heartbeat, breathing,
vasodilation, vasoconstriction, vomiting,
hiccupping or swallowing.

It has the cardiovascular centre and the

breathing centre.

Thalamus Coordinates and integrates the sensory impulses

from the various sense organs - eyes, ears and
skin and then relays it to the cerebrum

Hypothalamus It receives the taste and smell impulses,

coordinates messages from the autonomous
nervous system, controls the heart rate, blood
pressure, body temperature and peristalsis.

Plays role in homeostatic regulation.

Control centre of endocrine system.

Pituitary gland Master gland of hormone.

Secrete hormones that influence other glands.

Important link between nervous system and

endocrine system.

Type of actions 1.Voluntary actions

2. Involuntary actions
Voluntary actions of the skeletal muscle Stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone
->interneurone(spinal cord + cerebral cortex)
-> motor neurone ->effector ->response

Examples:
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Taking a book
Kicking a ball
Anything u can do on a purpose

Involuntary actions of skeletal muscle Stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone
->interneurone(spinal cord )
*** Reflex Action*** -> motor neurone ->effector ->response

Importance of reflex action:

1.provide immediate withdrawal from
dangerous stimulus.
2.coordinate rapid autonomic responses
without the need for instruction from brain

Almost all reflex action only involves spinal

cord ONLY, but there are also some reflex
action involve brain.

Knee jerk response It is also an autonomic response but it involves

only two type of neurons: Afferent neurone and
Efferent neurone.

Involuntary actions of smooth muscle, cardiac Must connect medulla oblongata and
muscle, or glands hypothalamus

Parkinsons Disease Degenerative disorder of the central nervous

system.

Result from the reduced level of dopamine

Alzheimers Disease Symptoms can include confusion, irritability

and aggression, mood swings, trouble with
language, and long-term memory loss.

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The regulation of hormone secretion

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Pituitary gland consists of 2 parts:
Pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland
1.contains axons and synaptic
terminal of neurosecretory cells
2.the cell bodies of neurosecretory
cells located in hypothalamus
3. the cell bodies secrete ADH and
Oxytoxin to pass through the axon
into posterior pituitary cells.
4.The hormones are then secreted
from synaptic terminals in the
posterior pituitary into blood
stream.
Growth hormone
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Anterior pituitary gland
1.neurosecretory cell in Hypothalamus
secret the HYPOTHALAMUS
RELEASING HORMONES AND
HYPOTHALAMUS INHIBITING
HORMONES
2. These hormones carried in blood
stream into anterior pituitary gland
For example:
1.Thyroid-releasing hormones is released
from the hypothalamus into anterior
pituitary gland via the blood stream.
2.TRH stimulate anterior pituitary gland
to serete thyroid-stimulating hormones.
3.TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to
secrete thyroxine.
4.When thyroxine exceed the certain
level, it inhibits TRH production from the
hypothalamus.
5.Thyroid inhibiting hormones is released
to anterior pituitary gland to stop the
production of TSH.
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Over secretion of the growth hormone during childhood results in

gigantism, a condition characterised by an abnormal increase in
length of bones.

The person grows to be abnormally tall.

Over secretion during adulthood results in acromegaly, a condition in

which the bones, hands, feet, cheeks and jaws thicken, and other
tissues enlarge.

Under secretion during growing years retards bone growth, resulting

in a condition known as dwarfism.

The organs of the person often fail to grow and the size of body is like
that of a child.

Today, genetically engineered growth hormones can be given to

children with deficiency in growth hormone and successfully induce
growth, allowing the children to attain normal height.

Thyroxine

Over secretion causes an increase in the metabolic rate of the body.

Common symptoms include excessive sweating, heat intolerance,

increased bowel movements, nervousness, rapid heart rate and
weight loss.

Sometimes, the thyroid gland can grow and enlarge two or three
times its normal size, a condition known as goitre.

One cause of goitre is iodine deficiency.

In this situation, the thyroid gland cannot synthesise and release

enough thyroxine (thyroxine contains iodine).

As a result, it enlarges in response to excess stimulation from the

pituitary gland.

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Under secretion during childhood can cause severe mental

retardation, a condition known as cretinism.

In adulthood, it causes myxedema.

A person with myxedema has a slow heart rate, low body

temperature, high sensitivity to cold, general lethargy and a
tendency to gain weight easily.

A lack of iodine in the diet also reduces the production of thyroxine.

Insulin

Over secretion of insulin can lead to hypoglycaemia, an abnormally

low level of glucose in the blood.

Some of the symptoms of hypoglycaemia are fatigue, insomnia,

metal confusion, nervousness, mood swings, fainting spells and
headaches.

Severe hypoglycaemia can lead to convulsions and unconsciousness.

Under secretion leads to diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition associated with abnormally

high levels of sugar(glucose) in blood.

People with diabetes either do not produce enough insulin or cannot

use the insulin that their bodies produce.

As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream.

A person with diabetes mellitus experiences an increased frequency

of urination, excessive thirst, numbness or burning sensation in the
feet, ankles and legs, blurred or poor vision, fatigue, and slow healing
of wounds.

Large quantities of human insulin are now produced by genetically

engineered bacteria.

Patients are usually injected with this commercially prepared insulin.

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Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)

Over secretion of ADH results in high retention of water in the body.

Under secretion of ADH can result in a disorder known as diabetes

insipidus.

As a result, the person excretes a large amount of urine.

People with diabetes insipidus are thirsty all the time. They often
want to drink liquids frequently.

Because so much water is lost in the urine, the person may die of
dehydration if deprived of water for even a day.

Hormones Oversecretion Undersecretion

Growth Hormone Gigantism (Childhood) Dwarfism
Acromegaly(Adulthood)
Thyroxine Excessive sweating,heart Mental retardation
intolerance,bowel ( cretinism)
movement increase,rapid
Adult myxedema
heart rate, weight loss
Has slow heart rate,low
**Iodine defienciency body temperature,
cause thyroid glan d Sensitive to cold, gain
cannot synthesis weight easily.
thyroxine, so thyroid
gland enlarge and cause
goitre**
Insulin Hypoglycemia Diabetes mellitus

ADH High retention of Diabetes insipidus

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water in body

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