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4100 AWL/Thomas_ch03p147-243 8/19/04 11:17 AM Page 201

3.5 The Chain Rule and Parametric Equations 201

EXERCISES 3.5

22. s = sin a b + cos a b


Derivative Calculations 3pt 3pt
In Exercises 18, given y = sud and u = gsxd , find dy>dx = 2 2
sgsxddgsxd . 23. r = scsc u + cot ud-1 24. r = -ssec u + tan ud-1
4 3
1. y = 6u - 9, u = s1>2dx 2. y = 2u , u = 8x - 1 1 x
25. y = x 2 sin4 x + x cos-2 x 26. y = x sin-5 x - cos3 x
3. y = sin u, u = 3x + 1 4. y = cos u, u = -x>3 3

s3x - 2d7 + a4 - b
-1
5. y = cos u, u = sin x 6. y = sin u, u = x - cos x 1 1
27. y =
7. y = tan u, u = 10x - 5 8. y = -sec u, u = x 2 + 7x 21 2x 2
4
a + 1b
In Exercises 918, write the function in the form y = sud and 1 2
28. y = s5 - 2xd-3 +
8 x
u = gsxd . Then find dy>dx as a function of x.
9. y = s2x + 1d5 10. y = s4 - 3xd9 29. y = s4x + 3d4sx + 1d-3 30. y = s2x - 5d-1sx 2 - 5xd6

31. hsxd = x tan A 21x B + 7 32. k sxd = x 2 sec a x b


1
11. y = a1 - b 12. y = a
-7 -10
x x
- 1b
7 2
2
33. sud = a b 34. g std = a b
-1
4 5 sin u 1 + cos t
13. y = a + x - x b 14. y = a + b
x2 1 x 1
8 5 5x 1 + cos u sin t

36. r = sec2u tan a b


1
16. y = cot ap - x b 35. r = sin su2 d cos s2ud
1
15. y = sec stan xd u

37. q = sin a b 38. q = cot a t b


17. y = sin3 x 18. y = 5 cos-4 x t sin t
2t + 1
Find the derivatives of the functions in Exercises 1938.
19. p = 23 - t 20. q = 22r - r 2 In Exercises 3948, find dy>dt.
39. y = sin2 spt - 2d 40. y = sec2 pt
4 4
21. s = sin 3t + cos 5t 41. y = s1 + cos 2td -4
42. y = s1 + cot st>2dd-2
3p 5p

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley


4100 AWL/Thomas_ch03p147-243 8/19/04 11:17 AM Page 202

202 Chapter 3: Differentiation

44. y = cos a5 sin a b b


t Find the derivatives with respect to x of the following combina-
43. y = sin scos s2t - 5dd tions at the given value of x,
3
b. sxdg 3sxd,
A 1 + cos2 A 7t B B 3
3 a. 5sxd - g sxd, x = 1 x = 0
45. y = a1 + tan4 a bb
t 1
46. y = sxd
12 6
48. y = 4 sin A 21 + 1t B
c. , x = 1 d. sg sxdd, x = 0
47. y = 21 + cos st 2 d g sxd + 1
e. g ssxdd, x = 0 f. sx 11 + sxdd-2, x = 1
Second Derivatives g. sx + g sxdd, x = 0
Find y in Exercises 4952. 61. Find ds>dt when u = 3p>2 if s = cos u and d u>dt = 5 .
62. Find dy>dt when x = 1 if y = x 2 + 7x - 5 and dx>dt = 1>3 .
50. y = A 1 - 1x B
3
49. y = a1 + x b
1 -1

Choices in Composition
52. y = 9 tan a b
1 x What happens if you can write a function as a composite in different
51. y = cot s3x - 1d
9 3 ways? Do you get the same derivative each time? The Chain Rule says
you should. Try it with the functions in Exercises 63 and 64.
Finding Numerical Values of Derivatives 63. Find dy>dx if y = x by using the Chain Rule with y as a compos-
In Exercises 5358, find the value of s  gd at the given value of x. ite of
53. sud = u 5 + 1, u = g sxd = 1x, x = 1 a. y = su>5d + 7 and u = 5x - 35
1 1 b. y = 1 + s1>ud and u = 1>sx - 1d .
54. sud = 1 - u , u = g sxd = , x = -1
1 - x 64. Find dy>dx if y = x 3>2 by using the Chain Rule with y as a com-
posite of
pu
55. sud = cot , u = g sxd = 5 1x, x = 1 a. y = u 3 and u = 1x
10
1 b. y = 1u and u = x3 .
56. sud = u + , u = g sxd = px, x = 1>4
cos2 u Tangents and Slopes
2u 2 65. a. Find the tangent to the curve y = 2 tan spx>4d at x = 1 .
57. sud = 2 , u = g sxd = 10x + x + 1, x = 0
u + 1
2
b. Slopes on a tangent curve What is the smallest value the
58. sud = a b ,
u - 1 1 slope of the curve can ever have on the interval
u = g sxd =
- 1, x = -1
u + 1 x2 -2 6 x 6 2 ? Give reasons for your answer.
59. Suppose that functions and g and their derivatives with respect 66. Slopes on sine curves
to x have the following values at x = 2 and x = 3 .
a. Find equations for the tangents to the curves y = sin 2x and
x (x) g (x) (x) g(x) y = -sin sx>2d at the origin. Is there anything special about
how the tangents are related? Give reasons for your answer.
2 8 2 1>3 -3 b. Can anything be said about the tangents to the curves
3 3 -4 2p 5 y = sin mx and y = -sin sx>md at the origin
sm a constant Z 0d ? Give reasons for your answer.
Find the derivatives with respect to x of the following combina-
c. For a given m, what are the largest values the slopes of the
tions at the given value of x.
curves y = sin mx and y = -sin sx>md can ever have? Give
a. 2sxd, x = 2 b. sxd + g sxd, x = 3 reasons for your answer.
c. sxd # g sxd, x = 3 d. sxd>g sxd, x = 2 d. The function y = sin x completes one period on the interval
e. sg sxdd, x = 2 f. 2sxd, x = 2 [0, 2p] , the function y = sin 2x completes two periods, the
function y = sin sx>2d completes half a period, and so on. Is
2
g. 1>g sxd, x = 3 h. 2f sxd + g 2sxd,
2
x = 2 there any relation between the number of periods y = sin mx
60. Suppose that the functions and g and their derivatives with re- completes on [0, 2p] and the slope of the curve y = sin mx at
spect to x have the following values at x = 0 and x = 1 . the origin? Give reasons for your answer.

x (x) g (x) (x) g(x) Finding Cartesian Equations from


Parametric Equations
0 1 1 5 1>3
1 3 -4 -1>3 -8>3 Exercises 6778 give parametric equations and parameter intervals for
the motion of a particle in the xy-plane. Identify the particles path by

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley


148 Chapter 3 Differentiation

3.5 THE CHAIN RULE AND PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

"
1. f(u) 6u  9 f w (u) 6 f w (g(x)) 6; g(x) # x% gw (x) 2x$ ; therefore dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x)
6 2x$ 12x$

2. f(u) 2u$ f w (u) 6u# f w (g(x)) 6(8x  1)# ; g(x) 8x  1 gw (x) 8; therefore dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x)
6(8x  1)# 8 48(8x  1)#

3. f(u) sin u f w (u) cos u f w (g(x)) cos (3x  1); g(x) 3x  1 gw (x) 3; therefore dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x)
(cos (3x  1))(3) 3 cos (3x  1)

4. f(u) cos u f w (u) sin u f w (g(x)) sin 3x ; g(x) x


3 gw (x)  "3 ; therefore dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x)
sin 3x "
3
"3 sin 3x

5. f(u) cos u f w (u) sin u f w (g(x)) sin (sin x); g(x) sin x gw (x) cos x; therefore
dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x) (sin (sin x)) cos x

6. f(u) sin u f w (u) cos u f w (g(x)) cos (x  cos x); g(x) x  cos x gw (x) 1  sin x; therefore
dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x) (cos (x  cos x))(1  sin x)

7. f(u) tan u f w (u) sec# u f w (g(x)) sec# (10x  5); g(x) 10x  5 gw (x) 10; therefore
dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x) asec# (10x  5)b (10) 10 sec# (10x  5)

8. f(u) sec u f w (u) sec u tan u f w (g(x)) sec ax#  7xb tan ax#  7xb ; g(x) x#  7x
gw (x) 2x  7; therefore dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x) (2x  7) sec ax#  7xb tan ax#  7xb

9. With u (2x  1), y u& : dy


dx dy du
du dx 5u% 2 10(2x  1)%

10. With u (4  3x), y u* : dy


dx dy du
du dx 9u) (3) 27(4  3x))

)
11. With u 1  x7 , y ?( : dy
dx dy du
du dx 7u)  "7 "  x7

""
12. With u x#  1 , y ?"! : dy
dx dy du
du dx 10u"" "# 5 x#  1

# # $
13. With u x8  x  "x , y ?% : dy
dx dy du
du dx 4u$ x4  1  "
x# 4 x8  x  x" x4  1  "
x#

" " " % "


14. With u x5  5x , y ?& : dy
dx dy du
du dx 5u% 15  5x# x5  5x
1  x#

15. With u tan x, y sec u: dy


dx dy du
du dx (sec u tan u) asec# xb (sec (tan x) tan (tan x)) sec# x

16. With u 1  "x , y cot u: dy


dx dy du
du dx acsc# ub x"#  x"# csc# 1  x"

17. With u sin x, y u$ : dy


dx dy du
du dx 3u# cos x 3 asin# xb (cos x)

18. With u cos x, y 5u% : dy


dx dy du
du dx a20u& b (sin x) 20 acos& xb (sin x)
Section 3.5 The Chain Rule and Parametric Equations 149
"
19. p 3  t (3  t)"# dp
dt # (3  t)"# d
dt (3  t)  "# (3  t)"# "
2 3  t

"# " "# " "# "r


20. q 2r  r# a2r  r# b dq
dr # a2r  r# b d
dr a2r  r# b # a2r  r# b (2  2r) 2r  r#

21. s 4
31 sin 3t  4
51 cos 5t ds
dt 4
31 cos 3t d
dt (3t)  4
51 (sin 5t) d
dt (5t) 4
1 cos 3t  4
1 sin 5t
4
1 (cos 3t  sin 5t)

22. s sin 3#1t  cos 3#1t ds


dt cos 3#1t d
dt
3#1t  sin 3#1t d
dt
3#1t 31
2 cos 3#1t  31
2 sin 3#1t
321 cos 3#1t  sin 3#1t

csc ) cot )  csc# ) csc ) (cot )  csc ))


23. r (csc )  cot ))" dr
d) (csc )  cot ))# d
d) (csc )  cot )) (csc )  cot ))# (csc )  cot ))#
csc )
csc )  cot )

sec ) tan )  sec# ) sec ) (tan )  sec ))


24. r (sec )  tan ))" dr
d) (sec )  tan ))# d
d) (sec )  tan )) (sec )  tan ))# (sec )  tan ))#
sec )
sec )  tan )

25. y x# sin% x  x cos# x dy # d % % #


dx x dx asin xb  sin x dx ax b  x dx acos
d d #
xb  cos# x d
dx (x)
x# 4 sin$ x dx
d
(sin x)  2x sin% x  x 2 cos$ x dx
d
(cos x)  cos# x
x# a4 sin$ x cos xb  2x sin% x  xa a2 cos$ xb (sin x)b  cos# x
4x# sin$ x cos x  2x sin% x  2x sin x cos$ x  cos# x

" " d
d "
26. y x sin& x  x
3 cos$ x yw
asin& xb  sin& x dx x dx
x d $ $
x  3 dx acos xb  cos x
d
dx
x3
"x a5 sin' x cos xb  asin& xb  x"#  3x a a3 cos# xb (sin x)b  acos$ xb 3"
" "
 5x sin' x cos x  x# sin& x  x cos# x sin x  3 cos$ x

" ( " " ' " # "


27. y 21 (3x  2)  4  #x#
dy
dx 21 (3x  2) dx (3x  2) 
7 d
(1) 4  #x # d
dx
4  #x #
' " # " ' "
21 (3x  2) 3  (1) 4  #x#
7 x$ (3x  2)  $ #
x 4  "#
#x

% $ $
28. y (5  2x)$  "8 2x  1 dy
dx 3(5  2x)% (2)  84 x2  1  x2# 6(5  2x)%  x"# 2x  1
$
2x  1
6
(5  2x)%
 x#

29. y (4x  3)% (x  1)$ dy


dx (4x  3)% (3)(x  1)% d
dx (x  1)  (x  1)$ (4)(4x  3)$ d
dx (4x  3)
% % $ $ % %
(4x  3) (3)(x  1) (1)  (x  1) (4)(4x  3) (4) 3(4x  3) (x  1)  16(4x  3) (x  1)$ $
$ $
(4x  3) (4x  3) (4x  7)
(x  1)%
c3(4x  3)  16(x  1)d (x  1)%

' & '


30. y (2x  5)" ax#  5xb dy
dx (2x  5)" (6) ax#  5xb (2x  5)  ax#  5xb (1)(2x  5)# (2)
'
& 2 ax#  5xb
6 ax#  5xb  (2x  5)#

31. h(x) x tan 2x  7 hw (x) x dx d


tan 2x"#  tan 2x"# dx
d
(x)  0
# "# d "# "
x sec 2x dx 2x  tan 2x x sec 2x  tan 2x x sec# 2x  tan 2x
"# #
x
150 Chapter 3 Differentiation

32. k(x) x# sec "x kw (x) x# dx d


sec x"  sec x" dx
d
ax# b x# sec x" tan x" d
dx
x"  2x sec x"
x# sec "x tan x"  x"#  2x sec x" 2x sec x"  sec x" tan x"

# (1  cos ))(cos ))  (sin ))(sin ))


33. f()) 1 sincos) ) f w ()) 2 1 sincos) ) d
d)
1 sincos) ) 2 sin )
1  cos ) (1  cos ))#
(2 sin )) acos )  cos# )  sin# )b (2 sin )) (cos )  1) 2 sin )
(1  cos ))$ (1  cos ))$ (1  cos ))#

" # # (sin t)(sin t)  ("  cos t)(cos t)


34. g(t) 1 sincost t gw (t)  1 sincost t d
dt
1 sincost t  (1 sincost t)# (sin t)#
 asin# t  cos t  cos# tb "
(1  cos t)# 1  cos t

35. r sin a)# b cos (2)) dr


d) sin a)# b (sin 2)) d
d) (2))  cos (2)) acos a)# bb d
d) a) # b
sin a)# b (sin 2))(2)  (cos 2)) acos a)# bb (2)) 2 sin a)# b sin (#))  2) cos (2)) cos a)# b

36. r sec ) tan ") dr


d) sec ) sec# ")  )"#  tan ") sec ) tan ) "

# )
tan ) tan ") sec# )"
 )"# sec ) sec# ")  "
tan ") sec ) tan ) sec )  )#
# ) # )

t  1 (1)t d t  1
37. q sin tt 1 dq
dt cos tt 1 d
dt tt 1 cos tt 1 dt
#
t  1
t  1 
t  1
t
 1)  t
cos tt 1 t1
2
cos tt 1 2(t
2(t  1)$#
2(tt1)2$# cos tt 1

38. q cot sint t dq


dt csc# sint t d
dt
sint t csc# sint t t cos tt# sin t

39. y sin# (1t  2) dy


dt 2 sin (1t  2) d
dt sin (1t  2) 2 sin (1t  2) cos (1t  2) d
dt (1t  2)
21 sin (1t  2) cos (1t  2)

40. y sec# 1t dy
dt (2 sec 1t) d
dt (sec 1t) (2 sec 1t)(sec 1t tan 1t) d
dt (1t) 21 sec# 1t tan 1t

41. y (1  cos 2t)% dy


dt 4(1  cos 2t)& d
dt (1  cos 2t) 4(1  cos 2t)& (sin 2t) d
dt (2t) 8 sin 2t
(1  cos 2t)&

# $ $
42. y 1  cot #t dy
dt 2 1  cot #t d
dt 1  cot #t 2 1  cot #t csc# #t dt
dt #
#t
csc#
$
1  cot t
#

43. y sin acos (2t  5)b dy


dt cos (cos (2t  5)) d
dt cos (2t  5) cos (cos (2t  5)) (sin (2t  5)) d
dt (2t  5)
2 cos (cos (2t  5))(sin (2t  5))

44. y cos 5 sin 3t dydt sin 5 sin 3


t d
dt
5 sin 3t sin 5 sin 3t 5 cos 3t d
dt
3t
 3 sin 5 sin 3 cos 3
5 t t

$ % t # d < #
45. y <1  tan% 1t# dt 3 1  tan
dy < 1# dt 1  tan% 1t# 3 <1  tan% 1t# <4 tan$ 1t# d
dt tan 1t#
# #
12 <1  tan% 1t# <tan$ 1t# sec# 1t# 1"# <1  tan% 1t# <tan$ 1t# sec# 1t#

" $ # #
46. y 6 c1  cos# (7t)d dy
dt 3
6 c1  cos# (7t)d 2 cos (7t)(sin (7t))(7) 7 c1  cos# (7t)d (cos (7t) sin (7t))
Section 3.5 The Chain Rule and Parametric Equations 151
"# " "# " "#
47. y a1  cos at# bb dy
dt # a1  cos at# bb d
dt a1  cos at# bb # a1  cos at# bb sin at# b d
dt a t# b
"# #
 "# a1  cos at# bb asin at# bb 2t  1t sin at b
 cos at# b

"
48. y 4 sin 1  t9 dy
dt 4 cos 1  t9 d
dt 1  t9 4 cos 1  t9 d
dt
1  t
# 1  t

2 cos 1  t cos 1  t

1  t2t t  t

$ # #
49. y 1  "x yw 3 1  x"  x"#  x3# 1  x" yww  x3# d
dx
1  x" #  1  x" # d
dx
x3#
" # " #
 x3# 2 1  x"  x"#  x6$ 1  x 6
x%
1  x"  6
x$
1  x 6
x$
1  x" x"  1  x"
x6$ 1  x" 1  2x

" #
50. y 1  x yw  1  x  "# x"# "
#
1  x# x"#
" # $
yww # 1  x  "# x$#  x"# (2) 1  x  "# x"#
" # $ $
# "
# x
$#
1  x  x" 1  x "
# x" 1  x < "# x"# 1  x  1

"
#x
1  x$  "
 "
#  1 "
#x
1  x$ 3#  "

# x #x

"
51. y 9 cot (3x  1) yw  9" csc# (3x  1)(3)  3" csc# (3x  1) yww  32 (csc (3x  1) d
dx csc (3x  1))
#
 2
3 csc (3x  1)(csc (3x  1) cot (3x  1) d
dx (3x  1)) 2 csc (3x  1) cot (3x  1)

52. y 9 tan x3 yw 9 sec# x3 "3 3 sec# x3 yww 3 2 sec x3 sec x3 tan x3 "3 2 sec# 3x tan 3x

" "
53. g(x) x gw (x) # x
g(1) 1 and gw (1) # ; f(u) u&  1 f w (u) 5u% f w (g(1)) f w (1) 5;
"
therefore, (f g)w (1) f w (g(1)) gw (1) 5 # 5
#

" " " "


54. g(x) (1  x)" gw (x) (1  x)# (1) (1x)# g(1) # and gw (1) 4 ; f(u) 1  u
"
f w (u) u# f w (g(1)) f w #" 4; therefore, (f g)w (1) f (g(1))gw (1) 4 w "
4 1

55. g(x) 5x gw (x) 5


#x
g(1) 5 and gw (1) 5
# ; f(u) cot 110u f w (u) csc# 110u 10
1

1
10 csc# 110u f w (g(1)) f w (5)  10
1
csc# 1#  10
1 1
; therefore, (f g)w (1) f w (g(1))gw (1)  10 5
#
=  14

56. g(x) 1x gw (x) 1 g "4 14 and gw 4" 1; f(u) u  sec# u f w (u) 1  2 sec u sec u tan u
1  2 sec# u tan u f w g "4 f w 14 1  2 sec# 14 tan 14 5; therefore, (f g)w 4" f w g 4" gw 4" 51

au#  1b(2)  (2u)(2u)


57. g(x) 10x#  x  1 gw (x) 20x  1 g(0) 1 and gw (0) 1; f(u) 2u
u # 1 f w (u) au #  1 b #
2u#  2
au #  1 b #
f w (g(0)) f w (1) 0; therefore, (f g)w (0) f w (g(0))gw (0) 0 1 0

" #
58. g(x) w
x#  1 g (x)  x$ g(1) 0 and
2
gw (1) 2; f(u) uu 
1
1
f w (u) 2 uu 
1
1 d
du
uu 
1
1

1 (u  1)(1)  (u  1)(1)
2 uu 
1 (u  1)# 2(u(u1)(2) 4(u  1)
1)$ (u  1)$ f w (g(1)) f w (0) 4; therefore,
w w w
(f g) (1) f (g(1))g (1) (4)(2) 8

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