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EXERCISES 3.5
s3x - 2d7 + a4 - b
-1
5. y = cos u, u = sin x 6. y = sin u, u = x - cos x 1 1
27. y =
7. y = tan u, u = 10x - 5 8. y = -sec u, u = x 2 + 7x 21 2x 2
4
a + 1b
In Exercises 918, write the function in the form y = sud and 1 2
28. y = s5 - 2xd-3 +
8 x
u = gsxd . Then find dy>dx as a function of x.
9. y = s2x + 1d5 10. y = s4 - 3xd9 29. y = s4x + 3d4sx + 1d-3 30. y = s2x - 5d-1sx 2 - 5xd6
Choices in Composition
52. y = 9 tan a b
1 x What happens if you can write a function as a composite in different
51. y = cot s3x - 1d
9 3 ways? Do you get the same derivative each time? The Chain Rule says
you should. Try it with the functions in Exercises 63 and 64.
Finding Numerical Values of Derivatives 63. Find dy>dx if y = x by using the Chain Rule with y as a compos-
In Exercises 5358, find the value of s gd at the given value of x. ite of
53. sud = u 5 + 1, u = g sxd = 1x, x = 1 a. y = su>5d + 7 and u = 5x - 35
1 1 b. y = 1 + s1>ud and u = 1>sx - 1d .
54. sud = 1 - u , u = g sxd = , x = -1
1 - x 64. Find dy>dx if y = x 3>2 by using the Chain Rule with y as a com-
posite of
pu
55. sud = cot , u = g sxd = 5 1x, x = 1 a. y = u 3 and u = 1x
10
1 b. y = 1u and u = x3 .
56. sud = u + , u = g sxd = px, x = 1>4
cos2 u Tangents and Slopes
2u 2 65. a. Find the tangent to the curve y = 2 tan spx>4d at x = 1 .
57. sud = 2 , u = g sxd = 10x + x + 1, x = 0
u + 1
2
b. Slopes on a tangent curve What is the smallest value the
58. sud = a b ,
u - 1 1 slope of the curve can ever have on the interval
u = g sxd =
- 1, x = -1
u + 1 x2 -2 6 x 6 2 ? Give reasons for your answer.
59. Suppose that functions and g and their derivatives with respect 66. Slopes on sine curves
to x have the following values at x = 2 and x = 3 .
a. Find equations for the tangents to the curves y = sin 2x and
x (x) g (x) (x) g(x) y = -sin sx>2d at the origin. Is there anything special about
how the tangents are related? Give reasons for your answer.
2 8 2 1>3 -3 b. Can anything be said about the tangents to the curves
3 3 -4 2p 5 y = sin mx and y = -sin sx>md at the origin
sm a constant Z 0d ? Give reasons for your answer.
Find the derivatives with respect to x of the following combina-
c. For a given m, what are the largest values the slopes of the
tions at the given value of x.
curves y = sin mx and y = -sin sx>md can ever have? Give
a. 2sxd, x = 2 b. sxd + g sxd, x = 3 reasons for your answer.
c. sxd # g sxd, x = 3 d. sxd>g sxd, x = 2 d. The function y = sin x completes one period on the interval
e. sg sxdd, x = 2 f. 2sxd, x = 2 [0, 2p] , the function y = sin 2x completes two periods, the
function y = sin sx>2d completes half a period, and so on. Is
2
g. 1>g sxd, x = 3 h. 2f sxd + g 2sxd,
2
x = 2 there any relation between the number of periods y = sin mx
60. Suppose that the functions and g and their derivatives with re- completes on [0, 2p] and the slope of the curve y = sin mx at
spect to x have the following values at x = 0 and x = 1 . the origin? Give reasons for your answer.
"
1. f(u) 6u 9 f w (u) 6 f w (g(x)) 6; g(x) # x% gw (x) 2x$ ; therefore dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x)
6 2x$ 12x$
2. f(u) 2u$ f w (u) 6u# f w (g(x)) 6(8x 1)# ; g(x) 8x 1 gw (x) 8; therefore dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x)
6(8x 1)# 8 48(8x 1)#
3. f(u) sin u f w (u) cos u f w (g(x)) cos (3x 1); g(x) 3x 1 gw (x) 3; therefore dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x)
(cos (3x 1))(3) 3 cos (3x 1)
5. f(u) cos u f w (u) sin u f w (g(x)) sin (sin x); g(x) sin x gw (x) cos x; therefore
dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x) (sin (sin x)) cos x
6. f(u) sin u f w (u) cos u f w (g(x)) cos (x cos x); g(x) x cos x gw (x) 1 sin x; therefore
dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x) (cos (x cos x))(1 sin x)
7. f(u) tan u f w (u) sec# u f w (g(x)) sec# (10x 5); g(x) 10x 5 gw (x) 10; therefore
dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x) asec# (10x 5)b (10) 10 sec# (10x 5)
8. f(u) sec u f w (u) sec u tan u f w (g(x)) sec ax# 7xb tan ax# 7xb ; g(x) x# 7x
gw (x) 2x 7; therefore dy
dx f w (g(x))gw (x) (2x 7) sec ax# 7xb tan ax# 7xb
)
11. With u 1 x7 , y ?( : dy
dx dy du
du dx 7u) "7 " x7
""
12. With u x# 1 , y ?"! : dy
dx dy du
du dx 10u"" "# 5 x# 1
# # $
13. With u x8 x "x , y ?% : dy
dx dy du
du dx 4u$ x4 1 "
x# 4 x8 x x" x4 1 "
x#
21. s 4
31 sin 3t 4
51 cos 5t ds
dt 4
31 cos 3t d
dt (3t) 4
51 (sin 5t) d
dt (5t) 4
1 cos 3t 4
1 sin 5t
4
1 (cos 3t sin 5t)
" " d
d "
26. y x sin& x x
3 cos$ x yw
asin& xb sin& x dx x dx
x d $ $
x 3 dx acos xb cos x
d
dx
x3
"x a5 sin' x cos xb asin& xb x"# 3x a a3 cos# xb (sin x)b acos$ xb 3"
" "
5x sin' x cos x x# sin& x x cos# x sin x 3 cos$ x
% $ $
28. y (5 2x)$ "8 2x 1 dy
dx 3(5 2x)% (2) 84 x2 1 x2# 6(5 2x)% x"# 2x 1
$
2x 1
6
(5 2x)%
x#
t 1 (1)t d t 1
37. q sin tt 1 dq
dt cos tt 1 d
dt tt 1 cos tt 1 dt
#
t 1
t 1
t 1
t
1) t
cos tt 1 t1
2
cos tt 1 2(t
2(t 1)$#
2(tt1)2$# cos tt 1
40. y sec# 1t dy
dt (2 sec 1t) d
dt (sec 1t) (2 sec 1t)(sec 1t tan 1t) d
dt (1t) 21 sec# 1t tan 1t
# $ $
42. y 1 cot #t dy
dt 2 1 cot #t d
dt 1 cot #t 2 1 cot #t csc# #t dt
dt #
#t
csc#
$
1 cot t
#
$ % t # d < #
45. y <1 tan% 1t# dt 3 1 tan
dy < 1# dt 1 tan% 1t# 3 <1 tan% 1t# <4 tan$ 1t# d
dt tan 1t#
# #
12 <1 tan% 1t# <tan$ 1t# sec# 1t# 1"# <1 tan% 1t# <tan$ 1t# sec# 1t#
" $ # #
46. y 6 c1 cos# (7t)d dy
dt 3
6 c1 cos# (7t)d 2 cos (7t)(sin (7t))(7) 7 c1 cos# (7t)d (cos (7t) sin (7t))
Section 3.5 The Chain Rule and Parametric Equations 151
"# " "# " "#
47. y a1 cos at# bb dy
dt # a1 cos at# bb d
dt a1 cos at# bb # a1 cos at# bb sin at# b d
dt a t# b
"# #
"# a1 cos at# bb asin at# bb 2t 1t sin at b
cos at# b
"
48. y 4 sin 1 t9 dy
dt 4 cos 1 t9 d
dt 1 t9 4 cos 1 t9 d
dt
1 t
# 1 t
2 cos 1 t cos 1 t
1 t2t t t
$ # #
49. y 1 "x yw 3 1 x" x"# x3# 1 x" yww x3# d
dx
1 x" # 1 x" # d
dx
x3#
" # " #
x3# 2 1 x" x"# x6$ 1 x 6
x%
1 x" 6
x$
1 x 6
x$
1 x" x" 1 x"
x6$ 1 x" 1 2x
" #
50. y 1 x yw 1 x "# x"# "
#
1 x# x"#
" # $
yww # 1 x "# x$# x"# (2) 1 x "# x"#
" # $ $
# "
# x
$#
1 x x" 1 x "
# x" 1 x < "# x"# 1 x 1
"
#x
1 x$ "
"
# 1 "
#x
1 x$ 3# "
# x #x
"
51. y 9 cot (3x 1) yw 9" csc# (3x 1)(3) 3" csc# (3x 1) yww 32 (csc (3x 1) d
dx csc (3x 1))
#
2
3 csc (3x 1)(csc (3x 1) cot (3x 1) d
dx (3x 1)) 2 csc (3x 1) cot (3x 1)
52. y 9 tan x3 yw 9 sec# x3 "3 3 sec# x3 yww 3 2 sec x3 sec x3 tan x3 "3 2 sec# 3x tan 3x
" "
53. g(x) x gw (x) # x
g(1) 1 and gw (1) # ; f(u) u& 1 f w (u) 5u% f w (g(1)) f w (1) 5;
"
therefore, (f g)w (1) f w (g(1)) gw (1) 5 # 5
#
1
10 csc# 110u f w (g(1)) f w (5) 10
1
csc# 1# 10
1 1
; therefore, (f g)w (1) f w (g(1))gw (1) 10 5
#
= 14
56. g(x) 1x gw (x) 1 g "4 14 and gw 4" 1; f(u) u sec# u f w (u) 1 2 sec u sec u tan u
1 2 sec# u tan u f w g "4 f w 14 1 2 sec# 14 tan 14 5; therefore, (f g)w 4" f w g 4" gw 4" 51
" #
58. g(x) w
x# 1 g (x) x$ g(1) 0 and
2
gw (1) 2; f(u) uu
1
1
f w (u) 2 uu
1
1 d
du
uu
1
1
1 (u 1)(1) (u 1)(1)
2 uu
1 (u 1)# 2(u(u1)(2) 4(u 1)
1)$ (u 1)$ f w (g(1)) f w (0) 4; therefore,
w w w
(f g) (1) f (g(1))g (1) (4)(2) 8