Now we're ready to begin looking at

slightly more complex phase diagrams. And what we're going to do is

to look at a combination of two very interesting looking diagrams. On the left-h
and side what we have is, a diagram which contains
two invariant reactions. On the left-hand side at
the high temperature, what we're seeing is a Eutectic reaction. So in that parti
cular diagram
what we're seeing is a liquid phase that is transforming
Into two solids. An alpha solid and a beta solid. Now, on the right-hand side
of that particular diagram, what we're seeing is another
Eutectic at a lower temperature. And that Eutectic is
the single phase liquid going into the beta phase
plus the gamma phase. Now, I want to draw your attention,
because very often, the way we label these phase fields in which we have
some solubility in these various phases that are appearing
is that we begin labeling from the left-hand side to the right- hand
side going through the Greek alphabet. So when we talk about component A, there
is a certain degree of solid
solubility, of component B in that phase. And what we do is,
we call that the alpha phase. When we go over to the right-hand side, once again
we're looking at a single
phase field that we're calling gamma. The reality of it is that that gamma
has the same structure as component B. And it has a certain amount of
A which is soluble in that phase. So consequently we're going to
call that phase the gamma phase. In the middle we have a compound
that has a range of solubility and we're going to call that single
phase field the beta phase field. Now I draw your attention to the reaction
that is at the top of the page on that left-hand side. It shows us that what we
have
there is a maximum temperature and that is a congruently melting maximum. That i
s, if we are along that
composition that's indicated by beta, that dotted line. If we have precisely tha
t composition and
we increase the temperature. What will happen is,
that material will undergo a process of congruent melting,
with a maximum temperature. And so, the beta phase transforms directly to
the liquid phase of the same composition. So, you can notice how those liquidous
and solidous lines come together at
the congruently melting maximum. Now, if we look at the diagram to the
right, the only difference with respect to the diagram on the left and the one o
n
the right is that we are assuming that the intermetallic phase that is in
the middle of the diagram that we refer to as beta that we're going to
refer to a line compound. That is, you're not allowed in this
particular system any solubility off the fixed ratio of AB. Now suppose I pose t
his question,
if you were going to make an alloy of either the material
of the beta phase or the material of the AB and you wanted to make sure that
the material that you were looking at. Was something that you
could do reproduceably. One of the big issues with respect to
melting large quantities of material is to make sure that the compositions
are each timed the same value. If we look at the composition
on the right. One of the problems we have is
that if we are slightly off the AB compound, that is either to
the left or to the right, what's going to happen is there will be a melting reac
tion
that occurs at a much lower temperature. So for example if we happen to have
too much B as opposed to the AB, then we're going to get the utectic reaction in
which we begin to form liquid at a lower temperature than we would if we talk ab
out
the AB compound that congruently melts. And similarly, just to the left,
where we have A plus the compound AB. If we look to the right, however, on the d
iagram to the right
where we have some solubility what that allows us to be slightly off
our composition by a small amount. But at the same time we're in a single
phase field and we're not going to experience melting at the temperatures
given by two lower Eutectics. Now one of the reasons that in bring this
up is, this particular phase diagram is very similar, to the types of
diagrams where we were looking for materials that are high
melting temperature. The types of materials that we might use,
for example, in nickel based super alloys where we like
to go to higher and higher temperatures. When you look at the diagram, what is
particularly important is the fact that the compound B melts at
a much higher temperature than either do pure component A or
pure component B. So there would be an advantage of looking
at a particular system of the beta phase. All right, so
we're going to look at the diagram and we're going to determine first of all,
all of the phase fields. Then what we want to do is to
identify all the invariant reactions. So, when we do that, what we find is,
let's go back to this figure. What we can see is,
on the left-hand side of the diagram, we're going to call that single
phase field over there alpha. As we cross going from pure
A over toward pure component B, we see another single-phase field and
we're going to call that beta. The one that is in toward
the center of the phase diagram we're going to call the gamma phase. And the one
all the way over to
the right is the delta phase. So if we now take a look at the reactions,
then what we see is alpha. There's this two phase
field of alpha + beta. Then we go in to the single
phase beta region. And on either side of that
single phase of the two phase, beta + gamma,
what we have is those two single phases. And then when we look at
the gamma + delta two faced field, it is sandwiched between
two single phased fields. So this is a description, then that we
would have for this particular diagram. Now, to answer the question
regarding the invariant reactions. There is a low temperature reaction, and that
reaction is,
liquid going into alpha + beta. When we move to a slightly
higher temperature and we e working our way over to the right. What we see is, the li
quid phase and the gamma phase, going down into
a single phase, namely the beta phase. So here we have a liquid and a solid goin
g
into a solid so thats a perictetctoid. At the top we have
a congruently melting phase. We move over to the right and
what we see is another Eutectic. And what we have is a liquid
transforming into gamma + delta. So there we are. Our Eutectic, our Peritectic,
our congruently melting phase at the top. In the Eutectic phase. So, we have Eut
ectic,
which is liquid going to alpha + beta. The Peritectic,
which written in a symbolic form is liquid + gamma going to beta,
which is two phases going to one. And then finally, the single phase
liquid going into two more solids, the + the delta for the Eutectic reaction. No
w that's what our picture looks
like in terms of our phase diagrams. Now what I would like to do is to
have you focus your attention and looking at the horizontal lines. Those are the
lines that
represent the invariant reactions. So when you look a complicated phase
diagram what you want to do is to identify where the invariant lines are and
identify those lines according to. The type of reaction
that's occurring here. So that helps you with
the analysis of a complex diagram, like the one I've illustrated here. Let's tur
n our attention now to
a slighty different diagram. This time what we have our line compounds
that go all the way across the diagram. We have essentially no solubility
in component A of component B. And again,
no solubility of A into component B. So, when we label the phase diagram, we see
our low temperature reaction that
occurs first on the A side of the diagram. That is liquid transforming
into A + A to B. So that's a Eutectic reaction. Remember it involves
a liquid plus two solids. Now we go to the next reaction,
which is a slightly higher temperature. And that reaction is a Peritectic. That
is, we have a liquid +
a solid transforming into a solid. Of a third composition so that reaction
is referred to as a Peritectic. We then have the line compound that melts
congruently at a maximum temperature and in addition to that we
go over to the right then we have the high
temperature Eutectic. In which what we have is the liquid
phase transforming into two solids. Solid B, out of component B,
plus the inner metallic compound AB. So you can begin to see how we can
start analyzing these diagrams As we focus on specific composition,
moving across the phase diagram. Before we leave these complex systems, let's ta
ke a look at the diagram that
I've illustrated up on the screen. It is a diagram of
the aluminum nickel system. And this is a particularly important
system, because this system Is utilized in the high temperature alloys, that
are often referred to as super alloys. The diagram is plotted from left to right
,
aluminum ultimately going to nickel. And when you go through, and you look at
these different reactions, what you see is we have, at temperature 640,
what we're going to see is the Eutectic. As the temperature goes up,
we see a Peritectic, and at 1133, we see another Peritectic reaction. And then w
hat we see at the highest
temperature, we have, again, a congruently melting maximum. Now if we take a loo
k at what's happening
in that circular region in there, I've expanded it, and
what we actually have is a Peritectic reaction going
into a Eutectic reaction. So this then helps us go through and
take a material like an aluminum nickel alloy and begin to think about
how we take apart the particular phase diagram and how we can go
through our analysis of the diagram. Thank you.