Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
S
for copper: Cu 5.8 x107
m
S
for polyethylene: r 2.26, 1016
m
1 1 1 f
R'
2 a b c
P6.2: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 6.1 to account for a magnetic conductive material.
Apply this program to problem P6.1 if the copper conductor is replaced with nickel.
S
for Nickel we have Ni 1.5 x107 and r 600.
m
Note that this program has also been modified for P6.04 as well.
%Perform calulations
G=2*pi*sigd/log(b/a);
C=2*pi*er*eo/log(b/a);
L=muo*log(b/a)/(2*pi);
Rs=sqrt(pi*f*ur*muo/sigc);
R=(1000*((1/a)+(1/b))*Rs)/(2*pi);
omega=2*pi*f;
RL=R+i*omega*L;
GC=G+i*omega*C;
Gamma=sqrt(RL*GC);
Zo=sqrt(RL/GC);
alpha=real(Gamma);
beta=imag(Gamma);
loss=exp(-2*alpha*1);
lossdb=-10*log10(loss);
%Display results
disp(['G/h = ' num2str(G) ' S/m'])
disp(['C/h = ' num2str(C) ' F/m'])
disp(['L/h = ' num2str(L) ' H/m'])
disp(['R/h = ' num2str(R) ' ohm/m'])
disp(['Gamma= ' num2str(Gamma) ' /m'])
disp(['alpha= ' num2str(alpha) 'Np/m'])
disp(['beta= ' num2str(beta) 'rad/m'])
disp(['Zo = ' num2str(Zo) ' ohms'])
disp(['loss=' num2str(loss) ' /m'])
disp(['lossdb=' num2str(lossdb) ' dB/m'])
P6.3: Modify (6.3) to include internal inductance of the conductors. To simplify the
calculation, assume current is evenly distributed across the conductors. Find the new
value of L for the coax of Drill 6.1.
I
H for a
2 a 2
I
H for a b
2
I c2 2
H for b c
2 c 2 b2
H 0 for c
1 2 o
Using the energy approach, Wm
2
LI
2 H 2 dv , we find
o b o o c 2 c c 2 1 c 2 b 2
2
L' ln ln
2 a 8 2 c 2 b 2 b c 2 b 2 4 c 2 b 2
Inserting the given values we find
6-4
nH nH
L ' 237 50 41.2 328
m m
With two significant digits we therefore have L = 330 nH/m.
P6.5: The impedance and propagation constant at 100 MHz for a T-Line are determined
to be Zo = 18.6 j0.253 and = 0.0638 + j4.68 /m. Calculate the distributed
parameters.
R ' j L '
Zo , R ' j L ' G ' jC '
G ' jC '
Z o R ' j L ' 2.37 j87.0
nH
R ' 2.37 , L ' 87.0 so L ' 139
m m
6-5
G ' jC ' 7.63x106 j 0.252,
Zo
S pF
G ' 7.63 , and C ' 0.252 so C ' 401
m m
60 b 60 3.62
Zo ln ln 49.1
r a 2.1 1.105
c m
up 2.07 x108
r s
P6.7: For the RG-214 coax of problem P6.6 operating at 1 GHz, how long is this T-line in
terms of wavelengths if its physical length is 50 cm?
2.07 x108
up
up f , 0.207m
f 1x109
1m
l ( ) 50cm 2.4
0.207m 100cm
P6.8: If 1 watt of power is inserted into a coaxial cable, and 1 microwatt of power is
measured 100 m down the line, what is the lines attenuation in dB/m?
1W
A 10 log 60dB
1W
60dB dB
A' 0.6
100m m
P6.9: Starting with a 1 mm diameter solid copper wire, you are to design a 75 coaxial
T-Line using mica as the dielectric. Determine (a) the inner diameter of the outer copper
conductor, (b) the propagation velocity on the line and (c) the approximate attenuation, in
dB/m, at 1 MHz.
6-6
Zo
60 b
ln , b=a exp Zo r 60 0.5mm exp 75 5.4
r a
60 9.1mm
So the inner diameter of the outer conductor is 18 mm.
c 2.998 x108 m m
up 1.29 x108 , so u p 1.3x108
r 5.4 s s
To calculate , will need . Therefore we calculate R, L, G and C.
1x10 4 x10
6 7
1 1 1 m
R' 3
87.6
2 0.5 x10
3
9.1x10 5.8 x10 7
m
4 x107 9.1 nH
L' ln 580
2 0.5 m
2 1015 S
G' 2.17 x1015
ln 9.1 0.5 m
2 5.4 8.854 x1012 pF
C' 103.5
ln 9.1
0.5 m
P6.10: MATLAB: A coaxial cable has a solid copper inner conductor of radius a = 1mm
and a copper outer conductor of inner radius b. The outer conductor is much thicker than
a skin depth. The dielectric has r = 2.26 and eff = 0.0002 at 1 GHz. Letting the ratio
b/a vary from 1.5 to 10, generate a plot of the attenuation (in dB/m) versus the line
impedance. Use the lossless assumption to calculate impedance.
% MLP0610
%
% Plot of alpha vs Zo for a particular coax
clear
clc
f=1e9;
%Perform calulations
b=1.5:.1:10;
G=2*pi*sigd./log(b./a);
C=2*pi*er*eo./log(b./a);
L=muo*log(b./a)/(2*pi);
Rs=sqrt(pi*f*muo/sigc);
R=(1000*((1./a)+(1./b))*Rs)/(2*pi);
w=2*pi*f;
RL=R+i*w*L;
GC=G+i*w*C;
Gamma=sqrt(RL.*GC);
Zo=abs(sqrt(RL./GC));
alpha=real(Gamma);
loss=exp(-2*alpha*1);
lossdb=-10*log10(loss);
plot(Zo,lossdb)
xlabel('Characteristic Impedance (ohms)')
ylabel('attenuation (dB/m)')
grid on
Fig. P6.10
3. Terminated T-Lines
P6.11: Start with equation (6.54) and derive (6.55).
6-8
Vo e l Vo e l
Zin Zo
Vo e l Vo e l
With Vo LVo , we then have
Zin
e l
L e l
Zo
e l
L e l
We also know that
Z Zo
L L ,
Z L Zo
So now we have
Z Z o l
e l L e
Zin Z L Zo
Zo L
Z Z o e l Z L Z o e l Z
l
e
Z L Z o l Z L Z o e l Z L Z o e l
o
e
Z L Zo
and with rearranging,
Z L e l e l Z o e l e l
Zin Zo .
Z L e l e l Z o e l e l
We can convert the exponential terms into hyperbolic functions, given
sinh( x) e x e x , cosh( x) e x e x , and tanh(x)=
1 1 sinh(x)
.
2 2 cosh(x)
This leads to
2Z cosh l 2Z o sinh l
Zin Z o L ,
2Z L sinh l 2Z o cosh l
or finally
Z Z o tanh l
Zin Z o L .
Z o Z L tanh l
Z L Z o tanh l
Zin Z o , and tanh l tanh l j l tanh j l since = 0 for
Z o Z L tanh l
lossless line. Using the hyperbolic definitions, we have
sinh j l e e j l
j l
tanh j l .
cosh j l e j l e j l
Now using Eulers formula,
6-9
j
1.2dB 1Np Np
0.092
1.5m 8.686dB m
l 1.5m m
: up 2.4 x108
t 6.25ns s
2 2.4 x109 rad
8
62.8
up 2.4 x10 m
So
1
0.092 j 62.8
m
Z L Z o 50 j 25 50
L 0.242e j 76
Z L Z o 50 j 25 50
1 L
VSWR 1.64
1 L
2
l , tan 1
8 4 4
Z jZ o tan l
Z in Z o L
Z o jZ L tan l
50 j 25 j 50
50
50 j 50 25 Fig. P6.14
30.8 j 3.8
6-10
P6.15: A 1 m long T-Line has the following distributed parameters: R = 0.10 /m, L =
1.0 H/m, G = 10.0 S/m, and C = 1.0 nF/m. If the line is terminated in a 25 resistor
in series with a 1 nH inductor, calculate, at 200 MHz, L and Zin.
R=0.1;
L=1.0e-6;
G=10e-6;
C=1.0e-9;
f=200e6;
w=2*pi*f;
length=1;
ZL=25+j*1.257;
% Perform calcuations
A=R+i*w*L;
B=G+i*w*C;
gamma=sqrt(A*B) %Propagation Constant
Zo=sqrt(A/B)
gammaL=(ZL-Zo)/(ZL+Zo) %Reflection coefficient
TGL=tanh(gamma*length);
Zin=Zo*((ZL+Zo*TGL)/(Zo+ZL*TGL))
P6.16: The reflection coefficient at the load for a 50 line is measured as L = 0.516ej8.2
at f = 1 GHz. Find the equivalent circuit for ZL.
Z L Zo 1 L
Rearranging L , we find Z L Z o 150 j30 .
Z L Zo 1 L
This is a resistor in series with an inductor. The inductor is found by considering
30
j L j 30, or L 4.8nH ,
2 1x109
So the load is a 150 resistor in series with a 4.8 nH inductor.
P6.17: The input impedance for a 30 cm length of lossless 100 impedance T-line
operating at 2 GHz is Zin = 92.3 j67.5 . The propagation velocity is 0.7c. Determine
the load impedance.
Z L jZ o tan l Z jZ o tan l
Rearranging Zin Z o , we find Z L Z o in
Z o jZ L tan l Z o jZin tan l
2 2 x109 rad rad
59.84 ; tan l tan 59.84 0.3m 1.254
0.7c 0.7 3x108 m m
Evaluating, we have
Z L 50 j 0.016 50 j 2 2 x109 L, or L = 1.3 pH.
This is a very small inductance, so we have Z L 50 .
P6.18: For the lossless T-Line circuit shown in Figure 6.51, determine the input
impedance Zin and the instantaneous voltage at the load end vL.
25 50 1 2
L , l , tan 0
25 50 3 2
Z 0
Zin Z o L Z L 25
ZL 0
25
Vin 8V 2V Vo e j z Voe j z
25 75
2 Vo e j l L e j l
e j cos j sin 1, e j 1,
1 2
Vo 1 1 Vo 2; Vo 3V
3 3
1
VL Vo 1 L 3 1 2V , so vL 2cos t 180 V
3
6-12
P6.19: Referring to Figure 6.10, a lossless 75 T-Line has up = 0.8c and is 30 cm long.
The supply voltage is vs = 6.0 cos(t) V with Zs = 75 . If ZL = 100 + j125 at 600
MHz, find (a) Zin, (b) the voltage at the load end of the T-Line, and (c) the voltage at the
sending end of the T-Line.
rad
up , 15.7 , l 4.71, tan l 418.6
up m
100 j125 j 75 418.6
Zin 75
75 j 100 j125 418.6
22 j 28
Referring to Fig P6.19,
Zin
Vin 6 2.1e j 36 V
Zin 75
vin 2.1cos t 36 V Fig. P6.19
Z L Zo
L 0.593e j 43
Z L Zo
Vin Vo e j l L e j l 0.70e j126 Vo 2.1e j 36 V
2.1e j 36
Vo j126
3e j 90 V
0.70e
VL Vo 1 L 4.47e j105.8 V
vL 4.5cos t 106 V
P6.20: Suppose the T-Line for Figure 6.10 is characterized by the following distributed
parameters at 100 MHz: R = 5.0 /m, L = 0.010 H/m, G = 0.010 S/m, and C = 0.020
nF/m. If ZL = 50 j25 ,vs = 10cos(t)V, Zs = 50, and the line length is 1.0 m, find the
voltage at each end of the T-line.
The following MATLAB routine was used to find the required parameters.
% MLP0620
%
% calculate gamma and char impedance
% given the distributed parameters
% Then, calculate gammaL and Zin
%
% define variables
clc
clear
6-13
R=5;
L=.010e-6;
G=.01;
C=.020e-9;
f=100e6;
w=2*pi*f;
length=1;
ZL=50-j*25;
% Perform calcuations
A=R+i*w*L;
B=G+i*w*C;
gamma=sqrt(A*B)
Zo=sqrt(A/B)
gammaL=(ZL-Zo)/(ZL+Zo)
TGL=tanh(gamma*length);
Zin=Zo*((ZL+Zo*TGL)/(Zo+ZL*TGL))
Vin Vo e l L e l Vo 1.504 j 0.101 Vo 1.507e j 3.84
3.97e j18.2
so Vo j 3.84
2.63e j 22
1.507e
VL V 1 L 3.85e j 29.6 , vL 3.9cos t 30 V
o
Fig. P6.21
First we locate the normalized load, zL = 1 j0.5 (point a). By inspection of the Smith
Chart, we see that this point corresponds to L 0.245e j 76 . Also, after drawing the
constant circle we can see VSWR = 1.66. Finally, we move from point a, at 0.356 on
the WTG scale, clockwise (towards the generator) a distance 0.125 to point b, at
0.481. At this point we see zin = 0.62 j0.07. Denormalizing we find:
Zin = 31 j3.5 .
Fig. P6.22a
6-15
Fig. P6.22b
P6.25: The input impedance for a 100 lossless T-Line of length 1.162 is measured as
12 + j42 . Determine the load impedance.
Fig. P6.25
6-17
Fig. P6.26
P6.27: Figure 6.52 is generated for a 50 slotted coaxial air line terminated in a short
circuit and then in an unknown load. Determine (a) the measurement frequency, (b) the
VSWR when the load is attached and (c) the load impedance.
Fig. P6.27
6-18
Determine (a) the measurement frequency, (b) the VSWR when the load is attached and
(c) the load impedance.
P6.29: Referring to Figure 6.20, suppose we measure Zinsc = +j25 and ZinL = 35 + j85
. What is the actual load impedance? Assume Zo = 50 .
We normalize the short circuit impedance to zinsc = 0+j0.5 and locate this on the Smith
Chart to determine the length of the T-Line is 0.074. Then we normalize ZinL to
zinL=0.70+j1.70, locate this on the chart at 0.326 (WTL scale) and draw a constant ||
circle. We then move towards the load, or to 0.336 + 0.074 = 0.400, and find this
point on the Smith Chart (zL = 0.25+j0.7). Denormalizing, we find ZL = 12+j35 .
P6.30: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 6.3 to draw the normalized load point and the
constant L circle, given Zo and ZL. Demonstrate your program with the values from
Drill 6.11.
constgamma(zL);
You must change the value of ZL for each load point. Notice the addition of a fudge
factor. This ensures that gamma has both a nonzero and finite real and imaginary part to
work with in the plot.
Youll also need to add an additional function:
function [h]=constgamma(zL)
%constgamma(zL) draws the constant gamma circle;
phi=1:1:360;
theta=phi*pi/180;
a=abs((zL-1)/(zL+1));
Re=a*cos(theta);
Im=a*sin(theta);
z=Re+i*Im;
h=plot(z,'--k');
axis('equal')
axis('off')
Fig. P6.30
5. Impedance Matching
P6.31: A matching network, using a reactive element in series with a length d of T-Line,
is to be used to match a 35 j50 load to a 100 T-Line. Find the through line length
d and the value of the reactive element if (a) a series capacitor is used, and (b) a series
inductor is used.
First we normalize the load and locate it on the Smith Chart (point a, at zL = 0.35-j0.5,
WTG = 0.419).
(a) need to move to point b, at z = 1+j1.4, so that a capacitive element of value jx = -j1.4
can be added to provide an impedance match. Moving to this point b gives d =
0.500+0.173 -0.419 = 0.254. The capacitance is
6-20
Fig. P6.31a
j
j1.4,
CZ o
1
C 1.14 pF
2 1x10 9
100 1.4 Fig. P6.31b
(b) Now we need to move to point c, at z = 1-j1.4, so that an inductive element of value jx
= +j1.4 can be added. Moving to this point c gives d = 0.500 + 0.327 0.419 =
0.408. The inductance is
j L
j1.4, L
1.4 100 22.3nH
Zo 2 1x109
We find the normalized load, zL = 0.2 j0.7, located at point a (WTG = 0.400). Now
we move from point a clockwise (towards the generator) until we reach point b, where we
have z = 1 + j2.4. Moving from a to b corresponds to d = 0.500+0.194-0.400 =
0.294. For the series capacitance we have
j
j 2.4 ,
CZ o
1
or C 1.33 pF
2 1x10 9
50 2.4
P6.33: You would like to match a 170 load to a 50 T-Line. (a) Determine the
characteristic impedance required for a quarter-wave transformer. (b) What through-line
length and stub length are required for a shorted shunt stub matching network?
(a) Z s Zo RL 92
(b)
(1)Normalize the load (point a, zL = 3.4 + j0).
(2) locate the normalized load admittance: yL (point b)
(3) move from point b to point c, at the y=1+jb circle (d = 0.170)
(4) move from the shorted end of the stub (normalized admittance point c) to the point y
= 0 jb. (l = 0.354 0.250 = 0.104.)
Fig. P6.36
6-23
Fig. P6.37
P6.38: (a) Design an open-ended shunt stub matching network to match a load ZL = 70 +
j110 to a 50 impedance T-Line. Choose the solution that minimizes the length of
the through line. (b) Now suppose the load turns out to be ZL = 40 + j100 . Determine
the reflection coefficient seen looking into the matching network.
6. Microstrip
P6.39: A 6.00 cm long microstrip transmission line is terminated in a 100. resistive
load. The signal line is 0.692 mm wide atop a 0.500 mm thick polyethylene substrate.
What is the input impedance of this line at 1.0 GHz? What is the maximum frequency at
which this microstrip can operate?
This can be solved using either the Smith Chart or ML0604 in conjunction with the
Zinput function from Matlab 6.2. Using the latter approach we have:
Microstrip Analysis
enter width & thickness in the same units
To run the Zinput routine, we also need the propagation constant. Assuming lossless
2 1x109 1
line, we have j j j 8
j 28.4 .
up 2.215 x10 m
>> Zinput(80.2,100,j*28.4,0.06)
c 3x108 m s
f max 26GHz
4h r 4 2 x103 m 2.1
Using ML0605:
Microstrip Design
width & thickness will be in the same units
P6.41: Analysis of a 2.56 cm long microstrip line reveals that it has a 50 characteristic
impedance and an effective relative permittivity of 5.49. It is terminated in a 60
resistor in series with a 1.42 pF capacitor. Determine the input impedance looking into
this terminated line at 1.60 GHz.
This problem may be solved analytically or with the Smith Chart. For the analytical
solution we have:
u p c eff 3x10 5.49
8
.0256m
0.080m, l 0.320.
f f 1.6 x109
0.080 m
2
l 0.320 , tan l 2.125
The load capacitance has an impedance:
6-26
j
Zc j 70
C
so the total load impedance is ZL = 60-j70 .
Then, the input impedance is
60 j 70 j50 2.125
Zin 50 31.8 j 48.2
50 j 60 j 70 2.125
With the Smith Chart, the answer is Zin 32 j 48
From ML0605:
Microstrip Design
width & thickness will be in the same units
P6.43: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 6.4 to calculate attenuation. Try out your program
using the parameters of Drill 6.21 and Drill 6.22.
% M-File: MLP0640
%
% Microstrip Analysis
%
% Given the physical dimensions and er, this
6-27
disp('Microstrip Analysis')
disp(' ')
uo=pi*4e-7;
eo=8.854e-12;
c=2.998e8;
u=ur*uo;
e=er*eo;
6-28
% Perform Calculations
eeff=((er+1)/2)+(er-1)/(2*sqrt(1+12*h/w));
up=2.998e8/sqrt(eeff);
if w/h<=1
Zo=(60/sqrt(eeff))*log((8*h/w)+(w/(4*h)));
else if w/h>1
Zo=120*pi/(sqrt(eeff)*((w/h)+1.393+0.667*log((w/h)+1.444)))
;
end
end
ds=1/sqrt(pi*f*u*sigc);
Rs=1/(sigc*ds*(1-exp(-t/ds)));
ac=8.686*Rs/(Zo*w);
ad=8.686*2*pi*f*er*(eeff-1)*tand/(c*2*sqrt(eeff)*(er-1));
atot=ac+ad;
% Display results
disp(['eeff = ' num2str(eeff) ])
disp(['up = ' num2str(up) 'm/s'])
disp(['Zo = ' num2str(Zo) 'ohms'])
disp(['ac = ' num2str(ac) 'dB/m'])
disp(['ad = ' num2str(ad) 'dB/m'])
Now we run the program using the information from Drill 6.21 and Drill 6.22. Note that
weve changed the dimensions to metric units.
Microstrip Analysis
ac = 1.5554dB/m
ad = 0.022214dB/m
>>
To use this information in ML0640, we need to convert h and w to metric units. We find
h = 5.08x10-4m and w = 8.3x10-4m.
Microstrip Analysis
c = 2.67 dB/m
d = 0.12 dB/m
tot = 2.79 dB/m
P6.45: One type of board routinely used to build microwave circuits is 50 mils thick
Rogers Corporation RT/Duroid, with r = 10.8 and tan = 0.0028. It is coated on both
sides by 1/4 oz copper. This translates to a 0.35 mil thickness of copper. Find w and up
for a 50 line. Then determine the c, d and tot at three frequencies: 1, 10 and 20
GHz. What is the maximum frequency of operation for this microstrip?
Using ML0605:
Microstrip Design
width & thickness will be in the same units
P6.46: A 1.5 inch length of microstrip line of width 48.86 mils sits atop a 50 mil thick
substrate with dielectric constant 4. Determine the impedance looking into this circuit at
2 GHz if it is terminated in a 300 resistor. Assume ideal conductors and lossless
dielectric.
P6.47: The top-down view of a microstrip circuit is shown in Figure 6.54. If the
microstrip is supported by a 40 mil thick alumina substrate, (a) determine the line width
required to achieve a 50 impedance line. (b) What is the guide wavelength on this
microstrip line at 2 GHz? (c) Suppose at this frequency the load impedance is ZL = 150 -
j100 . Determine the length of the stubs (dthru and lstub) required to impedance match
the load to the line.
P6.48: Suppose the microstrip circuit shown in Figure 6.54 is realized atop the
RT/Duroid board of problem P6.45. Assuming the board material is lossless, (a)
determine the line width required to achieve a 75 impedance line. (b) Now suppose at
6-33
1.0 GHz the load impedance is ZL = 150 + j150 . Find the length of the stubs (dthru and
lstub) required to impedance match the load to the line.
Applying ML0605:
Microstrip Design
width & thickness will be in the same units
7. Transients
P6.49: Consider Figure 6.33 with the following values: Vs = 10 V, Zs = 30 , Zo = 50 ,
up = 0.666c, ZL = 150 , l = 10 cm. Plot, out to 2 ns, (a) the voltage at the source end, (b)
the voltage at the middle, and (c) the voltage at the load end of the T-Line.
0.1m
tl 0.5ns
8 m
0.666 3x10
s
150 50 1 30 50 1
L ; S
150 50 2 30 50 4
50
Vo 10 6.25V
50 30
6-34
Fig. P6.49a
Fig. P6.49b
6-35
Fig. P6.50a
Fig. P6.50b
6-36
% M-File: ML0651
% modifies ML0606
% replaces triangular pulse with rectangular pulse
%
% ML0606:
% Analysis of a triangular pulse
% (matched source impedance) traveling
% down a T-Line and reflecting off a
% resistive load. We want to be able to
% trace the voltage at an arbitrary
% point along the line.
%
% Wentworth, 4/25/03
% Variables
% Vo pulse height (V)
% t1 pulse start (ns)
% t2 pulse end (ns)
% L line length (cm)
% T transit time (ns)
% z location to find pulse (cm)
% tau time "location" to find pulse (ns)
% up propagation velocity (m/s)
% Zo,ZL line,load impedance (ohms)
% N number of points
% GL load reflection coefficient
clc
clear
%enter variables
Vo=6;
t1=0;
t2=.4;
L=12;
z=2;
up=2e8;
Zo=50;
ZL=25;
T=1e9*(L/up)/100;
tau=1e9*(z/up)/100;
N=500;
GL=(ZL-Zo)/(ZL+Zo);
%initialize array
6-37
for i=1:N+1
v(i)=0;
end
dt=2*T/N;
plot(t,v)
xlabel('time (ns)')
ylabel('voltage')
AXIS([0 2*T -Vo Vo])
grid on Fig. P6.51 (plot at z = 2 cm)
P6.52: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 6.6 to plot v(z,t) at z = 4.5 cm if the source pulse is
as indicated in Figure 6.55.
% M-File: MLP0652
% Analysis of a triangular pulse
% (matched source impedance) traveling
% down a T-Line and reflecting off a
6-38
% Variables
% Vo pulse height (V)
% t1 pulse start (ns)
% t2 pulse middle (ns)
% t3 pulse end (ns)
% L line length (cm)
% T transit time (ns)
% z location to find pulse (cm)
% tau time "location" to find pulse (ns)
% up propagation velocity (m/s)
% Zo,ZL line,load impedance (ohms)
% N number of points
% GL load reflection coefficient
clc
clear
%enter variables
Vo=10;
t1=0;
t2=1;
t3=2;
L=6;
z=4.5;
up=3e7;
Zo=50;
ZL=0;
T=1e9*(L/up)/100;
tau=1e9*(z/up)/100;
N=500;
GL=(ZL-Zo)/(ZL+Zo);
%initialize array
for i=1:N+1
v(i)=0;
end
dt=2*T/N;
%enter triangular pulse function
m1=0.5*Vo/(t2-t1);
b1=0.5*Vo-m1*t2;
m2=0.5*Vo/(t2-t3);
b2=0.5*Vo-m2*t2;
for i=1:N+1
t(i)=i*dt;
if t(i)<t1
6-39
vo(i)=0;
end
if and(t(i)>t1,t(i)<=t2)
vo(i)=m1*t(i)+b1;
end
if and(t(i)>t2,t(i)<=t3)
vo(i)=m2*t(i)+b2;
end
if t(i)>t3
vo(i)=0;
end
end
plot(t,v)
xlabel('time (ns)') Fig P6.52
ylabel('voltage')
AXIS([0 2*T -Vo Vo])
grid on
P6.53: The expression for iL(t) and vL(t) of equations (6.106) and (6.107) were derived for
a T-Line terminated in an inductor. Find similar expressions for a T-Line terminated in a
capacitor.
A
t
vL (t ) 2Voi 1 e ZoC U ( ).
Now for iL(t),
dv (t ) 1 t 2V i t
iL (t ) C L C 2Voi e ZoC o e ZoC
dt Z oC Zo
2Voi t ZoC
iL (t ) e U ( ).
Zo
P6.54: For Figure 6.42, Zo = 100 and up = 0.1c. Estimate L if the VL vs t is given in
Figure 6.56.
Zo
L
Using (6.107), vL (t ) 2Voi e U ( ), here we have = t 2 ns. Choosing the voltage
at 2 ns we have 0.9V 2V , or Voi 0.45V . Then, at approximately 2.2 ns we have 0.2
o
i
V, so
100 0.2 ns
i L 0.2
0.2V 2V e o , or e20 ns L .
0.45
Solving for L:
6-41
20ns
L 25nH .
ln 0.2 0.45
P6.55: A 50 T-Line with up = 0.5c is terminated in some load such that the TDR is
given by Figure 6.57. Determine the location and the value of the load.
From the figure we see the two-way travel time is 7 ns, so therefore one-way is 3.5 ns and
we have
m
l 3.5ns 0.5 3x108 0.525m.
s
Also from the figure we can calculate :
V tot V 0.4 1
0.6
V 1
and then
1 0.6
R 50 12.5.
1 0.6
P6.56: The TDR plot for a 75 T-Line with up = 0.2c is given in Figure 6.58. What type
components terminate the line? Estimate the component values.
8. Dispersion
P6.57: MATLAB: Use Fourier Series to construct a 5 V pulse of duration 5 ns that
repeats every 10 ns.
% M-File: MLP0657
%
% This program assembles a pulse using
% Fourier series. It modifies ML0607.
%
% Wentworth, 8/3/02
%
% Variables:
% N number of Fourier coefficients
% aO avg value of the waveform (volts)
% T period (s)
% fo fundamental frequency (Hz)
% wo fund angular freq (rad/s)
% t time (sec)
% ftot fourier sum at a particular time(volts)
% Initialize variables
clear
N=1000;
a0=2.5;
T=10e-9;
fo=1/T;
wo=2*pi*fo;
plot(t,ftot)
xlabel('time(s)')
6-43
ylabel('volts')
grid on
Fig. P6.57
P6.58: MATLAB: Actual pulses have some slope to the leading and trailing edge.
Suppose a symmetrical pulse is 5 V from 2 ns to +2ns, and has a linear slope to 0 V on
each edge of duration 0.2 ns. The pulse repeats every 20 ns. Construct this pulse using
Fourier Series for N = 10, 100 and 1000. Comment on how this pulse compares to the
one of Figure 6.48.
2
cos 0.22n cos 0.20n sin 0.22n sin 0.20n
500 110
n n
% M-File: MLP0658
%
% This program assembles a pulse using
% Fourier series. It modifies ML0607.
%
% Wentworth, 8/3/02
%
% Variables:
% N number of Fourier coefficients
% aO avg value of the waveform (volts)
6-44
% T period (ns)
% fo fundamental frequency (Hz)
% wo fund angular freq (rad/s)
% t time (ns)
% ftot fourier sum at a particular time(volts)
% Initialize variables
clear
N=1000;
a0=1.05;
T=20;
fo=1/T;
wo=2*pi*fo;
plot(t,ftot)
xlabel('time(ns)')
ylabel('volts')
grid on
3
Volts
-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
time(ns)
Fig. P6.58b
To see the difference between the N = 100 and N = 1000 cases requires looking at the
plot over a reduced portion of time, as shown in Figure P6.59b.
% M-File: MLP0659
%
% This program modifies ML0607.
% Wentworth, 2/2/03
% Initialize variables
clear
N=1000;
a0=1.2;
T=20e-9;
fo=1/T;
wo=2*pi*fo;
z=10;
%Generate data
for i=1:180
t(i)=i*T/90;
for n=1:N
f(n)=n*50e6;
er(n)=4;
if f(n)>20e9
er(n)=4*cos((f(n)-20e9)/60e9);
end
beta(n)=2*pi*f(n)*sqrt(er(n))/3e8;
V(n)=a(n)*cos(n*wo*t(i)-beta(n)*z);
end
Vtot(i)=a0+sum(V);
end
plot(t,Vtot)
xlabel('time(ns)')
ylabel('volts')
grid on
Fig. P6.59