Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Contents:
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1 Personal Pronouns 4
2 Numerical Order 7
5 Articles 11
6 Adjectives 16
8 Possessives 21
9 Adverbs 22
10 Nouns 25
12 Indefinite Pronouns 33
13 Imperatives 35
14 Exclamations 36
15 Question Words 37
17 Conditional Type 1 41
21 Do Vs. Make 49
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Personal Pronouns
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I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they VERB me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
The reflexive pronouns are used as the object of a verb or preposition and always
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We do not use reflexive pronouns after the verbs concentrate, feel, meet and relax:
The possessive adjectives (not pronouns) are used to show possession of something
and they agree with the possessor and not with the nouns they modify:
SUBJECT POSSESSIVE
+ NOUN
PRONOUN ADJECTIVES
I my
You your
He his
She her + NOUN
It its
We our
You your
They their
The possessive pronouns are used to show possession and they agree with the
possessor:
This is Jonathans book and that is Alices book.
This is his book and that is her book.
This is his and that is hers.
SUBJECT POSSESSIVE
PRONOUN PRONOUNS
I mine
You yours
He his
She hers
It its
We yours
You ours
They theirs
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Numerical Order
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Ordinal numbers
Cardinal numbers
one (1), two (2), three (3), four(4), , eleven(11), twenty-one(21st), etc.
day one
block two
floor three
book four
month five
call six
Existence
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so on so on so on
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THIS, THAT, THESE and THOSE are used to talk about particular examples of a
noun.
SINGULAR PLURAL
NEAR This These
FAR That Those
This is a box
That is a box
This These
+ (ADJECTIVE) NOUN
That Those
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Articles
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A/An
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a an
a car an American
a plane an Englishman
a radio an hour
a friend an elephant
The
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The moon.
The pope.
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(X) No article
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countries Venezuela
Germany
years 1810
1970
1998
2003
continents Asia
Europe
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Adjectives
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These words describe the noun and usually come before it.
black cat
nice boy
big house
brown boot
An adjective tells us information about the noun: color, origin, material, size, age
and so on.
A big old brown Mexican boot.
black cats
nice boys
big houses
brown boots
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Adjective Order
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An adjective comes after the verbs be, feel, taste, smell, seem and look:
If we use compound pronouns ending with -body, -one, -thing and -where, the
adjective goes after:
We can have two nouns together. The first noun will be like an adjective.
Participles as adjectives
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We can often use the -ing and -ed forms of a verb as adjectives.
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These words (coordinate conjunctions) are used to connect one or more ideas,
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And
But/Yet
Or
So
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Nor
PUNCTUATION
but/so
BUT and So are preceded by a comma (,)
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Possessives
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The pen of Jane is blue = Her pen is blue = Hers is blue = Janes pen is blue.
In some places apostrophe s is added to the end of a singular noun, even if it ends in
s:
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Adverbs
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Adverbs of manner
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These adverbs are placed at the end of the sentence, but sometimes they come before
the main verb.
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of time
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Adverbs of frequency
Other adverbs of frequency meaning almost not are hardly, hardly ever, scarcely
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Adverbs of degree
These adverbs are usually placed before the adjective or adverb they describe:
She plays easily.
It can hardly walk.
The doctor is extremely busy.
Adverb order
Nouns
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Countable nouns
Countable Nouns: These are nouns that can be counted: 1, 2, 3 car (s)
Singular or plural?
Some nouns in English have the same form whether they are singular or plural:
SINGULAR PLURAL
aircraft aircraft
deer deer
sheep sheep
salmon salmon
trout trout
Some nouns in English have two different words for their singular and plural forms:
SINGULAR PLURAL
tooth teeth
foot feet
ox oxen
child children
man men
woman women
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goose geese
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mouse mice
axis axes
oasis oases
phenomenon phenomena
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parenthesis parentheses
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Some nouns in English have more than one choice in their plural forms:
SINGULAR PLURAL
fish fish/fishes
person person/persons
2,3,4, kilos
2,3,4, miles
2,3,4, dollars
chorus, committee, faculty, army, public, arsenal, family, class, audience, club,
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orchestra, series, staff, company, crowd, variety, gang, group, team, band.
These nouns above are singular, but some nouns are always plural:
Uncountable nouns
Uncountable Nouns: These are nouns that cannot be counted. You cannot, for
example, count oil.
money, water, news, work, paper, hair, time, beer, juice, milk, tea, butter,
cheese, rice, salt, sugar, furniture, knowledge, pasta, toothpaste,
There are some nouns that look countable in other languages, but they are
uncountable in English.
Partitives
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A glass of a kilo of, a ream of, a can of, a package of , a box of, a pound of
, a pocket of , a cup of , a glass of , a bottle of , a bowl of , etc.
Some
Any
It is used with countable and uncountable nouns to talk about one single non-specific
person or thing from a group:
It is used with singular countable and uncountable nouns when we mean that it doesnt
matter which person or thing:
No
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This is a negative word that is used with countable and uncountable nouns and means
not a or not any.
No sugar, please!
None
None of
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None of the + noun phrase is a negative expression that can take a plural or
singular verb:
Every
You CANNOT use EVERY alone, it always needs a noun. But you can say EVERY
ONE.
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Each
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Indefinite Pronouns
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The indefinite pronouns are used when the name of the noun is not precise.
Indefinite Pronoun + to + VW
Something to write.
Somewhere to stay.
Is there anything to do?
Theres nothing to do.
There isnt anywhere to sit.
Would you like something to eat?
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Imperatives
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Exclamations
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What love!
What bad luck!
What an asshole!
What a beautiful girl!
What horrible pants!
How nice!
How incredible!
How bad!
How nice!
How Adjective
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Question Words
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To make questions asking for particular information we use the following question
words:
What things
Which choice
Where places
Who people
When time
Why reason
How explanation
Whose possession
FORM
NOUN/
QUESTION WORD AUXILIARY VERB COMPLEMENT
PRONOUN
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(subject) (object)
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Conditional Type 1
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This pattern is used to express a future idea that is practical and possible.
IF clause
If I, you, we, they VW C , I, you
Other structures
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With imperatives:
Unless
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Alternatives
Both films are great. (the two alternatives are very good)
Or
Both of the films are great.
We can see either film. (we can see one or the other)
Or
We can see either of the films.
OPTION/ALT OPTION/ALT
BUT
NOT ONLY nice cheap
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ALSO
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SENTENCE SENTENCE
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The following verbs are similar in meaning. Study and compare the examples:
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Do Vs. Make
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We use DO when
Do something!
What is Veronica doing?
What did you do yesterday?
My secretary did everything that I asked her to do.
Could you do something for me?
Jim doesnt know what to do.
What can I do for you?
They like doing nothing.
What are you doing this evening?
Ill do what I can to help them.
Do as you wish!
I have nothing to do.
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we talk about work and chores:
Do a favor
Do errands
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Do business
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Do the dishes
Do a lesson
Do your best
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Make a copy
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REMEMBER TO VW SOMETHING
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KNOW + NOUN
KNOW + HOW + TO + VW
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A TRANSITIVE VERB requires a direct object to complete the meaning. On the other
hand, an INTRANSITIVE VERB does not require or cannot take a direct object.
TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE
S + V + (OBJ)+ C S+ V+ C
He laid his cards on the table. The problem lies in her attitude.
If you agree, you will raise your The sun rises around 6.
hand.
VERB + Ving
VERB + TO + VW
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VERB + TO VW/Ving
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VERB TO VW/Ving
VERB + OBJECT + VW
VERB OBJECT VW
VERB + OBJECT + TO VW
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VERB OBJECT TO VW
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