VEDIC MATHEMATICS SIMPLIFIED

BY

Yogendra Singh Rathore

The concept of Vedic mathematics was given by SHRI. BHARATI KRISHNA

TIRTHAJI MAHARAJA (1884-1960)

Vedic mathematics deals mainly with various Vedic mathematical formulae and
their application for carrying out tedious and cumbersome arithmetical problems
and to large extent executing them mentally.

We can divide principles of Vedic mathematics in two categories

1) Special methods-applicable to special numbers when certain specified

conditions prevail.

2) General methods-applicable everywhere and has wider scope and application.

At first we are going to deal with special methods they are very exciting and you
will be able to beat calculator if you perform calculations using these principles.

Sutra 1: how to multiply any given number by 5

Case1: if no is odd.

Method: Divide the no. by 2 (leave the remainder 1) and put 5 in the end.

For e.g.:

24835789476523*5=?

If you do it with conventional method you will have to perform 14 multiplications

and 13 addition and you will get the most significant digit (left most digit of the
answer seen from your side) at last multiplication.

If you apply the method I explained above to this operations

24835789476523/2=12417894738261(leave the remainder 1)

Now put 5 in the end as the given no is odd. So the answer is: 124178947382615

So with this method we eliminate 13 addition step and we can get answer within
10secs or less.

Exercise: a) 54763912834637*5=? B) 2367364954873*5=?

Now take any odd no. and multiply it by 5 using this method for practice.

Case2: if the given no is even:

Method: divide the no. by 2 (no remainder in this case) and put 0 in the end.

This method is similar to the method I explained above the only difference is that
here we will add 0 in the end.

For e.g.:

42865326898422*5=?

Again, if we follow traditional approach we will have to perform 14

multiplications and 13 additions.

Now follow the method I explained above:

42865326898422/2=214326634492110(we have put 0 in the end as no. is even).

Sutra 2: how to multiply given number by series of 9s:

The method I am going to explain here is the third corollary to the

NIKHILAM SUTRA (we will discuss it later in detail).this sub-sutra is
known as: ekanyunena purvena which means- one less than the previous.

For e.g.: 9*8=72, 9*7=63; 9*6=54

Here we can observe that left side of the answers is invariably one less than the
multiplicand and the right side is merely the complement of the left side digit from
9.

Case1: when no. of digits of given number and 9s in a series are same

e.g1:

376*999(3 digit no by 3 nines)

Method:

Step1: here purva (multiplicand) is 376 so we subtract 1 from 376 (given no.), so
we get first half of the answer i.e. 375

Step2: other half is complement of first half from 9s so we subtract 375(first half)
from 999, so we get 624 that is the other half of

Answer :( combines two halves)

So, 376*999=375624

e.g2:477*999=?

Step1:477-1=476(first half)

Step2:999-476=523(second half)

Answer: 476523

e.g3:3452*9999(4 digit no. by four nines)

step1:3452-1=3451(first half)

step2:9999-3451=6548(second half)

Answer: 34516548
e.g 4:673243*999999(6digit no. by six nines)

step1:673243-1=673242(first half)

step2:999999-673242=326757(second half)

Answer: 673242326757

I believe you could observe that we have done multiplication just by doing
subtraction. This is the power of Vedic sutras. With little practice you will be able
to beat calculator as well. Now take any random N digit no. and multiply by N no.
of 9s. (N can be any natural number).

Case2: when no. of 9s greater than no. of digits of a given number

e.g1:

76*999=?

Step1: as we can see given no. is 1 digit less than no of 9s (we will call this digit
deficiency) so put one 0 at start i.e. 076

Note: no. of zeroes=digit deficiency

Step2: follow same steps as explained in case1

076-1=075(first half)

Step3:999-075=924(second half)

Answer: 075924 or just write 75924

e.g2:

235*99999=?

Step1: here the digit deficiency is 2 so we put two zeros before the given number
i.e. 00235

Step2: 00235-1=00234(first half)

Step3:99999-00234=99764(second half)
Answer: 0023499764 or 23499764

Case3: where no. digits of multiplicand is higher than no. of 9s

For e.g:112*99=?

Step1: divide the multiplicand off by vertical line-into right -hand -side portion
consisting of as many digits as the multiplier, and subtract from the multiplicand
one more than the whole excess portion on the left. This gives the left side of the
answer

1/12*99 so we have o.k.s=12(as there are two 9s o.k.s is of 2digits) and o.k.s=1

One more of o.k.s is 2 which is to be subtracted from multiplicand i.e. 112

So left side of answer is 112-2=110

Step2: subtract R.H.S from one more than multiplier this will give you the right
portion of answer

Here multiplier is 99 so one more than multiplier is 100 and R.H.S is 12

So 100-12=88

So answer is obtained by combining two steps i.e. 11088

This method may look complex but as you solve some examples it will become
very easy and fast for you.

e.g2: 4599*99=?

Step1:45/99*99 so we can identify L.H.S=45, R.H.S=99

(Multiplicand)- (L.H.S+1) =left side of answer

4599-46=4553

Step2 :( multiplier+1)-O.k.s=right side of answer

100-99=01(we write 01 as right side of answer must contain 2digits as there are 2
nines)
Final answer: 455301

Sutra 3: how to multiply any no. by 11?

e.g1: 12*11=?

Method:

step1: write 1 and 2 in left most side and rightmost side respectively and blank
space in middle.

12*11=1_2;

Step2: sandwich the sum of two digits (1+2=3) in blank space therefore
12*11=132

e.g.2: 133*11

Step 1: write 1 and 3 as explained above i.e. 1_ _3

step2: we have 2 blank spaces, to fill them sandwich pair of digits adding them
right to left. (From your side)

3+3=6

3+1=4

Answer: 1463

You can extend this multiplication to any no. of digits .practice by solving some
more problems take any no. and multiply it by 11.

We have converted multiplication into simple addition by using this method that is
why you will be able to beat calculator with little more practice.

Sutra 4: finding squares of numbers ending in 5:

25*25=; 35*35=? 45*45=?...

As soon as you learn this method you will be able to solve them in less than 3secs
The method I am going to explain is known as ekadhiken purven which means
one greater than the previous.

e.g.

25*259(here last digit is 5 and previous digit is 2) =625

35*35(previous digit 3) =1225

45*45(previous digit 4) =2025

We can observe that last two digits of the answer are always 25 and first digits are
obtained by multiplying previous digit by its successor digit for 2 its 3 therefore
2*3=6/25 is fixed

3*4=12/25 is fixed

4*5=20/25 is fixed

Some other examples:

115*115=?

Step1: 11*12=132(this multiplication is now easy for you as we have learnt how to
multiply any no. by 11)

Step2: answer=13225

e.g.

105*105=?

Step1:10*11=110

Step2: answer: 11025

This method is not only applicable numbers ending in 5 but to all the numbers
whose last digits sum is 10 and previous digits are same. Sub sutra is known as
(annotator dasakepi)
e.g.1

23*27=621; 32*38=1216; 47*43=2021

Just multiply previous digit by its successor and multiply last two digits of both the
numbers.

e.g2:107*103=?

Step1: 10*11=110

Step2: 7*3=21

Answer: 11021

Try these problems:

98*92=? 102*108=?;112*118=?

Sutra 5: how to find square of any number b/w 1 to 120?

Case a) numbers b/w 1 to 30

The method I am going to explain is the first corollary of nikhilam sutras

and it is called yavadunam tavadunikrtya varganca yojayatwhich means
whatever the extent of deficiency, lessen it still further to that very extent and
also set up the square of deficiency.

For e.g . . . . 9*9=?

1) We should take 10 as a base, now 9 is one less than 10 so deficit is 1

2) Subtract 1 from 9=8

3) Square of deficit i.e. 1=1

So, 9*9=81

For the numbers above 10 add the surplus to the number itself and take
square of surplus.
e.g. 1: 14*14=196

1) Surplus is 4

2)14+4=18

3) Square of surplus 16

Note: since the base is 10 only last digit of the square of surplus must be used so in
16 we will carry forward 1

Answer: 196

e.g2:19*19=?

Step1: surplus=9

Step2: add surplus to no. so, 19+9=28

Step3: square of surplus i.e. 9*9=81

Step4: answer: 361(as the base is 10 we carry forward 8 to left side so 28+8=36)

Case b: number b/w 30 and 70

For number less than 50:

Step1: find the deficiency from 50

Step2: subtract the deficiency from 25

Step3: take square of the deficiency (we have to take only two digit of the square
extra digit will be carry forward)

Let me explain it through an e.g.

e.g1: 31*31=?

Step1: deficiency from 50=19

Step2: 25-19=6

Step3: square of 19 is 361

Answer: 961(we took two digits i.e. 61 and carry forward 3 so 6+3=9)

e.g2:

37*37=?

Step1: deficiency=13

Step2:25-13=12

Step3: square of deficiency=13*13=169

Answer: 1369

For the numbers above 50

Step1: find the surplus wart 50

Step2: add the surplus to 25

Step3: find square of surplus (2 digits will be taken in R.H.S of answer extra will
be carry forward)

e.g1:53*53=?

Step1: surplus=3

Step2:25+3=28

Step3: 3*3=09(2 digits has to be there so we write 09)

Answer: 2809

e.g2:

62*62=?

Step1: surplus=12

Step2: 25+12=37

Step3: 12*12=1/44(as 2 digits will be used and 1 will be carry forward)

Answer: 3844
Case c: number b/w 80 and 120

For number less than 100: here we will again apply yavadunam
tavadunikrtya varganca yojayat

Step1: find the deficiency from 100

Step2: subtract the deficiency from given number

Step3: find square of deficiency(as 100 is base we will only take two digits in the
R.H.S and extra digit will be carry forward)

e.g1: 87*87=?

Step1: deficiency=13

Step2:87-13=74

Step3:13*13=1/69

Answer: 7569

e.g2:92*92=?

Step1: deficiency=8

Step2:92-8=84

Step3: 8*8=64

Answer: 8464

For number above 100

Step1: find the surplus

Step2: add surplus to the number

Step3: find square of surplus

e.g.1: 108*108=?

Step1: surplus=8
Step2:108+8=116

Step3:8*8=64

Answer: 11664

e.g2:112*112=?

Step1: surplus=12

Step2:112+12=124

Step3:12*12=1/44(1 will be carry forward)

Answer: 12544

I believe above illustrations has clearly explained you the method to increase your
speed take some more numbers and try to find their squares mentally. With little
practice you will be able to do all steps mentally.

Sutra6: Nikhil am Navatascaramam dasatah which means all from 9 last

from 10.

This is a very important sutra when it comes to problems of subtractions.

e.g.1

100-67.32

Method: simply subtract 6, 7, 3 from 9 and 2 from 10

Answer: 32.68

Subtract 3492.4376 from 10000

Immediately subtract all digits 3, 4, 9, 2, 4, 3,7from 9 and last 6 from 10.

Answer: 6507.5624

This method is very help full while finding deficiencies in other methods I
explained earlier.
SUTRA7: The Anurupya Sutra (for cubing)

Take the hypothetical case of one who knows only cubes of first 10 natural
numbers and wishes to go there beyond with the help of an intelligent principle and
procedure. Now I will explain the sutra through an e.g.

Example 1: Find cube of 11?

Step 1: The first thing one has to do is to put down the cube of the first digit in a
row of four figures in a geometrical ratio in the exact proportion subsisting
between them. Thus,

113 = 1 1 1 1

Step 2: The second step is to put down under the second and third numbers just two
times the said numbers them and add up.

113 = 1 1 1 1

2 2

1 3 3 1

Example 2: 133 = ?

Step 1: 133 = 1 3 9 27 (here the first digit is 1, and the ratio between the two
digits is 1:3)

Step 2: 133 = 1 3 9 27
6 18
2 1 9 7 (the 2 of 27 has been carried forward)
Example 3: 213 = ?

Step 1: 213 = 8 4 2 1 (here first digit is 2 and the ratio b/w digits is 2:1)

Step 2: 213 = 8 4 2 1
8 4
9 2 6 1

Example 4: 323 = ?

Step 1: 323 = 27 18 12 8 (here first digit is 3 and the ratio b/w digits is 3:2)

Step 2: 323 = 27 18 12 8
36 24
32 7 6 8

NOTE: If you start with the cube of first digit and take the next 3 numbers in the
top row in a geometrical proportion in a ratio of original digits themselves, youll
find that right end is just the cube of second digit. What we are doing above can
algebraically be proved as:

If a and b are the digits then we are doing,

a3+ a2b + ab2+b3

2a2b 2ab2

a3+ 3a2b +3 ab2+b3=(a+b)3

Sutra 8: the yavadunam sutra (for cubing)

We have already discussed this method for finding square with some alterations
We can use it to find cube as well.

Step 1: find the deficit or surplus and subtract or add to the number twice of deficit
or surplus respectively. This will give left portion of the answer.

Step 2: multiply the new deficit or surplus to the original deficit or surplus. This
will give the middle portion of answer.

Step 3: find cube of the original deficit or surplus.

Method will be clear when you go through this problem

Example 1: 1033=?

Step 1: surplus =3, so twice of surplus =6, now add this to number

So, 103+6=109

Step 2: so our new surplus is 9, now multiply this new one with original one i.e. 3

So, 9*3=27 this is the middle portion of answer.

Step 3: now, cube of original surplus is 27

Answer: 109/27/27

Example 2: 9963=? (No. is close to 1000 so our base is 1000)

Step1: deficit=4

So, 996-8=988

Step 2: new deficit=12 so middle portions are -12*-4=048(as the base is 1000)

Step3: cube of original deficit is -43=-064(we write 064 as 1000 is our base)

Answer: 988/048/-064

To remove minus sign take complement of the end portion by borrowing 1 from
middle portion. Answer: 988/047/936

Sutra 9: square roots of perfect squares:

Method

To find the square roots it is necessary to be well versed with the squares of the
numbers from 1 to 10. The squares are given below. Memorize them before
proceeding ahead.

NUMBER SQUARE
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100

On the basis of such observations, we can form a table as given below:

The Last Digit of The Last Digit of

the Square the Square root
1 1 or 9
4 2 or 8
9 3 or 7
6 4 or 6
 5 5
0 0

Now, I want you to look at the column in the left. It reads Last Digit of the square
and the numbers contained in the column are 1, 4, 9, 6, 5 and 0. Note that the
numbers 2, 3, 7 and 8 are absent in the column. That means there is no perfect
square which ends with the numbers 2, 3, 7 or 8. Thus we can deduct a rule.

A perfect square will never end with the digits 2, 3, 7 or 8

Before proceeding ahead with the examples, I have given below a list of the
squares of numbers which are multiples of 10 up to 100. This table will help us to
easily determine the square roots.

NUMBER SQUARE
10 100
20 400
30 900
40 1600
50 2500
60 3600
70 4900
 80 6400
90 8100
100 10000

CUBE ROOT OF PERFECT CUBES

NUMBER CUBE
1 1
2 8
3 27
4 64
5 125
6 216
7 343
8 512
9 729
10 1000

We can clearly observe from the table that all cubes have distinct endings. So we
infer just by observation, we can predict the last digit of the cube root just by
knowing the last digit of cube.

We can write in tabular form as follows:

The last digit of the The last digit of

cube the cube root
 1 1
2 8
3 7
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 3
8 2
9 9
10 0

In other words,

A). 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 & 0 repeat themselves in cube ending.

b). 2, 8 & 3, 7 have an interplay of complement from 10.

Method:

Step 1: Divide the given number in 2 parts such that R.H.S contains 3 digits.

Step 2: Last digit of the cube root can be found by using observation table above.

Step 3: To find the first digit of cube root look at the left portion of the number and
find the perfect cube less than or equals to the left portion.

For e.g. 1: Find cube root of 13824?

Soln:
Step 1: 13/824

Step 2: since the number ends at 4 so the cube root will also end at 4.
 Step 3: our left portion is 13, so the perfect cube just below 13 is 8 which is
a cube root of 2. So our first digit is 2.

Answer = 24

GENERAL METHOD OF MULTIPLICATION

Urdhva-tiryagghyam (which means vertical and cross

multiplication)

Two Digit Multiplications

Step 1: a b (vertical multiplication i.e. a*c)

C d

Step 2: a b (cross multiplication i.e. a*d + b*c)

C d

Step 3: a b (vertical multiplication i.e. b*d)

C d

Eg. 9 3
 X 7 8
63/ 93/24 (ac=63; ad+bc=93; bd=24)

Answer = 7254 (by c/f 2 and 9)

Three Digit Multiplications

Step 1: a b c (vertical multiplication i.e. a*d)

d e f

Step 2: a b (cross multiplication i.e. a*e + b*d)

d e

Step 3: a b c (cross and vertical multiplication i.e. af+cd+be)

d e f

Step 4: a b c (cross multiplication i.e. bf+ce)

d e f

Step 5: a b c (vertical multiplication i.e. c*f)

d e f

NOTE: Cross multiplication is always preferred over vertical multiplication. First 3

steps are like uphill journey and last 2 steps are downhill journey.

Eg: 3 2 2

1 2 2

3/8/12/8/4 (ad=3; ae+bd=8; af+cd+be=12; bf+ec=8; cf=4)

Answer = 39284
THANK YOU!