BMSN2202LifeScienceII

Year2,5YearCurriculum
Tutorial3Physiology
2015032408:3010:20

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 Topicstocover
Endocrinetissuesandorgans
Hypothalamus&pituitarydisorders
Thyroiddisorders
Parathyroiddisorders
Disordersofpancreas
Disordersofadrenalglands

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 Topicstocover
Endocrinetissuesandorgans
Hypothalamus&pituitarydisorders
Thyroiddisorders
Parathyroiddisorders
Disordersofpancreas
Disordersofadrenalglands

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 Endocrineglands
ducts
Lackthe______thatarepresentinexocrineglands
Secretetheirproducts,whicharebiologicallyactivemolecules
hormones
called __________,intotheblood
Thebloodcarriesthehormonestotargetcellsthatcontain
receptorproteins
specific________________forthehormones,andwhich
thereforecanrespondinaspecificfashiontothem
Hormonesaffectthemetabolismoftheirtargetcells/organs
andhelpregulatetotalbodymetabolism,growthand
reproduction

http://biology.reachingfordreams.com/
endocrinesystem.html 4
Q1.Whichofthesestatementsabouthypothalamicreleasing
hormonesistrue?
A. Theyaresecretedintocapillariesinthemedianeminence.
B. Theyaretransportedbyportalvesselstothe
anteriorpituitary.
C. Theystimulatethesecretionofspecifichormones
fromtheanteriorpituitary.
D. Allofthesearetrue.

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 Bloodvesselsthat
connecttwocapillary
beds

Neuralandvascularconnections
betweenhypothalamusandpituitary
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Q1.Whichofthesestatementsabouthypothalamicreleasing
hormonesistrue?
A. Theyaresecretedintocapillariesinthemedianeminence.
B. Theyaretransportedbyportalvesselstothe
anteriorpituitary.
C. Theystimulatethesecretionofspecifichormones
fromtheanteriorpituitary.
D. Allofthesearetrue.

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Q2.The_____halfofthepituitaryglandisofneuraloriginand
isanextensionofthebrain.
A. anterior
B. posterior

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Q3.Namethetwoposteriorpituitaryhormonesanddescribe
theirsiteofsynthesisandaction.

Theposteriorpituitarystoresandreleases twohormones:
1. _________________________________:
Vasopressin/Antidiuretichormone(ADH)
a. Stimulatescontractionofsmoothmusclecellsaroundbloodvessels
_________________
vasoconstriction increaseBP
volume
b. Promoteswaterretentioninkidneys maintainblood__________

Oxytocin
2. ___________________:
1. Stimulates____________ofmyoepithelialcellsinmammarygland
contraction
milkreleasedduringlactation
contraction
2. Stimulates____________ofuterinesmoothmuscleduringlabor

Bothhormonesareproducedinthehypothalamus!

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10
Q4. Listthemajorhypophysiotropic hormonesandthe
hormonewhosereleaseeachcontrols.
anterior
a. hypothalamichormonesthatregulate_________pituitaryfunction
b. commonlycalledhypothalamicreleasing orinhibiting hormones

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12
Majorknown
hypophysiotropic hormones Majoreffectonanteriorpituitary

CRH Corticotropin Releasing Stimulates ACTH Adrenocorticotropic

Hormone secretionof Hormone
TRH Thyrotropin Releasing Stimulates TSH ThyroidStimulating
Hormone secretionof Hormone
GHRH GrowthHormone Stimulates
ReleasingHormone secretionof GH GrowthHormone

SS Somatostatin Inhibits
secretionof GH GrowthHormone

LH LuteinizingHormone
GnRH GonadotropinReleasing Stimulates
Hormone secretionof FSH FollicleStimulating
Hormone

DA Dopamine Inhibits
secretionof PRL Prolactin

Hypophysiotropic hormone Anteriorpituitaryhormone

controlssecretionof

ve feedback controlssecretionof

Actsontargetcells Ahormonefromsomeotherendocrinegland
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14
Q5.Whichofthefollowinghormonesisnotreleasedintothe
hypothalamicpituitaryportalsystem?
A. Somatostatin
B. GrowthHormoneReleasingHormone
C. GonadotropinReleasingHormone
D. ThyrotropinReleasingHormone
E. Adrenocorticotropichormone

Releasedfromanteriorpituitary intothegeneralcirculation

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Q6.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaneffectofgrowthhormone?
A. Promotegrowth GH liver IGF celldivision
B. Stimulateproteinsynthesis
C. Stimulategluconeogenesis
Stimulates
D. Inhibitcatabolismoflipids Raisebloodglucoselevel!
E. Inhibitglucoseutilization

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Q7.Whichofthefollowingwouldinhibitthe
secretionofgrowthhormone?
A. Increaseinplasmalevelofaminoacids protein&growth
B. Decreaseinplasmaglucoseconcentration glucoselevel
C. Somatostatin
D. Growthhormonereleasinghormone

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Q8.
Aninadequatesecretionof________________duringthe
growthhormone
growingyearsresultsindwarfism.
Acromegaly ariseswhenchronic,excessamountsof
_______________aresecretedintotheblood.
growthhormone
hyperglycemia hypertension
Acromegalyisassociatedwithhypoglycemiaandhypotension.
TrueorFalse
Gigantism inchildren

1. Elongationofthejawanddeformitiesinbonesofface,handsandfeet;
2. Growthofsofttissuesandcoarseningofskin
3. Associatedwithelevatedplasmaglucoseandfattyacidslevel.

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 Topicstocover
Endocrinetissuesandorgans
Hypothalamus&pituitarydisorders
Thyroiddisorders
Parathyroiddisorders
Disordersofpancreas
Disordersofadrenalglands

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Q9.Thehormoneprimarilyresponsibleforsettingthebasal
metabolicrateandforpromotingthematurationofthe
brainis:
A. Cortisol
B. ACTH
C. TSH
D. Thyroidhormone
E. Growthhormone

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Q10.Onamicroscopiclevel,thethyroidglandconsistsofnumerous
sphericalhollowsacscalled_______________.Thesefollicles
thyroidfollicles
arelinedwithasimplecuboidalepitheliumcomposedof
principlecells
______________,whichparticipateinalmostallphasesof
thyroidhormonesynthesisandsecretion.Theinteriorofthe
colloid
folliclescontains________,aproteinrichfluid. thyroglobulin

Parafollicular cells calcitonin 21

 1. Majorhormonesecretedbythyroidgland
2. Chiefcirculatingformofthyroidhormone
3. LessactivethanT3

Q11.Thyroidglandproducestwoiodinecontaining
Once
moleculesofphysiologicalimportance:
in triiodothyronine
______________(calledT3 asitcontains3iodines)
target
cells thyroxine
__________(calledT4 asitcontains4iodines)

Approximately99.96%ofthethyroxineinthebloodare
attachedto______________inplasma;therestisfree.
carrierproteins
OnlythefreeT3 &T4 canentertargetcellstoexerttheir
effects.

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TSH stimulatesalltheseprocesses

Thyroid
peroxidase

Na+

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Q12.Thethyroidhormones,T3 andT4,aremadeinthisregionof
thethyroidgland:

A. Withinthethyroidfollicularcells
B. Withinthethyroidparafollicular cells
C. Withinthelumenofthethyroidfollicles

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 nuclei
Q13.Thethyroidhormonereceptorsarepresentinthe_______
ofmostofthecellsofthebody.

Thus,theactionsofT3andT4are
widespread andaffectmany
organsandtissues!

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 TRHandTSH
Q14. Increasedthyroidhormonesdecrease______________via
negativefeedbackmechanism.

Hypothalamus TRH

Anteriorpituitarygland TSH

Thyroid
Thyroidgland
hormones

Targetcellsthroughoutbody

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Q15.Whichofthefollowingisanactionofthyroidhormones?
A. Simulatelipolysis freefattyacidslevelinplasma
B. Stimulatecarbohydrateabsorptionfromsmallintestine
C. Stimulatecarbohydratemetabolism
D. Increasecardiacoutput TH adrenergicreceptors
E. Promotevasodilation Forproperbodygrowth
F. Promoteproteinsynthesis anddevelopment,
particularlyoftheCNS
G. Alloftheabove
Cretinism

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Q16.Listthreesymptomsofhypothyroidism:
(Examples)
Poortoleranceofcold(lowBMR)
Tendencytogainweight(notburningfuelsatanormalrate)
Easilyfatigued(lowerenergyproduction)
Slow,weakpulse(duetoareductionintherateandstrength
ofcardiaccontraction)
Slowmentalresponsiveness(diminishedalertness,slow
speech,poormemory)

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Q17.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaclinicalfeatureof
hyperthyroidism? Possiblecauses:
ExcessTSH secretion,autoimmune disease
A. Excessiveperspiration (Gravesdisease)
B. Weightloss
Thebodyproducesantibodies
C. Bradycardia thatrecognizeandbindtoTSH
D. Decreasedsleep receptorandmimictheaction
ofTSH
E. Intolerancetoheat
activateTSH receptor
increasedTHproduction

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Q18.Whichofthefollowingcanbeatreatmentfor
hyperthyroidism?
A. Drugsthatinhibitthyroidhormonesynthesis
B. Surgicalremovalofthyroidgland
C. Destroyingaportionofthethyroidusingradioactive
iodine
D. Alloftheabove

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 Topicstocover
Endocrinetissuesandorgans
Hypothalamus&pituitarydisorders
Thyroiddisorders
Parathyroiddisorders
Disordersofpancreas
Disordersofadrenalglands

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 Q20.Parathyroidhormone(PTH)isproducedbythe
parathyroidglands
__________________,whichareintheneck,embeddedin
thesurfaceofthyroidgland,butaredistinctfromit.

http://www.parathyroidglands.com/images/parathyroidglands2.jpg 32
Q21. Parathyroidhormoneproductioniscontrolledbythe
calcium
extracellular________concentration.
Decreased
__________plasmacalciumconcentrationstimulates
increased
parathyroidhormonesecretion,andan__________
plasmacalciumconcentrationdoesjusttheopposite.

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Q22. Describethemechanismsbywhichparathyroidhormone
helpstoraisethebloodcalciumconcentration.
VSosteoblasts boneformingcells
breakdownpreviouslyformedbone
bysecreting H+ ionsandhydrolyticenzymes
PTHstimulatesosteoclasts toresorbbone,therebyadding
calciumandphosphatetotheblood.

PTHstimulatestheformationofcalcitriol
intestinalabsorptionofcalciumandphosphate
urinaryCa2+ excretion
PTHstimulatesthekidneys toreabsorbcalcium,butactsto
decreasetherenalreabsorptionofphosphate.
urinaryphosphateexcre on
keepsplasmaphosphatefromincreasing

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35
Q23.Lowplasmacalciumcauses
A. a PTHmediateddecreaseincalcitriol.
B. a decreaseintheurinaryexcretionofcalcium.
C. adecreaseinboneresorption.
D. anincreaseinvitaminDreleasefromskin.

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Q24.Intestinalabsorptionofcalciumisstimulateddirectlyby:
A. Parathyroidhormone 1. Secretedbyparafollicular cellsinthyroidgland
2. ActionisantagonistictothatofPTH
B. Calcitriol 3. Asplasma[Ca2+] calcitoninsecre on
C. Calcitonin a. renalCa2+excretion
b. osteoclastac vity boneresorption
D. Alloftheabove Result=plasma[Ca2+]

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Q25. WhichofthefollowingisNOTconsistentwithprimary
hyperparathyroidism?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Elevatedplasmacalcitriol
C. Phosphaturia renalphosphatereabosorption
Anincrease
D. Adecreaseinboneresorption
E. Anincreaseincalciumreabsorptioninkidney

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 Topicstocover
Endocrinetissuesandorgans
Hypothalamus&pituitarydisorders
Thyroiddisorders
Parathyroiddisorders
Disordersofpancreas
Disordersofadrenalglands

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Q26. Thepancreasisbothanendocrineandanexocrinegland.
TrueorFalse
Q27. Theendocrineportionofthepancreasconsistsofscattered
clustersofcellscalledthe_________________.
isletsofLangerhans

Q28. Onamicroscopiclevel,the
mostconspicuouscellsinthe
isletsarethe
________________.The
alphaandbetacells
alphacellssecretethe
hormone_________,andthe
glucagon
betacellssecrete_________.
insulin
Therearemorethantwice
asmany___________as
betacells
____________ineachislet.
alphacells

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 Q29.Insulinismadeupof:
A. asinglepolypeptidechain
B. 2polypeptidechainsAandBchains
C. 3polypeptidechains:A,BandCchains

Convertingpreproinsulin toinsulin.

http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/Molbio/MolStudents/spring2005/Dresser/My%20favorite%20Protein.html 41
Q30.Fillintheblanks:
5
Secretionofinsulin

3 4

6
1 2

glucose
1. Ariseinbloodglucosecausesmore___________toenterthebetacellof
theisletsofLangerhansviatheGLUT2transporter.
ATP
2. Insidethecell,glucoseismetabolizedtogenerate_______.
close
3. ThiscausestheATPsensitiveK+ channelto_______.
depolarization
4. ClosureofK + channelleadstocellmembrane_________________.
Ca2+
5. Voltagegatedcalciumchannelopenstoallow______influx.
6. Calciumstimulatesintracellularvesiclescontaininginsulintofusewiththe
insulin exocytosis
plasmamembraneandrelease__________by_____________.
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Q31.Insulinbindingsitesarepresentonthe:
A. subunitsofinsulinreceptor
B. subunitsofinsulinreceptor
C. subunitsofinsulinreceptor
D. and subunitsofinsulinreceptor

e.g.fatcellsuseglucoseto
producefat;
e.g.livercellsuseglucoseto
produceglycogenandfattyacid
uptakeofglucose bythecell
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Q32.Describethemajorstimulusforsecretionofinsulinandits
effects:
Majorstimulusfor bloodglucoselevel
secretion (also blooda.a.level)
Effect onblood Decrease
glucose 1. glucoseuptakeandutilization
2. glycogenesis
3. glycogenolysis
4. gluconeogenesis
Effect onblood Decrease
fattyacids 1. triglyceridesynthesis
2. lipolysis
Effectonblood Decrease
aminoacids 1. a.a.uptakeandutilization
Effectonmuscle Increase
protein 1. proteinsynthesis
2. proteindegradation
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Q33. Describethemajorstimulusforsecretionofglucagonand
itseffects:

Majorstimulusfor bloodglucoselevel
secretion
Effect onblood Increase
glucose 1. glycogenolysis
2. gluconeogenesis
3. glycogenesis
Effect onblood Increase
fattyacids 1. lipolysis
2. triglyceridesynthesis

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Q34. Whichofthefollowingis/aresymptom(s)ofdiabetes
mellitus?
A. Glucosuria
B. Polyuria
C. Polydipsia
D. Polyphagia
E. Musclewasting

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Q35.
Type1(insulindependent)diabetesmellitusis
insulin
characterizedbyalackof_______.Becausetheir
pancreatic cellsdonotsecreteinsulin,Type1diabetics
requireexogenousinsulinforsurvival.Itoccursmorein
children
__________.

Type2(noninuslindependent)diabetesmellitus,insulin
normalorevenincreased
secretionmaybe_______________________,but
lesssensitive
insulinstargetcellsare______________thannormalto
thishormone.Thatis,Type2diabeticsareinsulin
resistant adulthood
___________.Itgenerallyarisesin__________.Lifestyle
factorsappearimportantindevelopmentofT2DM,of
obesity
which_________isthebiggestriskfactor.
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 Topicstocover
Endocrinetissuesandorgans
Hypothalamus&pituitarydisorders
Thyroiddisorders
Parathyroiddisorders
Disordersofpancreas
Disordersofadrenalglands

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 Q41. Adrenalglandsarepairedorgansthatcapthesuperior
kidneys
bordersofthe__________.Eachadrenalconsistsofan
cortex medulla
outer________andinner_________thatfunctionas
separateglands.

http://www.laurelalexander.co.uk/membersarticles/gifs/adrenal.jpg 49
 catecholamine
Q42.Theadrenalmedullasecretes______________
epinephrine
hormones(mainly_____________,withlesser
norepinephrine
amountsof_______________)intothebloodin
responsetostimulationbypreganglionic
sympathetic
_____________axons.

Theadrenalcortexdoesnotreceiveneuralinnervation,
ACTH
andsomustbestimulatedhormonally(by_________
anteriorpituitarygland
secretedfromthe__________________________).

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 Q43.Whichnumberonthefigurerepresentstheregionofthe
adrenalglandthatreleasesmineralocorticoids?
Mostpotent=aldosterone!
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
2

Q44.Whatisthenameofthe 4 3
region?
5
A. Capsule
6
B. Zonaglomerulosa
C. Zonafasciculata Cortisol 1
D. Zonareticularis Androgens
catecholamine
E. Medulla

http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/intranetstuff/dept/scienceLRC/wissmann_site/adrenal.htm# 51
http://antranik.org/theendocrinesystem/ 52
Q45.Thehormone_______________,whichissecretedbytheadrenal
_______________,causesthekidneytoconservesodiumand
indirectlyhelpstomaintainsystemicbloodpressure.
Principalactions:
A. aldosterone;cortex
1. stimulatesthekidneystoretain
B. angiotensinI;medulla Na+ andwater
C. cortisol;cortex 2. stimulatesexcretionofK+ &H + inurine
D. epinephrine;medulla

Q46.Hyposecretion ofaldosteronecauses

A. alkalosis.
B. hyperkalemia.
C. highbloodpressure.
D. skeletalmuscleweakness.
E. hypernatremia.

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Q47.Thezona __________releases___________thatare
involvedwiththemetabolismof____________,whereasthe
zona glomerulosa releases_________thatareinvolvedwith
themetabolismof_____________.
A. reticularis/mineralocorticoids/sexhormones/
glucocorticoids/glucose
B. medullaris/androgens/fats/mineralocorticoids/calcium
(mainlycortisol)
C. fasciculata/glucocorticoids/glucose/mineralocorticoids/
sodiumandpotassium
D. reticularis/glucocorticoids/calcium/ACTH/thyroidhormones

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Q48.Whichofthesestimulatescortisolsecretion?
A. Stress Stress Diurnalrhythm

B. CRH
C. ACTH Hypothalamus CRH

D. Hypoglycemia
Anterior
E. Alloftheabove pituitary ACTH
gland

Adrenalcortex Cortisol

Liver,fat,muscle,lymphocyte,
etc

Increasebloodglucose,blood
aminoacids,bloodfattyacids
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Q49.Ifcortisolsecretionincreases,
a.a.forgluconeogenesis
A. proteincatabolism(breakdown)decreases. increases
B. fatcatabolism(breakdown)decreases. increases
Freefattyacid
C. theinflammatoryresponsedecreases.
asalternative
D. bloodglucoseleveldecreases. increases energysource
E. gluconeogenesisisinhibited. stimulated

Overallmetaboliceffect:
Increaseconcentrationofbloodglucoseat
theexpenseofproteinandfatstores!

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57
 Q51.Whatisthenameofthehormoneproducingcellsintheadrenal
medulla?
A. Chromaffincells
B. Chiefcells
C. Principlecells
D. Fcells

Q50.Whichhormoneconstitutes80%ofthetotalsecretionsofthe
adrenalmedulla?
A. Norepinephrine Mainlybysympatheticpostganglionicfibers
B. Epinephrine
C. Cortisol
D. Aldosterone
E. Androgens
http://faculty.pasadena.edu/dkwon/PNS%20and%20propioception/peripheral%20nervous%20system%20and%20propioception_files/textmostly/slide19.html 58
Q52.Whichofthefollowingisametabolicactionof
epinephrineandnorepinephrine?
A. Increasesbloodglucose Catecholamines
secretedfromadrenalmedulla
B. Increasesbloodfattyacids wheneversympatheticnervous
C. Increasesmetabolicrate systemisactivatedduring
fightorflight
D. Increasesheartrate
E. Increasesmentalalertness
F. Alloftheabove

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 Primaryadrenalinsufficiency:lossofadrenalcorticalfunction
Q53.ApersonwithAddisonsdisease___________.
A. isunabletoreplenishbloodglucoselevelsunderstressful
conditions
B. developsdramaticallymoremalefeatures
C. developsaroundedfaceandedema
D. hasovergrowthofhandsandface
E. alloftheabove

http://www.zuniv.net/physiology/book/chapter30.html 60
 Excessivecortisolsecretion
Q54.ApatientwithCushingssyndromemightpresentwithany
ofthefollowingEXCEPT: Cushingsdisease=ATCHexcess
A. Obesity
B. Abuffalohump
C. Moonfaces
D. Hypotension
E. Glucoseintolerance

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 References
VanderA,ShermanJ,LucianoD:Human
Physiology:Themechanismsofbodyfunction
NewYork:McGrawHill;2012.
FoxSI:Humanphysiology.NewYork:
McGrawHill;2010.

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