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PopulationDevelopmentLinkage

p p g

Basic concept of Population


the whole number of people or inhabitants in a
country or region
the total of individuals occupying an area or making
up a whole
the total of particles at a particular energy level
used especially of atoms in a laser
the
th actt or process off populating
l ti
a body of persons or individuals having a quality or
characteristic in common

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The concept of Development
The systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge
to meet specific objectives or requirements.
An extension of the theoretical or practical aspects of a
concept, design, discovery, or invention.
The process of economic and social transformation that
is based on complex cultural and environmental factors
and their interactions.
The process of adding improvements to a parcel of land,
land
such as grading, subdivisions, drainage, access, roads,
utilities.

The concept of Human Resources

The department or support systems responsible


for personnel sourcing and hiring
hiring, applicant
tracking, skills development and tracking,
benefits administration and compliance with
associated government regulations
A human resources department is a critical
component of employee well-being
well being in any
business, no matter how small. HR
responsibilities include payroll, benefits, hiring,
firing, and keeping up to date with state and
federal tax laws. 4

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Population and Human Resources

The present rates of population growth in


Bangladesh cannot continue
continue. This trend of
growth has already compromised the
governments' abilities to provide education,
health care, and food security for people, much
less the abilities to raise living standards. This
gap
g p between numbers and resources is all the
more compelling because so much of the
population growth is concentrated in Bangladesh
and the consequences are ecologically
disadvantaged, and gradual increase of income
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poor households.

Population and Human Resources

Yet the population issue in Bangladesh is not solely about


numbers. And poverty and resource degradation exists on this
thickly populated lands. But again the people are the ultimate
resources. Improvements in education, health, and nutrition
might allow the country to better use the resources she
commands, to stretch the resources further. In addition, threats
to the sustainable use of resources in Bangladesh come as
much from inequalities in people's access to resources and
from the ways in which she use them as from the sheer
numbers of people. Thus concern over the 'population problem
in Bangladesh also calls forth concern for human progress and
human equality.
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3
PopulationandDevelopmentLinkage
Anydevelopmenteffortshouldtakeintoaccountthe
parametersofpopulationforthesustainedeconomic
growthandwelfareofthesociety.Why?
Becausepopulationanddevelopmentarecomposite
conceptsbynatureandpopulationissuesdonotexist
inisolation.
Sincepeopleinasocietyarebothproducersaswellas
consumers,anydevelopmentprocessshouldconsider
thedemographicsofpopulation,i.e.,itsstructure,
composition,distribution,behaviorpattern,attitude,
iti di t ib ti b h i tt ttit d
values,norms,beliefs,practicesandthewholelifestyle
pattern.
Asawayofdemonstratingtheselinksbetween
populationanddevelopmentapopulationwheelhas
beenadoptedbellow. 7

PopulationandDevelopmentLinkage
ThePopulationWheel

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ThePopulationWheel
Peoplelieatthehubofthewheel,causingchangesand
beingaffectedbychange.
Thenumberofpeople,thespeedofgrowth,thequality
The number of people the speed of growth the quality
oflife,thepressuresonthem,etc.areinfluencedby
environmental,economic,politicalandsocialconditions
whichformthespokesofthewheel.
Thisisnotaonewayprocess.Peopleinfluencethese
conditionsbythedecisionstheytake.Therelationship
between the conditions is constantly changing as the
betweentheconditionsisconstantlychangingasthe
wheelrolesforwardthroughtime.
Thediscussionthatfollowssummarizestherelationship
betweenpopulationandsomeoftheimportantissues.
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PopulationandPoverty

Thereisageneralagreementthatpovertyand
demographicparametersareinfluencedbyeachother
in a vicious cycle.
inaviciouscycle.
Inapopulationcharacterizedbyilliteracy,young
population,lowstatusofwomen,malnutrition,
unemploymentandlimitedaccesstosocialandhealth
services,thereiseverylikelihoodthattheinequalityin
thedistributionofincomewillincreaseandthatwill
result in elevation in the level of poverty
resultinelevationinthelevelofpoverty.
Policymakersoftenaskhowhighfertilityandrelated
demographicvariablesaffectandareaffectedby
poverty.
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5
PopulationandPoverty
Thepopularview inthe1960sand1970sthatfertility
declinewouldslowpopulationgrowthindeveloping
countriesandthusreducepovertycameinforagreat
deal of criticism in the 1980s and by the 1990s it was no
dealofcriticisminthe1980s,andbythe1990s,itwasno
longerinvogue.
Thealternativeperspective thatemergedwasthat
demographicconsiderationsarelargelyirrelevantto
povertyreduction.
However,thepotentialbenefitsofslowerpopulation
Ho e er the potential benefits of slo er pop lation
growthdependonthetimingandintensityof
demographicchange,theeconomicandsocialstatusof
women,andthetypeandfocusofeconomicpoliciesin
countriesundergoingdemographicchange. 11

PopulationandPoverty
Increasingpopulationpressureaccentuatespoverty
mainlyintwobroadways:directly,viaitseffectsonper
capitaincomeandpercapitaconsumption,and
indirectly by reducing the positive effects of
indirectly,byreducingthepositiveeffectsof
developmentalinterventions.
Increasingpopulationpressureseemstobeamajor
reasonforthepersistenceoflowgrowthrateofthe
economyandhighabsolutepovertyoveralongperiod
oftime.
Somerecentevidence showthatlowerhealthstatusof
thepoorisanimportantdeterminantofpoverty,and
somearguethatincreasingpopulationpressureisa
majorobstacletoimprovementofhealthstatusofthe
people. 12

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PopulationandPoverty
Inadditiontoacceleratingpovertyatpresent,the
increasingpopulationpressurecontributestofurther
worseningofpovertyinfutureinseveralways.
First,duetocurrentpovertythehouseholdsarenotable
to invest for the productive activities which could
toinvestfortheproductiveactivitieswhichcould
increaseincomeinfuture.
Second,duetocurrentpoverty,thehouseholdscannot
spendforhealthandeducationofchildren.Thus,the
potentialofraisinghouseholdproductivityinfutureis
alsolost
Third,factorssuchaslargenumberofbirths,early
h d f h l b fb h l
marriage,andearlyfirstbirthadverselyaffectthe
reproductivehealthstatusofwomenandhealthstatus
ofchildren,theformercontributingtocurrentpoverty
andthelattertofuturepoverty.Thus,povertypersists
overtimeandgenerations. 13

PopulationandPoverty
Populationpressurecontributestopersistenceof
povertyinanotherwaytoo.Communityresources
comprising community land, water and forests in a
comprisingcommunityland,waterandforestsina
societygreatlybenefitthepoorand,inasense,provide
hugesubsidytothem.
Withtheincreasingpopulationpressureandthe
resultantincreaseinpoverty,thehouseholds
unscrupulouslyusetheresourcesforsurvivalandthis
p y
reducestheamountoftheresources.Asaresult,the
poorhouseholdscannotderiveanybenefitfromsuch
resourcesinfuture.Thiswillfurtherworsenpovertyin
future.Aviciouscircle,thus,emerges.
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7
PopulationandEducation
Theincreasingpopulationpressurereducestheeffectsof
educationinterventionsinseveralways:
First, asthesizeofpopulationincreases,thenumberof
childreneligibleforobtainingeducationincreases,and
theamountofpublicresourcesrequiredtocatertothe
risingdemandforeducationincreasesenormously.It
becomesincreasinglydifficultforthegovernmentto
allocatethenecessaryfund.
Second, theincreasingpopulationpressurelevelreduces
thecapacityofthehouseholdstospendforeducationof
the capacity of the households to spend for education of
theirchildren.
Third, withtheincreasingnumberofhousehold
members,thepossibilityofthepoorhouseholdstosend
theirchildrentoschoolbecomeslimited,despiteall
assistanceandsupportofthegovernment. 15

PopulationandEducation
Thereisastronglinkbetweenfamilysize,school
attendanceandeconomicdevelopment.InThailand,
childrenfromsmallfamiliesstayonatschoollongerthan
childrenfromlargerones.
Throughoutdevelopingcountries,foreachextrayearat
school,childrencanexpecttoearnbetween7percent
and25percentmorethantheirpeerswholeft.
InNepal,farmerswith6yearsatschoolachieved25
percenthigherwheatyieldsthanthosewithless.Well
educatedfamiliesgenerallyhavefewerchildrenandlike
educated families generally have fewer children and like
tomakesurethatthosechildrenreceiveagood
education.
Bangladeshiwomen whohavebeeneducatedwith
secondarycompleteorhigherhaveaTotalFertilityRate
of2.3comparedto3.0forwomenwithnoeducation. 16

8
PopulationandEnvironment
Sustainabledevelopmentconnotestheprocessby
whichhumanbeingssatisfytheirpresentneedsand
improvetheirpresentqualityoflife,whileatthesame
time safeguarding the ability of future generations to
timesafeguardingtheabilityoffuturegenerationsto
meettheirownneeds.
Sustainabledevelopmentisafunctionof:population
size,percapitaconsumption,environmentaldamage
causedbythetechnologyusedtoproducewhatis
consumed.
Theinteractionbetweengrowthofpopulation,
productionandunsustainableconsumptionpatterns
affectsuseofland,water,air,energyandother
resourceswhichareimportantelementsof
environment. 17

PopulationandEnvironment
A simple interaction between population and
environment is that high growth of population may lead
to overconsumption of natural resources and
degradation of ecosystem and environmental potentials
but this relationship could be further aggravated by a
number of other factors such as:

Theeconomicsystemsbasedonhighratesof
resourcesconsumption,environmentallydamaging
tradepracticesandlackofenvironmentalaccounting.

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9
PopulationandEnvironment

Widespreadpovertyandunsustainabledevelopment
efforts inequityamongthesocialstrataandthelarge
unmetneedforqualityreproductivehealthcareand
df li d i h lh d
familyplanning,lackofeducationalemploymentand
incomeopportunity.

Underutilizationofenvironmentallysoundtechnology
and lack of people'ssparticipationinresource
andlackofpeople participation in resource
managementandinadequateunderstandingofpeople
aboutthenaturalsystems.

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AgeinginBangladesh
AgeinginBangladeshhasemergedasarecentconcern.
Becauseofcontinuingrapiddeclineinfertilityand
improvementinlifeexpectancy,thenumberand
proportion of population aged 60 and over is increasing.
proportionofpopulationaged60andoverisincreasing.
Variousprojectionsshowthatboththepopulation
above65yearsandthatabove60yearsisgoingtoreach
staggeringproportionsbytheyear2051.Thisindicates
thatBangladeshisenteringanewphaseofrapidgrowth
ofelderlypopulationwithitsassociatedissues.
Theprojectionsshowthatevenafterreaching
replacementlevelfertility,thepopulationwillcontinue
togetoldercomparedtotheyoungergeneration.

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10
AgeinginBangladesh
Inotherwords,thedecliningfertilitycontributeslower
sharefortheyoungeragegroupsduetofewernumberof
births,buttheshareofolderagegroupsincreasesuntil
the population stabilizes
thepopulationstabilizes.
Thiswillcontinuefordecadesafterreachingreplacement
levelfertility.Intermsofnumberstheelderlypopulation
aged65andaboveisexpectedtodoublebyyear2021
andreachnearly30millionbytheendof2051.
Thedemographictransformationistakingplaceinthe
contextofothersocietalchanges;thejoint/extended
f h i l h h j i / d d
largefamily,onceseenasthesourceforprovidingtheold
agesecurityandkinshipnetwork,isbeingreplacedby
smaller,nuclearfamilywithnoinstitutionalsafeguardsto
meettheneedsoftheelderly. 21

SelectedDemographic,SocioEconomic&Development
Indicators:BangladeshContext
Totalpopulation(millions),2011 150
Annualpopulationgrowthrate(%)2011 1.34
Urban population (% of total), 2007
Urbanpopulation(%oftotal),2007 25.0
Totalfertilityrate2011 2.3
FertilityDifferentials(TFR)
9 Rural,2011 2.0
9 Urban,2011 2.5
9 SylhetDivision(Highest),2011 3.1
9 KhulnaDivision(Lowest),2011 1.9
9Women with no education 2007
9Womenwithnoeducation,2007 32
3.2
9Womenwithprimarycomplete,2007 2.9
9Womenwithsecondarycompleteorhigher,2007 2.3
9 Poorest20%,2007 3.2
9 Richest20%,2007 2.2
22
Sources:HDR2010,BDHS2007,2011andBBS,2011.

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SelectedDemographic,SocioEconomic&Development
Indicators:BangladeshContext
Lifeexpectancyatbirth(years),2011 69
Childmortality,2011 11
UnderfiveMortality,2011 53
Infant Mortality 2011
InfantMortality,2011 43
NeonatalMortality,2011 32
Sources:HDR2010,BDHS2007,2011andBBS,2011.

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SelectedDemographic,SocioEconomic&Development
Indicators:BangladeshContext
Birthsattendedbyskilledhealthpersonnel(%),2011 31.7
BirthdeliveredatHealthfacilities(%),2011 28.8
Maternal mortality rate per 1000 live births 2010
Maternalmortalityrateper1000livebirths,2010 1 94
1.94
Percentageofchildrenstunting(heightforage)under5,2011 41.3
Percentageofchildrenwasting(weightforheight)under5,201115.6
Percentageofchildrenunderweight(weightforage)under5,201136.4
Percentageofstuntedchildrenunder5yearsofagefor
9 Bangladesh,2011 41.3
9 Urban,2011 36.2
9 Rural,2011 42.7
9 Motherswithnoeducation,2011 51.1
9 MotherswithPrimarycomplete,2011 48.6
9 MotherswithSecondarycompleteorhigher,2011 22.9

Sources:HDR2010,BDHS2011,BMMS2010andBBS,2011.

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12
SelectedDemographic,SocioEconomic&Development
Indicators:BangladeshContext
NutritionalStatusofWomenwithchildrenunder5yearsofage
(BMIlessthan18.5)
9 Bangladesh 34
9 Rural 37
9 Urban 25
9 Womenwithnoeducation 40
9 Womenwithprimarycomplete 32
9 Womenwithsecondarycompleteorhigher 17
PerCapitaIncome(inUS$),2011 678
GDPpercapitavalue(PPPUS$)2010 1,770
Estimatedearnedincome,female(PPPUS$),2010 1,245
Estimatedearnedincome,male(PPPUS$),2010 2,289
Percentageofpopulationlivingbelowpovertyline,2010 49.8
HDIrank(169countries) 2010 129
Humandevelopmentindex(HDI)value,2010 0.469

Sources:HumanDevelopmentReport2010,BDHS2011andBBS,2011.
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Population Growth and its after Effect

Population pressure is already forcing Bangaldeshi


farmers to work harder,
harder often on shrinking fame on
marginal land, just to maintain household income. In
Bangladesh rural population nearly doubled between
1974 and 2011, with a corresponding decline in land
availability. Rapid population growth also created
urban economic and social p problems that threatened
to make the mega cities wholly unmanageable.
Therefore to get rid off the vicious circle of population
growth and poverty cycle, we need to develop planned
human resources.
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13
Strategic Human Resource
Development and Management

Human Resource Organizational


Management Performance

Organizational
Culture

The linkage between population growth and


human resource development

Therefore it is not only the question of larger investments that


will be needed just to maintain the current inadequate levels
of access to education, health care, and other services in
Bangladesh, need to develop planned manpower, as part of
human resource development. Because, in many cases, the
resources required are just not available. For example, due to
high growth rate of population, the provision of health,
housing conditions, and the quality of education and public
services all deteriorate; unemployment, urban drift, and social
unrest increase. To combat such challenges we must need to
develop our manpower as valuable resources.

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14
Challenges to Develop Human Resources

Recruitment policies and personnel selection


are defective
d f ti
Training policies are not need based and skill
oriented
Communication and programs that hardly
increases availability of educated population
Due to the stereotypical and structural barriers
and roles, about 50% potential women labor
force are almost untilized/under utilized.
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Challenges to Develop Human Resources

Due to the ethnocentric staffing policies of


BDs
BD s SHRM and also the glass-ceiling
glass ceiling
BDs women face, unable to develop
planned, balanced and skilled manpower

Ultimately, a BD male candidate is always


chosen
h b
basedd on hi
his gender
d and dbbecause
of the ethnocentric staffing policies,
grossly ignoring the large and potential
women folk.
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Challenges to Develop Human Resources
Incorporate, utilize and introduce managerial tools as part of
planned HR development is not considered as world
class/standard
Gross lacking to know how to deal with clients
clients, partners,
partners
competitors and suppliers of various nationalities, from different
cultures and having different interests as part if international
strategic human resource development
Administrate work as a business, producing and creating
strategies, policies and specific directives as part of HRM is a
missing agenda
Perform a standard of leadership called transformational or
that which produces substantial changes not only in the job, but
also in the resulting product of job, and principally in those
people that execute the work, is not part of planned human
resource development in Bangladesh.
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HR Role Framework in Creating Change


(Dave Ulrich)

People Change
Employee
Champion Agent
concerned with identifying and
deals with day to day problems,
developing new behaviors
needs and concerns of individual
that will sustain a companys
employees
competitiveness

Operational Strategic
Focus Strategic
Focus
concerned with designing and focuses on aligning HR strategies and
delivering HR processes efficiently practices with business strategy

Administrative Strategic
Expert Process Partner

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Thank You

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