Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
p p g
1
The concept of Development
The systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge
to meet specific objectives or requirements.
An extension of the theoretical or practical aspects of a
concept, design, discovery, or invention.
The process of economic and social transformation that
is based on complex cultural and environmental factors
and their interactions.
The process of adding improvements to a parcel of land,
land
such as grading, subdivisions, drainage, access, roads,
utilities.
2
Population and Human Resources
3
PopulationandDevelopmentLinkage
Anydevelopmenteffortshouldtakeintoaccountthe
parametersofpopulationforthesustainedeconomic
growthandwelfareofthesociety.Why?
Becausepopulationanddevelopmentarecomposite
conceptsbynatureandpopulationissuesdonotexist
inisolation.
Sincepeopleinasocietyarebothproducersaswellas
consumers,anydevelopmentprocessshouldconsider
thedemographicsofpopulation,i.e.,itsstructure,
composition,distribution,behaviorpattern,attitude,
iti di t ib ti b h i tt ttit d
values,norms,beliefs,practicesandthewholelifestyle
pattern.
Asawayofdemonstratingtheselinksbetween
populationanddevelopmentapopulationwheelhas
beenadoptedbellow. 7
PopulationandDevelopmentLinkage
ThePopulationWheel
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ThePopulationWheel
Peoplelieatthehubofthewheel,causingchangesand
beingaffectedbychange.
Thenumberofpeople,thespeedofgrowth,thequality
The number of people the speed of growth the quality
oflife,thepressuresonthem,etc.areinfluencedby
environmental,economic,politicalandsocialconditions
whichformthespokesofthewheel.
Thisisnotaonewayprocess.Peopleinfluencethese
conditionsbythedecisionstheytake.Therelationship
between the conditions is constantly changing as the
betweentheconditionsisconstantlychangingasthe
wheelrolesforwardthroughtime.
Thediscussionthatfollowssummarizestherelationship
betweenpopulationandsomeoftheimportantissues.
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PopulationandPoverty
Thereisageneralagreementthatpovertyand
demographicparametersareinfluencedbyeachother
in a vicious cycle.
inaviciouscycle.
Inapopulationcharacterizedbyilliteracy,young
population,lowstatusofwomen,malnutrition,
unemploymentandlimitedaccesstosocialandhealth
services,thereiseverylikelihoodthattheinequalityin
thedistributionofincomewillincreaseandthatwill
result in elevation in the level of poverty
resultinelevationinthelevelofpoverty.
Policymakersoftenaskhowhighfertilityandrelated
demographicvariablesaffectandareaffectedby
poverty.
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PopulationandPoverty
Thepopularview inthe1960sand1970sthatfertility
declinewouldslowpopulationgrowthindeveloping
countriesandthusreducepovertycameinforagreat
deal of criticism in the 1980s and by the 1990s it was no
dealofcriticisminthe1980s,andbythe1990s,itwasno
longerinvogue.
Thealternativeperspective thatemergedwasthat
demographicconsiderationsarelargelyirrelevantto
povertyreduction.
However,thepotentialbenefitsofslowerpopulation
Ho e er the potential benefits of slo er pop lation
growthdependonthetimingandintensityof
demographicchange,theeconomicandsocialstatusof
women,andthetypeandfocusofeconomicpoliciesin
countriesundergoingdemographicchange. 11
PopulationandPoverty
Increasingpopulationpressureaccentuatespoverty
mainlyintwobroadways:directly,viaitseffectsonper
capitaincomeandpercapitaconsumption,and
indirectly by reducing the positive effects of
indirectly,byreducingthepositiveeffectsof
developmentalinterventions.
Increasingpopulationpressureseemstobeamajor
reasonforthepersistenceoflowgrowthrateofthe
economyandhighabsolutepovertyoveralongperiod
oftime.
Somerecentevidence showthatlowerhealthstatusof
thepoorisanimportantdeterminantofpoverty,and
somearguethatincreasingpopulationpressureisa
majorobstacletoimprovementofhealthstatusofthe
people. 12
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PopulationandPoverty
Inadditiontoacceleratingpovertyatpresent,the
increasingpopulationpressurecontributestofurther
worseningofpovertyinfutureinseveralways.
First,duetocurrentpovertythehouseholdsarenotable
to invest for the productive activities which could
toinvestfortheproductiveactivitieswhichcould
increaseincomeinfuture.
Second,duetocurrentpoverty,thehouseholdscannot
spendforhealthandeducationofchildren.Thus,the
potentialofraisinghouseholdproductivityinfutureis
alsolost
Third,factorssuchaslargenumberofbirths,early
h d f h l b fb h l
marriage,andearlyfirstbirthadverselyaffectthe
reproductivehealthstatusofwomenandhealthstatus
ofchildren,theformercontributingtocurrentpoverty
andthelattertofuturepoverty.Thus,povertypersists
overtimeandgenerations. 13
PopulationandPoverty
Populationpressurecontributestopersistenceof
povertyinanotherwaytoo.Communityresources
comprising community land, water and forests in a
comprisingcommunityland,waterandforestsina
societygreatlybenefitthepoorand,inasense,provide
hugesubsidytothem.
Withtheincreasingpopulationpressureandthe
resultantincreaseinpoverty,thehouseholds
unscrupulouslyusetheresourcesforsurvivalandthis
p y
reducestheamountoftheresources.Asaresult,the
poorhouseholdscannotderiveanybenefitfromsuch
resourcesinfuture.Thiswillfurtherworsenpovertyin
future.Aviciouscircle,thus,emerges.
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7
PopulationandEducation
Theincreasingpopulationpressurereducestheeffectsof
educationinterventionsinseveralways:
First, asthesizeofpopulationincreases,thenumberof
childreneligibleforobtainingeducationincreases,and
theamountofpublicresourcesrequiredtocatertothe
risingdemandforeducationincreasesenormously.It
becomesincreasinglydifficultforthegovernmentto
allocatethenecessaryfund.
Second, theincreasingpopulationpressurelevelreduces
thecapacityofthehouseholdstospendforeducationof
the capacity of the households to spend for education of
theirchildren.
Third, withtheincreasingnumberofhousehold
members,thepossibilityofthepoorhouseholdstosend
theirchildrentoschoolbecomeslimited,despiteall
assistanceandsupportofthegovernment. 15
PopulationandEducation
Thereisastronglinkbetweenfamilysize,school
attendanceandeconomicdevelopment.InThailand,
childrenfromsmallfamiliesstayonatschoollongerthan
childrenfromlargerones.
Throughoutdevelopingcountries,foreachextrayearat
school,childrencanexpecttoearnbetween7percent
and25percentmorethantheirpeerswholeft.
InNepal,farmerswith6yearsatschoolachieved25
percenthigherwheatyieldsthanthosewithless.Well
educatedfamiliesgenerallyhavefewerchildrenandlike
educated families generally have fewer children and like
tomakesurethatthosechildrenreceiveagood
education.
Bangladeshiwomen whohavebeeneducatedwith
secondarycompleteorhigherhaveaTotalFertilityRate
of2.3comparedto3.0forwomenwithnoeducation. 16
8
PopulationandEnvironment
Sustainabledevelopmentconnotestheprocessby
whichhumanbeingssatisfytheirpresentneedsand
improvetheirpresentqualityoflife,whileatthesame
time safeguarding the ability of future generations to
timesafeguardingtheabilityoffuturegenerationsto
meettheirownneeds.
Sustainabledevelopmentisafunctionof:population
size,percapitaconsumption,environmentaldamage
causedbythetechnologyusedtoproducewhatis
consumed.
Theinteractionbetweengrowthofpopulation,
productionandunsustainableconsumptionpatterns
affectsuseofland,water,air,energyandother
resourceswhichareimportantelementsof
environment. 17
PopulationandEnvironment
A simple interaction between population and
environment is that high growth of population may lead
to overconsumption of natural resources and
degradation of ecosystem and environmental potentials
but this relationship could be further aggravated by a
number of other factors such as:
Theeconomicsystemsbasedonhighratesof
resourcesconsumption,environmentallydamaging
tradepracticesandlackofenvironmentalaccounting.
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9
PopulationandEnvironment
Widespreadpovertyandunsustainabledevelopment
efforts inequityamongthesocialstrataandthelarge
unmetneedforqualityreproductivehealthcareand
df li d i h lh d
familyplanning,lackofeducationalemploymentand
incomeopportunity.
Underutilizationofenvironmentallysoundtechnology
and lack of people'ssparticipationinresource
andlackofpeople participation in resource
managementandinadequateunderstandingofpeople
aboutthenaturalsystems.
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AgeinginBangladesh
AgeinginBangladeshhasemergedasarecentconcern.
Becauseofcontinuingrapiddeclineinfertilityand
improvementinlifeexpectancy,thenumberand
proportion of population aged 60 and over is increasing.
proportionofpopulationaged60andoverisincreasing.
Variousprojectionsshowthatboththepopulation
above65yearsandthatabove60yearsisgoingtoreach
staggeringproportionsbytheyear2051.Thisindicates
thatBangladeshisenteringanewphaseofrapidgrowth
ofelderlypopulationwithitsassociatedissues.
Theprojectionsshowthatevenafterreaching
replacementlevelfertility,thepopulationwillcontinue
togetoldercomparedtotheyoungergeneration.
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AgeinginBangladesh
Inotherwords,thedecliningfertilitycontributeslower
sharefortheyoungeragegroupsduetofewernumberof
births,buttheshareofolderagegroupsincreasesuntil
the population stabilizes
thepopulationstabilizes.
Thiswillcontinuefordecadesafterreachingreplacement
levelfertility.Intermsofnumberstheelderlypopulation
aged65andaboveisexpectedtodoublebyyear2021
andreachnearly30millionbytheendof2051.
Thedemographictransformationistakingplaceinthe
contextofothersocietalchanges;thejoint/extended
f h i l h h j i / d d
largefamily,onceseenasthesourceforprovidingtheold
agesecurityandkinshipnetwork,isbeingreplacedby
smaller,nuclearfamilywithnoinstitutionalsafeguardsto
meettheneedsoftheelderly. 21
SelectedDemographic,SocioEconomic&Development
Indicators:BangladeshContext
Totalpopulation(millions),2011 150
Annualpopulationgrowthrate(%)2011 1.34
Urban population (% of total), 2007
Urbanpopulation(%oftotal),2007 25.0
Totalfertilityrate2011 2.3
FertilityDifferentials(TFR)
9 Rural,2011 2.0
9 Urban,2011 2.5
9 SylhetDivision(Highest),2011 3.1
9 KhulnaDivision(Lowest),2011 1.9
9Women with no education 2007
9Womenwithnoeducation,2007 32
3.2
9Womenwithprimarycomplete,2007 2.9
9Womenwithsecondarycompleteorhigher,2007 2.3
9 Poorest20%,2007 3.2
9 Richest20%,2007 2.2
22
Sources:HDR2010,BDHS2007,2011andBBS,2011.
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SelectedDemographic,SocioEconomic&Development
Indicators:BangladeshContext
Lifeexpectancyatbirth(years),2011 69
Childmortality,2011 11
UnderfiveMortality,2011 53
Infant Mortality 2011
InfantMortality,2011 43
NeonatalMortality,2011 32
Sources:HDR2010,BDHS2007,2011andBBS,2011.
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SelectedDemographic,SocioEconomic&Development
Indicators:BangladeshContext
Birthsattendedbyskilledhealthpersonnel(%),2011 31.7
BirthdeliveredatHealthfacilities(%),2011 28.8
Maternal mortality rate per 1000 live births 2010
Maternalmortalityrateper1000livebirths,2010 1 94
1.94
Percentageofchildrenstunting(heightforage)under5,2011 41.3
Percentageofchildrenwasting(weightforheight)under5,201115.6
Percentageofchildrenunderweight(weightforage)under5,201136.4
Percentageofstuntedchildrenunder5yearsofagefor
9 Bangladesh,2011 41.3
9 Urban,2011 36.2
9 Rural,2011 42.7
9 Motherswithnoeducation,2011 51.1
9 MotherswithPrimarycomplete,2011 48.6
9 MotherswithSecondarycompleteorhigher,2011 22.9
Sources:HDR2010,BDHS2011,BMMS2010andBBS,2011.
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12
SelectedDemographic,SocioEconomic&Development
Indicators:BangladeshContext
NutritionalStatusofWomenwithchildrenunder5yearsofage
(BMIlessthan18.5)
9 Bangladesh 34
9 Rural 37
9 Urban 25
9 Womenwithnoeducation 40
9 Womenwithprimarycomplete 32
9 Womenwithsecondarycompleteorhigher 17
PerCapitaIncome(inUS$),2011 678
GDPpercapitavalue(PPPUS$)2010 1,770
Estimatedearnedincome,female(PPPUS$),2010 1,245
Estimatedearnedincome,male(PPPUS$),2010 2,289
Percentageofpopulationlivingbelowpovertyline,2010 49.8
HDIrank(169countries) 2010 129
Humandevelopmentindex(HDI)value,2010 0.469
Sources:HumanDevelopmentReport2010,BDHS2011andBBS,2011.
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13
Strategic Human Resource
Development and Management
Organizational
Culture
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Challenges to Develop Human Resources
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Challenges to Develop Human Resources
Incorporate, utilize and introduce managerial tools as part of
planned HR development is not considered as world
class/standard
Gross lacking to know how to deal with clients
clients, partners,
partners
competitors and suppliers of various nationalities, from different
cultures and having different interests as part if international
strategic human resource development
Administrate work as a business, producing and creating
strategies, policies and specific directives as part of HRM is a
missing agenda
Perform a standard of leadership called transformational or
that which produces substantial changes not only in the job, but
also in the resulting product of job, and principally in those
people that execute the work, is not part of planned human
resource development in Bangladesh.
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People Change
Employee
Champion Agent
concerned with identifying and
deals with day to day problems,
developing new behaviors
needs and concerns of individual
that will sustain a companys
employees
competitiveness
Operational Strategic
Focus Strategic
Focus
concerned with designing and focuses on aligning HR strategies and
delivering HR processes efficiently practices with business strategy
Administrative Strategic
Expert Process Partner
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Thank You
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