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Airfoil selection
1
Airfoil geometry
Airfoil geometry
Camber line
Leading Chord Maximum
edge thickness
Trailing
edge
Maximum
Maximum camber
thickness
position Maximum camber
position
2
Angle of attack definition
AoA
V
Stall
AoA=0
Separation point
AoA=10
AoA=15
AoA=20
3
Airfoil aerodynamic characteristics
Lift coefficient (Cz or CL) Drag coefficient (Cx or CD )
C L MAX Stall
dC l /d a
0
KR
Design Cz
4
Airfoil aerodynamic characteristics
Gliding ratio (Cz / Cx) Power factor
(Cz3 / Cx2 lub Cz1,5 /Cx)
Derivative dCm/dCz
is an indicator of
stability.
It is negative for
stable aeroplanes
and positive for
unstable aeroplanes.
5
Maximum thickness t/c
Maximum
thickness - t
Chord - c
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
6
Effect of airfoil thickness on lift coefficient
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
7
Effect of airfoil thickness on gliding ratio
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
8
Camber
Camber line
Maximum
camber
0%
0,5%
1%
1,5%
2%
2,5%
3%
3,5%
9
Effect of airfoil camber on drag coefficient
0%
0,5%
1%
1,5%
2%
2,5%
3%
3,5%
0%
0,5%
1%
1,5%
2%
2,5%
3%
3,5%
10
Effect of airfoil camber on power factor
0%
0,5%
1%
1,5%
2%
2,5%
3%
3,5%
0%
0,5%
1%
1,5%
2%
2,5%
3%
3,5%
11
Position of maximum thickness
Maximum
thickness
Position of
maximum
thickness
laminar turbulent
separated
transition
separation
12
Effect of airfoil laminarity on drag coefficient
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
13
Effect of camber line shape on moment coefficient
0
35%
28%
22%
15%
2%
4%
6%
28%
22%
15%
14
Reynolds
number effect on
aerodynamic
coefficients
Effect of
Mach
number on
lift
coefficient
15
Effect of
Mach
number
on drag
coefficient
16
Critical Mach
number
17
Critical Mach
number
Critical Mach
number
18
Calculate Reynolds number for design airspeed
Airfoil selection
Re>3 000 000 3 000 000>Re>500 000 500 000>Re
Abbot catalogue Theory of the wing section, raport NACA 824, NASA TN D-7428
Compare CD for CLdes of available airfoils and select few best airfoils
19
Remaining wing features
Wing incidence;
Mean aerodynamic chord mac, c
Wing area (reference area) S;
Wing span b;
Wing aspect ratio A;
Wing dihedral;
Wing sweep angle (leading edge LE,
quarter chord c/4);
Taper ratio ;
Geometrical and aerodynamic twist;
Winglets
Leading edges extensions;
20
Taper ratio
b/2
cT
cR S
=
cT cR
W
S=
W/S
Straight wings:
b = AS =0.40.5
2S
cR = Swept wings:
[b (1 + )]
=0.20.3
cT = cR
2
c = c ROOT
(1 + + 2);
3 (1 + )
cR
0,25mac
cR
b
Y = [(1 + 2 )(1 + )];
c
6
cT
cT
21
Vortices generated by a wing
b2 CL2
A= CD = CD0 +
S Ae
22
Effect of aspect ratio (A, AR) on lift
coefficient
A
CL = Cl
2
Cl Cl
+ + A 2
Helmbolt equation
b2
A=
S
Wing dihedral
b1 b2
b3<b1=b2<b4
b3
b4
Wing position
Wing dihedral angle low mid high
an angle between Unswept 57 24 02
chords plane and Subsonic swept 37 -2 2 -5-2
horizontal plane Supersonic swept 05 -5 0 -5 0
23
Wing sweep LE , c / 4 , t / c
c/4 LE
Wing sweep
LE)
Meff=Mcos(
LE)
Mkryt~1/cosm(
LE LE
Mcos
t/c
LE)
qeff=qcos2(
LE)
W~tan2(
24
Wing sweep effect on dCL/d
dCL 2 A
=
d tan 2 ( t / c )
2 + 4 + (A ) 1 +
2
= 1 M eff
2
M eff = M cos LE
25
Wing sweep at supersonic speeds
Winglets
26
Wing twist
Aerodynamic twist
Geometric twist
Wing twist
Aerodynamic twist
Geometric twist
27
Delta wings
AoA
Leading
Edge
eXtensions
28
LEX effect on lift coefficient
29
30