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Mg2+ O2 Na+ Cl
Mg2+ O2 Na+ Cl
O2 Mg2+ Cl Na+
oxide ion
[2]
Total / 5IGCSE
chemistry SET X (Ionic Bonding)
Na+ Cl
Cl Na+
Cl Na+
Na+ Cl
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Magnesium oxide, MgO, has a similar structure to sodium chloride. Suggest why
the melting point of magnesium oxide is higher than that of sodium chloride.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) Explain why magnesium oxide has a very high melting point.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why the melting point of magnesium oxide is much higher than that of
sodium chloride.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Draw the electronic structure of a magnesium ion and of an oxide ion.
magnesium ion
.....
...................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) Explain why solid sodium chloride will not conduct electricity but molten sodium chloride
will.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
Total / 6
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Structure)
A5 The structures of diamond, graphite and silicon carbide are shown below.
= carbon atom
= silicon atom
diamond graphite
Silicon carbide
(a) Suggest the formula for silicon carbide.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain why graphite conducts electricity but silicon carbide does not.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(i) Explain why silicon carbide has a very high melting point.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Suggest why the melting point of diamond is higher than that of silicon carbide.
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
A5 Chlorine forms some compounds that are covalent and others that are ionic.
(d) When a 1.20 g sample of graphite is completely burnt in oxygen, 4.40 g of carbon dioxide are
produced. What mass of carbon dioxide is made when a 1.20 g sample of diamond is completely
burnt in oxygen?
A2 Boron nitride, BN, exists in two physical forms. The structures of these forms are shown below.
Structure A Structure B
(a) Suggest why boron nitride with structure A can be used as a lubricant.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Suggest why boron nitride with structure B does not conduct electricity.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Suggest why boron nitride with structure B can be used in cutting tools and drill bits.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 5]
[2]
[Total: 4]
A6 Sodium is stored under oil because it rapidly oxidises to form sodium oxide, Na2O.
(a) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in sodium oxide, Na2O. You need only show
outer shell electrons.
[2]
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) 62 g of sodium oxide are used to make 2 dm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
What is the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution?
(a) Draw a dot-and cross-diagram to show how the outer shell electrons are arranged in methane.
(b) At a temperature of 5 C and a pressure of 26 atmospheres, methane combines with water and
forms an ice-like structure called methane hydrate.
Large quantities of methane hydrate have been found underground.
(i) Describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in solid methane hydrate.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii
..............................................................................................................................[1]
carbon atom
..............................................................................................................................[1]
38
(ii) One isotope of argon is 18 Ar.
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(e) Recently, chemists have been trying to attach atoms of transition elements to
buckminsterfullerene to make more efficient catalysts.
State two properties, other than catalysis, which distinguish transition elements from
other metals.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding, Acids & Electrolysis)
(b) Draw a dot and cross diagram for a molecule of hydrogen chloride.
Show all the electrons.
[2]
(c) Hydrochloric acid is formed when hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water.
Suggest the pH of hydrochloric acid.
Put a ring around the correct answer.
(d) Complete the equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with zinc.
(e) Describe how dry crystals of zinc chloride can be obtained from a solution of zinc
chloride.
[2]
[Total: 10]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Structure)
giant covalent
giant ionic
metallic
simple atomic
simple molecular
A B C D
K+ I K+ Ar Cl Cl Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
I Ar
Zn Zn Zn Zn
I K+ I K+ Ar Cl Cl Cl Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
Ar Cl
K +
I K+ I
Ar
Cl Cl
I K+ I K+
(i) Use the list to match these structures with the diagrams.
does conduct electricity because the ions are free to move. [2]
[Total: 7]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Structure, Bonding & Crude Oil)
carbon
atom
(a) (i) State one difference in structure between Buckminsterfullerene and diamond.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) State the type of bonding between the carbon atoms in diamond.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Coal is a fuel containing carbon.
When coal is burnt, carbon dioxide is produced. [
Explain how the increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmopshere affects the 2
worlds climate. ]
(b)
........................................................................................................................................... Ca
rbo
........................................................................................................................................... n
na
..................................................................................................................................... [2] not
ub
(f) Coal also contains small amounts of sulfur. es
are
Explain how burning coal leads to acid rain.
fifty
tim
...........................................................................................................................................
es
str
........................................................................................................................................... on
ger
..................................................................................................................................... tha
[2] ) The methane hydrate underground has not yet been extracted in large n
amounts. ste
When it is extracted, large volumes of methane are released. el.
U
Suggest two reasons why methane hydrate decomposes when it is extracted. s
e
................................................................................................................................... i
d
................................................................................................................................... e
a
...............................................................................................................................[2] s
a
(iii) Describe how the presence of methane in the atmosphere may affect the b
environment. o
u
................................................................................................................................... t
s
...............................................................................................................................[1] tr
u
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Structure & Metals) c
t
u
A4 In recent years scientists have made tube-shaped structures of carbon called nanotubes. r
e
a
n
d
b
o
n
d
carbon atom i
n
g
t
(a) State two differences between the structure of a carbon nanotube and the o
structure of diamond. s
u
.......................................................................................................................................... g
g
.......................................................................................................................................... e
s
...................................................................................................................................... t
why these nanotubes are so strong. was
.......................................................................................................................................... from
...................................................................................................................................... resp
[1]
plan
(c) Carbon nanotubes are good electrical conductors.
gase
(i) State the name of another form of carbon which can conduct electricity.
dige
..............................................................................................................................
[1] anim
s in
(g) Methane is a fuel.
gase
(i) Which one of the following is a natural source of methane?
Tick one box. fore
[1]
(ii) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the electrons in a molecule of methane, CH
4
.
Nam
Use e
for an electron from a carbon atom one
for an electron from a hydrogen atom othe
alka
ne.
...........................................................................................................................
.. [1
[1]
[Total: 13]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Structure, Electrolysis and Separating & Analysis)
7 The diagram shows the structures of calcium chloride, calcium and chlorine.
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Ca Ca Ca Ca
2+
Ca Ca2+
Ca Ca Ca Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Ca Ca Ca Ca Cl Cl
2+ 2+
Cl
Ca Ca Cl
(a) Use ideas about structure and bonding to explain the following:
(i) Calcium chloride conducts electricity when molten but not when solid.
[2]
..
[2]
water-cooled
steel cathode
calcium +
molten calcium
chloride
[1]
(iii) A stream of inert gas is blown over the calcium as it is removed from the molten
[2]
[1]
[Total: 12]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding)
2 Complete the following table.
electrical electrical
type of
particles present conductivity conductivity of example
structure
of solid liquid
[Total: 6]
calcium chloride.
Suggest why a stream of inert gas is blown over the hot calcium.
[1]
[1]
(c) Aqueous sodium hydroxide or aqueous ammonia can be used to test for calcium ions in
solution.
Describe the results of these tests
5 Strontium and sulphur chlorides both have a formula of the type XCl 2 but they have different
properties.
(a) The formulae of the chlorides are similar because both elements have a valency of 2.
Explain why Group II and Group VI elements both have a valency of 2.
[2]
(b) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one covalent
molecule of sulphur chloride.
Use x to represent an electron from a sulphur atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.
[3]
[1]
[1]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding)
2 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical properties of the six substances
A to F.
electrical
electrical conductor
o o conductor of
substance melting point / C boiling point / C at room
substance
temperature
dissolved in water
[1]
[1]
[1]
(vi)
Whi
ch
one
is an
impure substance? [1]
[1]
(a) Magnesium bromide is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram that shows the formula ofthe
the compound, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of outer electrons around
the negative ion. age
The electron distribution of a bromine atom is 2, 8, 18, 7.
t
bec
use
has
elec
Use x to represent an electron from a magnesium atom. ron
Use o to represent an electron from a bromine atom. [3]
(b) In the lattice of magnesium bromide, the ratio of magnesium ions to bromide ions is
1:2. Bro
ine
(i) Explain the term lattice. has
bee
bec
use
has
[2]
electro
ns.
(ii) Explain why the ratio of ions is 1:2. [4]
[Total
[1] : 10]
(iii) The reaction between magnesium and bromine is redox. Complete the sentences.
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding)
10 The physical properties of a substance are related to its structure and bonding.
(a) Look at this diagram. It shows part of the giant ionic lattice of magnesium oxide.
Mg2+ O2
O2 Mg2+
O2 Mg2+
Mg2+ O2
Explain why.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Look at this diagram. It shows the displayed formula of carbon dioxide.
O C O
[2]
(c)
Carbon dioxide has a low melting point.
Explain why.
structure
intermolecular forces.
...................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 5]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding)
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
xx
H N H
x
2.6.
You only need to show the electrons in the outer shell for oxygen.
[2]
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding)
10 Sodium chloride, NaCl, and magnesium oxide, MgO, are both ionic compounds.
(a) Look at the diagram. It shows the giant ionic structure of sodium chloride.
Na+ Cl
Cl Na+
Cl Na+
Na+ Cl
Describe how.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
Explain why.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
Explain why.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
The electronic structure for magnesium is 2.8.2 and for oxygen is 2.6.
[Total: 5]
Structured questions:
11.Classify the following compounds as either ionic or covalent, giving a reason for your
choice:
c Methane (CH4); 2
e Sand (SiO2); 2
f Iodine (I2); 2
g Sulphur (S8). 2
12 Show by using dot and cross diagram the bonding in these ionic substances. The proton
numbers of some elements are :
a Calcium chloride; 2
b Potassium sulphide; 2
c Calcium oxide; 2
d Magnesium fluoride; 2
e Sodium sulphide. 2
13. Show by using dot and cross diagrams the bonding in these covalent substances, given
the proton numbers:
C = 6, Cl = 17, N = 7, F = 9, H = 1
b Fluorine gas(F2) 2
c Tetrachloromethane (ClCl4); 2
14. Choose from the elements, sodium, oxygen, potassium, carbon, magnesium, chlorine,
f One pair that does not form a compound with each other. 2
15.Cesium (Cs) is an element in Group I of the Periodic Table.
16. a)
Complete the sodium fluoride lattice by inserting as sodium ion and x for a fluoride ion. 4
(b) Sodium fluoride (NaF) and magnesium oxide (MgO) have the same crystal shape and
structure with similar distances between their ions. However, the melting point of sodium
fluoride is 992oC but that of magnesium oxide is 2640oC. Can you explain why? 4
17.(a) complete the table below which shows the properties of various crystals. 10
(b) The relative molecular mass of sodium chloride (NaCl) and the relative molecular mass
of butane (C4H10) is approximately the same. However, the boiling point of sodium
chloride is more than 1000oC higher than butanes boiling point. Can you explain? 3
18.Complete all of the clues Across, so that you can find 1 Down which is a type of bonding.
8
Across:
1 Ionic compounds must be this to conduct electricity.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Questions:
1. a) What is meant by a covalent bond? How does this bond hold two atoms together? 4
b) Draw dots-and crosses diagrams to show the covalent bonding in: (i) methane, CH 4; (ii)
hydrogen sulphide, H2S; (iii) phosphine, PH3; (iv) silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4. 8
b) Ethene, C2H4 2
c) Ethanol, C2H5OH 2
3. a) What is meant by
i. An ions? 2
ii. An ionic bond? 2
b) In each of the following cases, write down the electronic structure of the original atoms
and then
explain (in words of diagrams) what happens when:
4.
a) A solid metal is often described as having an array of positive ions in a sea of
electrons. Write down the electronic structure of a magnesium atom and use it to
explain what this phrase means.
..
..
..
.. [4]
b) Metallic bonds are not fully broken until the metal has first melted and then boiled. The
boiling points of sodium, magnesium and aluminium are 890 oC, 1110oC and 2470oC,
respectively. What does this suggest about the strengths of the metallic bonds in these
three elements?
..
..
..
.. [4]
c) Find these three metals in the Periodic Table, and suggest why the boiling points show
this pattern.
..
..
..
.. [4]
d) Assuming that an electric current is simply a flow of electrons, suggest why all these
elements are good conductors of electricity.
..
..
.. [3]
5. The table bellow gives details of the boiling temperatures of some substances made up of
covalent molecules. Arrange these substances in increasing order of the strength of their
intermolecular attractions.
Boiling point(oC)
Ammonia -33
Ethanamide 221
Ethanol 78.5
Hydrogen -253
Phosphorus trifluoride -101
water 100
6. Boron and Aluminium both are in Group 3 of the periodic Table. Both form compounds with
fluorine (BF3 and AlF3). Usually for elements found in the same group of the Periodic Table,
their compounds are bonded differently. BF 3 is covalent, whereas AlF3 is a straightforward
ionic compound.
a) Draw a diagram to show the covalent bonding in BF 3. 2
b) Explain, using diagrams or otherwise, the origin of the ionic boding in AlF 3. 4
1.
a) Draw simple diagrams to show the structures of diamond and graphite. 4
b) Choose any one physical property where diamond and graphite have similar
characteristics, and two physical properties where they are different. Use your
diagrams to explain the similarity and the differences. 4
2.
a) Most metals are malleable and ductile. Explain what happens to the particles in a metal
when it is subjected to a large stress. 2
b) State any other physical property of metals, and explain how it arises from the metallic
structure. 2
c) Alloys are mixtures of metals. Explain why an alloy is usually harder than the individual
metals that make up. 3
3.
a) Explain why sodium chloride a) has a high melting point; b) has brittle crystals; c) is
soluble in water. 6
4. Decide what sort of structure each of the following substances is most likely to have. You
can choose between giant metallic structure, giant covalent structure, giant ionic
structure, molecular structure.
c) Substance C is a yellow solid with a low melting point of 113 oC. It doesnt conduct
electricity and is insoluble in water. 1
d) Substance D forms brittle orange crystals which melt at 398 oC. D dissolves freely in
water to give an orange solution. 1
g) Substance G is a silvery solid which melts at 660 oC. It is used in overhead power
cables. 1
h) Substance H is a glassy solid which melts at 450 oC and boils at 1860oC. It doesnt
conduct electricity even when molten, but reacts very slowly with water. 1
5. Look back at the structure of silicon dioxide, SiO 2. Silicon-Oxygen bonds are strong.
a) Would you expect silicon dioxide to be a solid, liquid or gas? Explain your answer. 3
b) Would you expect silicon dioxide to be hard or soft? Explain your answer. 3
c) Silicon dioxide doesnt react with water, but would you expect silicon dioxide to
dissolve in water? Explain answer. 3