Muhammad Shafiq Mat Shayuti

X-mas trees: Control & regulate flow

Wellheads: Support casing

Chrismast Tree - Well head, Single
Composite Tree
 A Christmas Tree is an assembly of valves, spools, and fittings
used for an oil well, gas well, water injection well, water
disposal well, gas injection well, condensate well, and other
types of wells. It is named for its resemblance to a decorate
tree at Christmas.
Many times, the words Christmas Tree and Wellhead are
used interchangeably; however, a wellhead and christmas tree
are entirely separate pieces of equipment.
A wellhead must be present in order to utilize a Christmas tree
and is used without a Christmas tree during drilling
operations. Producing surface wells that require pumps (pump
jacks, nodding donkeys, etc.) frequently do not utilize any tree
due to no pressure containment requirement.
 Tree complexity has increased over the last few decades. They
are frequently manufactured from blocks of steel containing
multiple valves rather than made from multiple flanged valves.
The primary function of a tree is to control the flow into or out
of the well, usually oil or gas.
A tree often provides numerous additional functions including
chemical injection points, well intervention means, pressure relief
means (such as annulus vent), tree and well monitoring points
(such as pressure, temperature, corrosion, erosion, sand
detection, flow rate, flow composition, valve and choke position
feedback, connection points for devices such as down hole
pressure and temperature transducer (DHPT).
 On producing wells, injection of chemicals or alcohols or oil distillates
to prevent and or solve production problems (such as blockages) may
be used.

A tree may also be used to control the injection of gas or water

injection application on a producing or non-producing well in order to
sustain economic "production" volumes of gas from other well(s) in the
area (field).

The control system attached to the tree controls the downhole safety
valve (scssv, dhsv, sssv) while the tree acts as an attachment and
conduit means of the control system to the down hole safety valve.
 There are five valves namely the Kill Wing valve, the Swab
valve, the production wing valve, the upper master valve and
lower master valve.

When the operator, well, and facilities are ready to produce

and receive oil or gas, valves are opened and the release of
the formation fluids is allowed to flow into and through a
pipeline. It is important to understand where these valves are
located and what role they play in getting gas from the well
bore to the customer.
 The two lower valves are called the master valves (upper and
lower respectively) because they lie in the flow path, which well
fluids must take to get to surface.

The lower master valve will normally be manually operated,

while the upper master valve is often hydraulically actuated.

Hydraulic tree wing valves are usually built to be fail safe

closed, meaning they require active hydraulic pressure to stay
open.
 The right hand valve is often called the flow wing valve or the
production wing valve, because it is in the flow path the hydrocarbons
take to production facilities.

The left hand valve is often called the kill wing valve. It is primarily
used for injection of fluids such as corrosion inhibitors or methanol to
prevent hydrate formation.

The valve at the top is called the swab valve and lies in the path
used for well interventions likewireline and coiled tubing.

A Choke is a device, either stationary or adjustable, used to:

control the gas flow, also known as volume
or create downstream pressure, also known as back pressure
 Scope

Repair & Design &

Remanufacture Performance

Equipment
Spec. Materials
Requirement

Storing
& Welding
Shipping

Equipment Quality
Marking Control
 Equivalent to ISO 10423
This International Standard specifies requirements and gives
recommendations for the performance, dimensional and
functional interchangeability, design, materials, testing,
inspection, welding, marking, handling, storing, shipment,
purchasing, repair and remanufacture of wellhead and
christmas tree equipment for use in the petroleum and natural
gas industries.
Applied for Wellhead equipment, Connectors and fittings,
Casing and tubing hangers, Valves and chokes, Loose connectors
[flanged, threaded, other end connectors (OEC), and welded,
actuators, etc.
 This International Standard establishes requirements for five
product specification levels. These five PSL designations define
different levels of technical quality requirements. Annex A
provides guidelines (not requirements) for selecting an
acceptable PSL.
PSL Description
PSL 1 includes practices currently being implemented by a broad spectrum of the industry for service
conditions recommended in this Annex A.
PSL 2 includes all the requirements of PSL 1 plus additional practices currently being implemented
by a broad spectrum of the industry for a specific range of service conditions as described in
this Annex A.
PSL 3 includes all the requirements of PSL 2 plus additional practices currently being implemented
by a broad spectrum of the industry for a specific range of service conditions as described in
this Annex A.
PSL 3G includes all the requirements of PSL 3 plus additional practices currently being implemented
by a broad spectrum of the industry for a specific range of service conditions as described in
this Annex A. The designation PSL 3G is only utilized in those clauses and tables where
necessary to define the additional gas-testing requirements of equipment that can be gas-
tested.
PSL 4 includes all the requirements of PSL 3G plus certain additional requirements and is intended
for applications that exceed the service conditions usually identified within the scope of this
International Standard, and is normally only used for primary equipment.
 Figure A.3 on the next slide shows the recommended specification
level for primary equipment. Primary equipment of a wellhead
assembly includes as a minimum:
tubing head;
tubing hanger;
tubing head adapter;
lower master valve.
All other wellhead parts are classified as secondary. The specification
level for secondary equipment may be the same as or less than the
level for primary equipment.
The selection of PSL should be based on a quantitative risk analysis
which is a formal and systematic approach to identifying potentially
hazardous events, and estimating the likelihood and consequences to
people, environment and resources, of accidents developing from
these events.
 Equipment shall be designed to operate at only the following
maximum rated working pressures:
 Flanges specified in this International Standard are to be
designed in accordance with design criteria and
methods originally developed by API.
 Design of end and outlet hub connections (16B and 16BX) used
on equipment specified in this International Standard shall
conform to the material and dimensional requirements of ISO
13533.
 Clamps meeting the requirements of ISO 13533 are
acceptable for installation on equipment specified in this
International Standard with integral hubs meeting the
requirements of ISO 13533.
 Casing hangers, tubing hangers, back-pressure valves, lock
screws and stems shall be designed to satisfy the manufacturer's
documented performance characteristics and service conditions
as in 4.2. The manufacturer shall specify methods to be used in
design which are consistent with accepted engineering practices.
 Other end connectors, bodies and bonnets that utilize standard
materials (in designs other than those specified in this
International Standard) shall be designed in accordance with
one or more of the following methods. Standard materials are
those materials whose properties meet or exceed the
requirements of Table 5.
Other end connectors, bodies and bonnets that utilize non-
standard materials shall be designed in accordance with the
requirements of 4.3.3.6. Non-standard materials are materials
with specified minimum yield strength in excess of 517 MPa (75
000 psi) that do not meet the ductility requirements of Table 5
for standard 75K materials.
 In the event stress levels calculated by the methods in 4.3.3.2 to
4.3.3.6 exceed the allowable stresses, other methods identified
by the manufacturer shall be used to justify these stresses.
Fatigue analysis and localized bearing stress values are
beyond the scope of this International Standard.
1. ASME method
2. Theory of constant energy of distortion
3. Experimental stress analysis (Experimental stress analysis as
described in ASME, Section VIII, Division 2, Appendix 6 may
be used as an alternative method to those described in
4.3.3.2 and 4.3.3.3.)
4. Design qualification by proof test (As an alternative to the
analytical methods, the pressure rating of equipment may be
determined by the use of a hydrostatic test at elevated
pressure)
5. Non-standard materials design requirements
 This clause describes the material performance, processing and
compositional requirements for bodies, bonnets, end and outlet
connections, hub end connectors, hangers, back-pressure valves, bull
plugs, valve-removal plugs, wear bushings, pressure-boundary
penetrations and ring gaskets. Other pressure-containing and
pressure controlling parts shall be made of materials that satisfy 5.2
and the design requirements of Clause 4.
All material requirements in this clause apply to carbon steels, low-
alloy steels and martensitic stainless steels (other than precipitation-
hardening types). Other alloy systems (including precipitation-
hardening stainless steels) may be used provided they satisfy the
requirements of this clause and the design requirements of Clause 4.
The manufacturer's written specified requirements for metallic materials for bodies, bonnets,
end and outlet connections, stems, valve bore sealing mechanisms, back-pressure valves,
bullplugs and valve-removal plugs and mandrel hangers shall define the following along with
acceptlreject criteria:

a) for PSL 1:
I. mechanical property requirements;
II. material qualification;
III. heat-treatment procedure including cycle time, quenching practice and temperatures with
tolerances and
IV. cooling media;
V. material composition with tolerances;
VI. NDE requirements.

b) for PSL 2 to PSL 4:

I. The requirements for PSL 2 to PSL 4 are identical to the requirements for PSL 1. In addition:
II. allowable melting practice(s);
III. forming practice(s), including hot-working and cold-working practices;
IV. heat-treating equipment calibration.
Bodies, bonnets, end and outlet connections
a) Tensile property requirements
All bodies, bonnets, end and outlet connections shall be fabricated from
standard or non-standard materials as specified in Table 4. Standard materials
shall meet the applicable properties shown in Table 5. Non-standard material
shall conform to the manufacturer's written specification. The specification shall
include minimum requirements for tensile strength, yield strength, elongation,
reduction of area, toughness and hardness applicable for the specific alloy. All
non-standard materials shall exceed a 75K minimum yield strength and meet a
minimum of 15 % elongation and 20 % reduction of area.
b) Impact toughness requirements
Impact toughness shall conform to the requirements of Table 6. If sub-size
specimens are used, the Charpy V-notch impact requirements shall be equal to
that of the 10 mm x 10 mm specimens multiplied by the adjustment factor listed
in Table 7. Sub-size specimens shall not be used for PSL 4.
 Requirements are established in four groups as follows:
a) Non-pressure-containing weldments other than weld overlays: PSL 1 to PSL 3.

b) Pressure-containing fabrication weldments for bodies, bonnets, and end and

outlet connections, bullplugs, valve-removal plugs and back-pressure valves: PSL
1 to PSL 3.

c) Pressure-containing repair weldments for bodies, bonnets, and end and outlet
connections, bullplugs, valveremoval plugs and back-pressue valves: PSL 1 to
PSL 3.

d) Weld overlay for corrosion resistance and/or hard facing and other material
surface property controls: PSL 1 to PSL4.
 This clause specifies the quality control requirements and quality
control record requirements for equipment and material
manufactured to meet this International Standard.
 Equipment shall be marked on the exterior surface as specified
in Table 27. Marking shall contain the designation ISO 10423,
the temperature rating, material class, product specification
level, performance requirement level, date of manufacture
(month and year), and manufacturer's name or mark. Other
marking shall be as specified in Tables 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
33 and 34. Marking for features that do not exist on a product
is not applicable.
 Spells out requirements when storing and shipping, some
dependent of PSL.
 As per the document.
 Requirements for repair and remanufacture are specified in
Annex J.