Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
28 30 September 2015
MS 1525:2014
Code of Practice on
Energy Efficiency and
Use of Renewable
Energy for Non-
Residential Buildings
(2nd Revision)
MS1525-2014
Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) System
What is Comfort?
Definition:
A State of Ease and Contentment
A satisfying and enjoyable experience
The feeling of comfort is clearly subjective.
1 F
1 ton = 12,000 Btu/Hr.
RISE
= 3.517 kWr
1 lb
1 Btu
Latent Heat
Total Heat = Sensible Heat + Latent Heat
212 F
212 F
Not measured on
a thermometer
Change of State
Principles of Refrigeration
The science of refrigeration is based upon the fact that a liquid can
be vapourised at any desired temperature by changing the pressure
on it.
Liquids boiling at low temperatures (Refrigerants) are the most
desirable medium for removing heat.
The large quantities of heat is absorbed when liquid is evaporated
(Changed to vapour).
Refrigeration Cycle
The refrigeration can be obtained by use of
the refrigerants.
When the liquid refrigerants are allowed to
expose to the atmosphere, it evaporates and
refrigeration can be obtained.
To make use of the vaporised refrigerant
over and over again it is necessary to use
the devices like evaporator, compressor and
condenser.
Four Components Are Required
4. Pressure/
flow control 2. Vapor
valve pump
Section 1 Introduction
Composition of Dry Air
1%
21%
78%
Air + Vapor
Mechanical Mixture
Relative Humidity
wb dp
F
db F
100 gr
wb dp
F
db F
55 67 95
Enthalpy Scale
hs = Enthalpy at saturation
hs = 27.5 Btu/lb
wb dp
F
db F
Psychrometric Chart
Enthalpy Specific
Volume
Relative
Wet Bulb Temperature Humidity
Dew Point Specific
Temperature Humidity
wb dp
F
db F Dry Bulb
Temperature
Air Conditioning Processes
1. Sensible Heating
2. Sensible Cooling
3. Humidification
4. Dehumidification
5. Cooling and Humidification
(Evaporative Cooling)
6. Cooling and
Dehumidification
7. Heating and
Humidification
8. Heating and
Dehumidification
wb dp
F
db F
Sensible Heat
qs 1.10 cfm t
db - Changes
wb - Changes
68% rh
dp - Constant 24% rh
gr - Constant
COOLING
HEATING 52 gr
wb dp
F 90 60 = 30
db F t
60 90
Sensible Heat Change
Latent Heat
q l 0.69 cfm grains
wb - Changes
dp - Changes
68% rh
gr - Changes 24% rh
89 gr
Condensation
db - Constant
Evaporation
Latent
grains Heat
89 30 = 60 Change
wb dp
30 gr
F
db F
75
Total Heat
qt qs ql
Cooling
89 gr
Condensation
Evaporation
Latent
Grains
Heat
Change
t 30 gr
wb dp
F
Heating
db F
75 95
Sensible Heat Change
Using Enthalpy to Determine Total Heat
Removed
Latent Heat
1.7
Sensible Heat
5.0
wb dp
F
db F
55 75
Total Capacity or Load Formula
GTH = 4.5 cfm h
Where:
GTH = Grand Total Heat
4.5 = Constant
cfm = cubic feet per minute
h = Difference in enthalpy from
air entering to air leaving
conditions
AIR SIDE
1. Sensible Cooling = 1.08 x cfm x T ( F )
2. Latent Cooling = 0.68 x cfm x W
3. Total Cooling = 4.45 x cfm x H
1+2=3
WATER SIDE
Total Cooling = 500 x USgpm x T ( F )
Water Side
Total Cooling Capacity ( Btu/hr)
= 500 x USgpm x Temp. ( F )
1 ton = 3,517KW = 12,000 Btu/hr
= 500 x USgpm x Temp. (F)
Velocity
cfm / face area
Fins
Rows Refrigerant
Temperature
Chilled Water Cooling Coil
Az = Zone floor area: the net occupiable floor area of the zone
m2 ( ft2)
Pz = zone population: the largest number of people expected
to occupy the zone during typical usage.
Rp = outdoor airflow rate required per person as determined
from Table 6-1
Ra = outdoor airflow rate required per unit area as determined
from Table 6-1
Ventilation Rate Procedure
People Component Building Component
Outdoor Air
Ventilation
Rate for
Breathing
Zone
Vbz = RpPd + RbAb
Minimum Number of Minimum Building
cfm/Person
x People + x
cfm/sq ft Area
ASHRAE Std 62.1-2013 Ventilation For
Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Office
Buildings
Office
Space 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 5 17 8.5
Reception
areas 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 30 7 3.5
TABLE 6-1 MINIMUM VENTILATION RATES IN BREATHING ZONE
Safety Margin
Recommended
Thermal Discomfort by ASHRAE Microbial Growth
Standard 62.1-2007
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Indoor Relative Humidity, %
3.1) WRAC
WRACs are factory-made assemblies that normally
include an evaporator or cooling coil and a
compressor-condenser combination
Outdoor air
Condensing Unit
Air Cooled Split Units (ACSUs)
Ceiling Exposed
Air Cooled Split Units
Pressure drop
Oil return to compressor
Compressor protection
- understand the limitation of equivalent piping length
and diameter.
- double suction riser or oil separator.
Sizing pipe diameter for suction and Liquid
line
For Refrigerant Piping Design, pipe
diameter depends on :
i.) Refrigerant used eg. R-22 ( HCFC 22 ),R-134a
or other HFCs.
ii.) Pipe length and height ( pressure drop)
iii.) Piping material used and thickness
iv.) No. of bends, elbows, etc
CHART 16 SUCTION LINES COPPER TUBING
REFRIG. 22
40/105
For Pressure Drop Corresponding to 2F
500
400
300
150 285"
EQUIVALENT LENGTH (FT)
281"
183" 185"
181"
100
7"
80 8
60 5"
8
50
40
1"
2
30
Office Restaurant
3.2) ACSUs : Fresh Air Intake ?
Ranges Capacity
Small 1.0 6 hp
Medium 7.5 25 hp
Large 28.0 100 hp
- WC Packaged
- Typ. Capacity range
from 20 100 Hp
- Floor Standing
Typical kw / ton around 1.0- 1.2 kw/ton
Air-cooled Chiller
20 100RT for Scroll
70 500 RT for Screw
Typical Efficiency
range 1.1 1.3 kw/ton
Applications :
Retail, Commercial,
Industrial & Government
evaporator air-cooled
condenser
expansion
Chilled Water Loop device
Airside Loop (CHWP, Piping & Refrigeration Loop
(AHU & Air Duct) Cooling Coil) (Air-cooled Chiller)
Water-cooled Chiller
20 100RT for Scroll
70 400RT for Screw
100 2500 RT
Typical Efficiency
range 0.5 0.7 kw/ton
Applications :
Retail, Commercial,
Industrial & Govt.
Buildings
80F
(26.7C) 54F 50F 110F 97F
(12.2C) (10C)(43.3C) (36.1C)
condenser
pump
Chilled Water Loop Refrigeration Loop Condenser Water Loop
Airside Loop (CHWP, Piping &
(AHU & Air Duct) (Water-cooled Chiller) (CWP, Piping & Cooling Tower)
Cooling Coil)
Conventional chilled water system
44F
[6.7C]
54F
[12.2C]
3-way valve
Primary-Secondary Configuration
primary
pumps
Variable
secondary
production pump
loop
distribution
loop
two-way valve
Variable-Primary-Flow Systems
Variable-flow
pumps
check
valves
control
valve
two-way
valve
optional bypass
with three-way valve
Type of Chiller Compressors
(Hermetic or Semi-Hermetic)
Scroll
Reciprocating
Helical-Rotary
Screw Centrifugal
Compressor
Variable Speed Chillers Screw or
Centrifugal ( Inverter )
Good variable Part Load Value
for 4-season areas.
Low Ambient
5m Actual
piping length
165 m m
90 m
40 m
15 m
FLEXIBLE PIPING DESIGN
Maximum total piping length 1000m
Actual Pipe length
165m Max
Maximum actual piping length 165m
Offices
Hotels/Condos
Serviced Apts.
Schools
SOHO/VOHO
3.6 ) Variable Refrigerant System
High external
static pressure
fan
78.4 Pa E.S.P.
DX versus Chilled Water
Major factors Affecting the Decision
Installed Cost
Energy Consumption
Type of Application
Space Requirements
Building Aesthetics
System Capacity
Centralized Maintenance
Stability of Control
Redundancy
Air-Cooled vs Water-Cooled
Air-cooled Water-cooled
Sound Level
Pressure Drop
Weight
No. of Refrigerant Circuit
Types of Condenser
Types of Evaporator
Water Connection
Electrical Supply
TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
CONDENSER
- Condenser ( Air Cooled )
- Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger
- Tube in Tube
- Cleanable Shell and Tube
COOLER
- Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger
- Cleanable Shell and Tube
Refrigeration DX Evaporators
Single circuit evaporator
KW/Ton = 36.77/350,000/12000
= 1.26 KW/Ton
HEPA or tertiaary
filter
Primary panel
filter
Secondary
filter
Typical Energy Usage in a Commercial Building in
Hot/Humid climates
Variable Frequency
Other Drive (VFD)/
Lighting Equipment
DHW 10% 15% Variable Speed Drive
12% (VSD)/ Speed
Controller
-Improve comfort levels
-Reduce operating costs,
VFD/VSD Applications
Pa System Resistance
Fan Total Pressure Pt
a Curve
Energy saving
Pb
b
Qb Qa
Air Flow Q
2
Static Pressure2 Air Flow2
=
Static Pressure1 Air Flow1
Static Pressure is proportional to (Fan/Pump Speed)2
e.g
3
Input Power2 =
Air Flow2 80% speed
Input Power1 Air Flow1 Input power
Input Power is proportional to (Fan/Pump Speed)3 = (0.8x0.8x0.8)
w/o system effect = 0.51 or 51%
Air Distribution System Supply Fan Basics
System
Components:
1. VAV Box
2. Zone Thermostat
3. Air Diffuser
4. Return Grille
5. Duct Static Pressure
Sensor
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
6. Supply Fan VFD
7. AHU
8. Supply Duct
Air Distribution System
VFD/VSD Application - Supply Fan Basics
is provided
T
The conditioned space receives Supply
Design air flow at all times Fan
Sensor may be in
return air duct.
However, for large single zone CAV
systems, its possible to convert them
to single zone VAV systems
Air Distribution System
systems
Features to consider :
120
80 Category C3 (A2)up
C3 100A (EN55011 A2 Up to 100Amp) to 100 amps
70
60 Category C2 (A1)
C2 (EN55011 Class A1) (End user responsibility)
50
Category C1 (B1)
40
C1 ( EN55011 Class B1) (manufacturer
responsibility)
30 (Domestic, Commercial,
hospital, bank , airport
20 etc)
10
6/11
0
0.15 1.0 10.0 30.0
MHz
Harmonic Mitigation
Techniques for Drives
Passive solutions E.G:: Active solutions E.G::
///
Basic Active filter & Low Harmonic Drive
Passive Harmonic incorporating active filter
12-pulse Filters 18-pulse
+20%
d ///
D D 0%
y -20%
85F 87F
[29.4C] [30.6C]
AHRI Malaysia
54F 54F
[12.2C] [12.2C]
conditions Conditions
evaporator 2.4 gpm/ton evaporator 2.4 gpm/ton
flow rate [0.043 L/s/kW] flow rate [0.043 L/s/kW]
condenser 3.0 gpm/ton condenser 3.0 gpm/ton
flow rate [0.054 L/s/kW] flow rate [0.054 L/s/kW]
Chiller Part Load Performance
IPLV / NPLV =____________1____________
0.01 + 0.42 + 0.45 + 0.12
A B C D
Where : A = KW/Ton at 100% , B = KW/Ton at 75 %
5%
C = KW/Ton at 50 % , D = KW/Ton at 25 %
12%
25% Load 100% Load
50% Load 1%
75% Load
42%
1-149
Full Load Vs Part Load
Both Full Load and Part Load Efficiency can be
important.
Full Load - Design Based On Consultant
Calculation. (With or Without diversity factor)
80F
(26.7C) 54F 50F 110F 97F
(12.2C) (10C)(43.3C) (36.1C)
condenser
pump
Chilled Water Loop Refrigeration Loop Condenser Water Loop
Airside Loop (CHWP, Piping &
(AHU & Air Duct) (Water-cooled Chiller) (CWP, Piping & Cooling Tower)
Cooling Coil)
MS 2449:2012
Performance
rating of water-
chilling packages
using the vapor
compression cycle
Included in AHRI STD Certification Program for 50 Hz
Electrical Power
80F
(26.7C) 54F 50F 110F 97F
(12.2C) (10C)(43.3C) (36.1C)
condenser
pump
Chilled Water Loop Refrigeration Loop Condenser Water Loop
Airside Loop (CHWP, Piping &
(AHU & Air Duct) (Water-cooled Chiller) (CWP, Piping & Cooling Tower)
Cooling Coil)
Minimum Baseline:
MS 1525:2014
Energy Efficiency and
Use of Renewable
Energy for Non-
Residential Buildings
Code of practice ( 2nd
Revision)
8. Air-conditioning and mechanical
ventilation (ACMV) system
105 kWr and < 530 kWr(150RT) 2.79 1.26 3.20 1.10 2.79 1.26 3.66 0.96
Air cooled, with
condenser
530 kWr and < 1060
2.79 1.26 3.35 1.05 2.79 1.26 3.74 0.94
kWr(300RT)
1060 kWr(300RT) 2.79 1.26 3.35 1.05 2.79 1.26 3.74 0.94
(< 260 kWr) (< 75RT) 4.34 0.81 4.14 0.85 4.51 0.78 5.58 0.63
Water cooled,
positive > 260 < 530 kWr(150RT) 4.34 0.81 4.14 0.85 4.51 0.78 5.67 0.62
Displacement
(Reciprocating, 530 kWr and < 1060
4.95 0.71 4.45 0.79 5.17 0.68 6.06 0.58
Scroll, Rotary kWr(300RT)
Screw)
1060 kWr(300RT) 5.41 0.65 4.82 0.73 5.67 0.62 6.51 0.54
< 1060 kWr(300RT) 5.33 0.66 5.02 0.70 5.58 0.63 5.86 0.60
Water cooled,
Centrifugal 1060 kWr(300 to 600 RT) 5.86 0.60 5.41 0.65 6.06 0.58 6.39 0.55
> 600 RT 5.96 0.59 5.58 0.63 6.17 0.57 6.51 0.54
NOTES :
1 Tested at Malaysian Chilled Water and Condenser Water Temperatures
Supply Air
AHU
Fresh Air
Damper Actuator
Type of Flow Meters
Qualities
Obstruction free
No moving parts
Wide flow range
Virtually no maintenance
Minimal installation requirements
Typical accuracy at 0.25% and 0.5%
Full BMS Integration
Measures the velocities across the pipe When an electrical conductor is
line cross section
moved at velocity, perpendicular to
Insensitivity to viscosity, specific
gravity, temperature and pressure the lines of flux through a
Respond well to fast changing flows magnetic field of strength, the
Lower life-cycle costs voltage is induced at the ends of
the conductor
Type of Flow Meters
Obstruction free
No moving parts
Wide flow range
Virtually no maintenance
Sensitive to pipe elbows and
control valves
Respond well to fast changing
flows
Measuring Principle Full BMS Integration
Acoustic flow measuring procedures like
the ultrasonic-flow measurement use Low Cost of Ownership on larger
sound waves above the hearing barrier, pipe (>DN300)
i.e.> 20 kHz for speed and flow
measurement. The velocity and direction
of the sound rays change due to the
transport of the sound waves in the fluid.
With the transit time procedure, the time
is measured in which a sound wave takes
to get around path 1. I.e. point A, the
Energy Monitoring Complete BTU meter of
Ultrasonic Type
Bacnet, M-bus,
Modbus, Lonworks
network application
all available.
Flow Meter
Energy Calculator
PT 1000
PT 1000
At least 5 x Di upstream
Minimum 2 x Di downstream min 10
min 5 xxDDi i min 3 x Di
At least 10 x Di
upstream
Minimum 3 x Di
downstream
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
EE HVAC Strategies
EE HVAC Strategies
Non Chemical
Water Treatment System
-Condenser water side
-Chilled water side
Auto Condenser Tube Cleaning System
Cleaning of condenser tube automatically
- eliminate manual cleaning
212
Benefits
Optimal heat transfer in the cooling system
Reduce electricity consumption
Reduce costly equipment downtimes
Lessen the usage of chemical
Extend tube life by removing corrosive
deposits
Eliminate high cleaning cost (mechanical
& chemical) in tubes
wonderball_newtemplate_20071212
213
Chilled Water System - Air/Dirt Separator/Vacuum Degasser
AIR IN
WATER
Free air
3 FORMS!
Microbubbles
Dissolved air
DIRT IN WATER:
HOW DOES DIRT ENTER A SYSTEM?
During installation
Sand
Splinters of material
Welding grain
Insufficient flushing
During operation
Quality of (re)fill water
Scale
Corrosion products
DIRT RELATED PROBLEMS
can be dissolved!
0 ml / ltr (0 l / m3)
Temperature (C)
HOW DOES VACUM DEAERATION WORK?
VACUUM DEAERATION IN THEORY
Removed air
Minimum level
On
80F
(26.7C) 54F 50F 110F 97F
(12.2C) (10C) (43.3C) (36.1C)
condenser
Isolation
Valves
Control
Valves
Primary Pumps
(Constant Speed)
225
Chilled Water System: Direct or Reverse
Return
DBCV - DYNAMIC BALANCING CONTROL
VALVE
PICV PRES. INDEPENDENT CONTROL
VALVE
Design
Pressure Independent
Control
Automatic balancing
Commissioning
By interception, impingement
diffusion & straining, particles are
blocked as they enter the filters
230
Media Pre Filter, 20%
231
Media Bag Filter 85% to 90% efficiency
232
High pressure drop!
Electrostatic Air Cleaners
8.2 KVDC 4.1 KVDC
233
Electronic Air Cleaner
Advanced Air Filtration System
Electrostatic Air Filters
Particles sizes down to 0.01 micron
Minimal clogging
Low pressure drop
Low maintenance cost
236
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP)
HCFC
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
HFC - Hydrofluorocarbons
1-238
TYPE OF REFRIGERANTS
CFC HCFC HFC HFO
R-11 R-22 R-134a HFO1234fy
R-12 R-123 R404A HFO1233zd(E)
R-13 R-401A R-407C
R-500 R-401B R-410A
R-502 R-402A R-507 Natural Refrigerant
R-503 R-402B FM200
R-290 ( HC 290 )
R-408A CO2
R-409A NH3
Water
N2 Clean agent
Argon Clean agent
Refrigerant Issue-
Environmental Impact
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
CFC-11 CFC-12 HCFC-22 HCFC-123 HFC-134a HFC- HFC- HFC-245fa
410A 407C
1-245
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
12000
10000
GWP (CO2 = 1.0)
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
CFC-11 CFC-12 HCFC-22 HCFC-123 HFC-134a HFC- HFC- HFC-245fa
410A 407C
1-246
Atmospheric Life (Years)
100
80
60
Years
40
20
0
CFC-11 CFC-12 HCFC-22 HCFC-123 HFC-134a HFC- HFC- HFC-245fa
410A 407C
*Atmospheric life of the R-125 component for R-410A, and R-407C blends
1-247
REFRIGERANT LEAKAGE DETECTION
Good Practice
installed in Chiller plant rooms to have early detection
of refrigerant gas leaks and sound an alarm.
minimize risk and protect the safety of mechanical room
personnel and the environment
Auto Refrigerant Leakage Detection and Recovery
System
Whats Green Building?
USEPA- practice of creating structures and
using processes that are environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient throughout a
buildings lifecycle from design ,
construction,operation , maintenance,
renovation and even deconstruction.
- Sustainable or High-Performance building
Canada
LEED Canada
BREEAM Canada UK
Green Globe BREEAM
Korea
Italy
GBTool
USA Protocollo China Japan
LEED ITACA CASBEE
Energy Star India Hong Kong
Green Globe LEED-India HK-BEAM
Malaysia Taiwan
Brazil GBI
GBTool Singapore
Green Mark
Australia
Green Star
Australia: Nabers / Green Star
Brazil: AQUA / LEED Brasil
Canada: LEED Canada / Green Globes
China: GBAS
Finland: PromisE
France: HQE
Germany: DGNB / CEPHEUS
Hong Kong: HKBEAM
India: GRIHA
Italy: Protocollo Itaca / Green Building Counsil Italia
Malaysia: GBI Malaysia
Mexico: LEED Mexico
Netherlands: BREEAM Netherlands
New Zealand: Green Star NZ
Philippines: BERDE / Philippine Green Building Council
Portugal: Lider A
Singapore: Green Mark
South Africa: Green Star SA
Spain: VERDE
Switzerland: Minergie
United States: LEED / Living Building Challenge / Green Globes /
Build it Green / NAHB NGBS
United Kingdom: BREEAM
United Arab Emirates: Estidama
GLOBAL GREEN TOOLS
1. BREEAM, UK Building Research Establishment
Environmental Assessment Method (1990)
2. LEED, USA Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (1996)
3. BEAM, Hong Kong Building Environment Assessment
Method (2003)
4. EEWH, Taiwan Green Building Evaluation System (2003)
5. Green Star, Australia/New Zealand (2003)
6. CASBEE, Japan Comprehensive Assessment System for
Building Environmental Efficiency (2004)
7. Green Mark, Singapore (2005)
8. Green Building Index, Malaysia (2009)
9. Greenship, Indonesia (2010)
GBI : An Integrated Design Approach
Owner
/User Architect
FM Service
Provider
Civil
Commisiong Engineer
Specialist
Working Mechanical
Energy together Engineer
Consultant to achieve
Goals
Electrical
GBIF Engineer
Vendors
Contractor Sub-cons
Quantity Landscape
Surveyor Architect
Sustainable Buildings Are Valuable
Climate and culture set the requirements for
building and buildings services design.
Technical solutions should not be copied
directly between different climate zone or
cultures as his may lead to unsustainability.
1 Energy Efficiency
2 Indoor Environmental Quality
3 Sustainable Site Planning & Management
4 Material & Resources
5 Water Efficiency
6 Innovation
1. Energy Efficiency
2. Indoor Environmental Quality
3. Sustainable Site & Management
4. Materials & Resources
5. Water Efficiency
6. Innovation
Building Energy Intensity
BEI 250 200 - 220 150 - 180 120 - 150 100- 120 <100
kWh/m2/yr
Energy Base 10 - 20 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 > 60
Savings % line
Incremental
constructn Base
line 0 3% 1% 4% 3% - 7% 5% - 10% 8% - 15%
cost %
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