Induction Course for new M&E Engineers

28 30 September 2015

Air Conditioning and

Mechanical Ventilation Systems

Ir. Ng Yong Kong

Director
NYK Engineering and Trading Sdn Bhd

Induction
 Course for new M & E Engineers on
Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation

Ir. NG YONG KONG, P.Eng., GBIF, MASHRAE

Email: nyk@nyk.com.my
Tel: +6012 201 9319
1. HVAC Design Books & References Rules & Regulations
2. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
Basics
2.1 Introduction to Air Conditioning
2.2 Principles of Refrigeration
2.3 Psychrometrics
2.4 Cooling Load Estimation and software
2.5 Refrigerant issue

3. Air-Conditioning Systems & Energy Efficiency

3.1 Room air conditioners (RAC)
3.2 Split units
3.3 Air cooled packaged units
 3.4 Water cooled packaged units
3.5 Chilled water system
3.6 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)
3.7 Other systems & EE System Design

4. Air & Water Distribution and Human Comfort

5. Equipment and Selection

6. AHRI 550/590-2013 for Chillers

7. An introduction to Green and Sustainable

Buildings
1.ASHRAE Handbook SI and Imperial Units
a.Fundamentals 2013
b.HVAC Systems and Equipment 2012
c.HVAC Applications 2015
d.Refrigeration 2014
2. Air Conditioning System Design - CARRIER
3. Handbook of A/C Design TRANE
4. CIBSE / AIRAH
5. MS 1525:2014 COP on Energy Efficiency and Use of
Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings ( 2nd
Revision)
5. Uniform Building By Laws 1984 (UBBL)
6. Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia
7. MS1910 2006: Fixed Fire Fighting Systems
 What a HVAC or ACMV Designer needs to
know:
i.) Principles of Mechanical Refrigeration
ii.) Psychrometrics
iii.) Cooling Load Estimation
iv.) Piping and Ducting design
v.) System Selection
vi.) Optimum design & selection of the
equipment ( Chillers, Pumps, Cooling Towers,
Fans, etc..) for the system
vii.) Compliance to Local Codes and Standards
viii.) Professionalism and sound judgement.
ASHRAE
4-VOLUME
HANDBOOKS
Building Code Requirements
Minimum Baseline

MS 1525:2014
Code of Practice on
Energy Efficiency and
Use of Renewable
Energy for Non-
Residential Buildings
(2nd Revision)
 MS1525-2014
Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) System

Indoor Design Condition

a) Recommended Design DB Temperature 24 - 26C (75.2 78.8F )
b) Minimum DB Temperature 22C
c) Recommended Design RH 55% - 70%
d) Recommended Air Movement 0.15 m/s 0.50m/s
e) Maximum Air Movement 0.7 m/s

Outdoor Design Conditions

a) Recommended Outdoor Design 33.3C / 27.2C
Conditions DB / WB ( 92F/ 81F )
 2.1: Introduction to Air Conditioning

What is Comfort?
Definition:
A State of Ease and Contentment
A satisfying and enjoyable experience
The feeling of comfort is clearly subjective.

Main components that determine comfort :

Climatic conditions
Outdoor environment
Indoor environment
Activities & clothing
 Comfort Requirements
Temperature
Humidity
Air movement
Fresh air
Clean air
Noise level
Lighting
Furniture and work surfaces
ASHRAE Comfort Zone
Design to ASHRAE 55-2013 : Thermal Environmental
Conditions for Human Occupancy in conjunction relevant
localised parameters as listed in MS 1525:2007
Specifies Conditions likely to be thermally acceptable to at least 80%
of the adult occupants in a space

6 Primary factors that must be addressed when

defining conditions for thermal comfort are:

1.) Metabolic rate

2.) Clothing insulation
3.) Air temperature
4.) Radiant temperature
5.) Air speed
6.) Humidity
 Three Types of Heat Transfer
Conduction
Conduction Transfer by contact

Convection May be natural or forced

transfer by density currents and fluid motion

Radiation Transfer by electromagnetic waves

Mechanical refrigeration uses the first two.

 Sensible Heat

Btu is the heat energy necessary to

change one pound of water by 1 F
Btu British thermal unit

1 F
1 ton = 12,000 Btu/Hr.
RISE
= 3.517 kWr

1 lb

1 Btu
 Latent Heat
Total Heat = Sensible Heat + Latent Heat

212 F
212 F

Not measured on
a thermometer

Change of State

Section 2 Basic Principles

COP Coefficient of Performance
- ratio of heat removal to the rate of energy input in common
units for a refrigeration system under the designated
operating conditions.
EER Energy Efficiency Ratio
- ratio of the cooling (Watts) to the total rate of electrical input
( Watts) under the designated operating conditions
 What is a Refrigerant?
A refrigerant is a fluid that absorbs heat and changes from
vapor to liquid phase at reasonable pressures and temperatures
as encountered in mechanical refrigeration.

Principles of Refrigeration
The science of refrigeration is based upon the fact that a liquid can
be vapourised at any desired temperature by changing the pressure
on it.
Liquids boiling at low temperatures (Refrigerants) are the most
desirable medium for removing heat.
The large quantities of heat is absorbed when liquid is evaporated
(Changed to vapour).
Refrigeration Cycle
The refrigeration can be obtained by use of
the refrigerants.
When the liquid refrigerants are allowed to
expose to the atmosphere, it evaporates and
refrigeration can be obtained.
To make use of the vaporised refrigerant
over and over again it is necessary to use
the devices like evaporator, compressor and
condenser.
Four Components Are Required

3. Heat rejecting section

4. Pressure/
flow control 2. Vapor
valve pump

1. Heat absorbing section

 Basic System Components
Condenser Air out: 115 F db Every system has four
108 F 120 F basic components
274.7 psia 274.7 psia
SCT SDT
Evaporator
Air in: 95 F
Compressor Compressor
SST
Condenser
Air out: 59.7 F db / 57.3 F wb Rejects the heat from the load
and system losses
Highly superheated refrigerant
55 F condenses in the tubes as heat load is
45 F 90.8 psia
90.8 psia rejected and changes back to a
SET liquid and is subcooled
Evaporator Air in: 80 F db / 67 F wb
 Pschrometrics - Objectives
Understand the properties of air and water
vapor mixtures
Build the psychrometric chart
Use the psychrometric chart to determine
the properties of an air/water vapor mixture
Use the psychrometric chart to understand
the basic air conditioning processes
Understand how the processes can be
combined into a system using a system plot
diagram and psychrometric chart
 Why Study Psychrometrics?
1. Determine the temperature
at which condensation will
occur in walls or on a duct
2. Find all the properties of air
by knowing two conditions
3. Calculate the required airflow to
the space and for the equipment
4. Determine the sensible and total
cooling load the unit should
provide
5. Determine the coil depth and
temperature to meet the design
load conditions
Brooklyn Printing Plant

Section 1 Introduction
Composition of Dry Air
1%
21%

78%

Nitrogen Oxygen Other Gases

 Dry-Bulb Thermometer

The temperature of air as measured by a

thermometer with a dry sensing bulb
 Wet-Bulb Thermometer

The temp. at which water will evaporate into the air

sample.

Physicallythe temp. of air when measured by a

thermometer with a wetted wick over the sensing bulb.
 Sling Psychrometer

Avoid adverse conditions that can affect reading

Moisten wick before procedure
Rotate device at least 2 minutes
Read device immediately after rotation
 Relative Humidity ( RH )

50% 100% (saturated)

If RH of the air is 50%, it contains one-half the amount of moisture
possible at the existing dry-bulb temperature.
 Water Vapor in Air

Dry Air Water

Vapor

Air + Vapor

Mechanical Mixture
 Relative Humidity

Relative Amount of moisture that a given

Humidity = amount of air is holding
Amount of moisture that a given
amount of air can hold
At the same dry-bulb tempareture.

The amount of water vapour in the air, compared to its maximum

capacity at that dry bulb temperature.
 Dry Bulb Temperature Scale

wb dp
F

db F

Section 3 Building the Psychrometric Chart

 Dew Point Example
95 F
db
100 gr

100 gr

wb dp
F

db F

55 67 95
 Enthalpy Scale
hs = Enthalpy at saturation

hs = 27.5 Btu/lb

wb dp
F

db F
 Psychrometric Chart

Enthalpy Specific
Volume

Relative
Wet Bulb Temperature Humidity
Dew Point Specific
Temperature Humidity

wb dp
F

db F Dry Bulb
Temperature
 Air Conditioning Processes
1. Sensible Heating
2. Sensible Cooling
3. Humidification
4. Dehumidification
5. Cooling and Humidification
(Evaporative Cooling)
6. Cooling and
Dehumidification
7. Heating and
Humidification
8. Heating and
Dehumidification

wb dp
F

db F
 Sensible Heat
qs 1.10 cfm t

db - Changes
wb - Changes
68% rh
dp - Constant 24% rh
gr - Constant
COOLING

HEATING 52 gr

wb dp
F 90 60 = 30

db F t
60 90
Sensible Heat Change
 Latent Heat
q l 0.69 cfm grains

wb - Changes
dp - Changes
68% rh
gr - Changes 24% rh
89 gr
Condensation
db - Constant

Evaporation
Latent
grains Heat
89 30 = 60 Change

wb dp
30 gr
F

db F

75
 Total Heat
qt qs ql

Cooling
89 gr

Condensation

Evaporation
Latent

Grains
Heat
Change
t 30 gr
wb dp
F
Heating

db F

75 95
Sensible Heat Change
Using Enthalpy to Determine Total Heat
Removed

Latent Heat
1.7

Sensible Heat
5.0
wb dp
F

db F

55 75
Total Capacity or Load Formula
GTH = 4.5 cfm h
Where:
GTH = Grand Total Heat
4.5 = Constant
cfm = cubic feet per minute
h = Difference in enthalpy from
air entering to air leaving
conditions
 AIR SIDE
1. Sensible Cooling = 1.08 x cfm x T ( F )
2. Latent Cooling = 0.68 x cfm x W
3. Total Cooling = 4.45 x cfm x H
1+2=3

WATER SIDE
Total Cooling = 500 x USgpm x T ( F )
 Water Side
Total Cooling Capacity ( Btu/hr)
= 500 x USgpm x Temp. ( F )
1 ton = 3,517KW = 12,000 Btu/hr
= 500 x USgpm x Temp. (F)

For 10F - 2.4 USgpm/ton

For 12F - 2.0 USgpm/ton
For 16F - 1.5 USgpm/ton
 Eg. 1.) 100 ton chiller using 44/54F
What would be the flowrate that the pump
needed?
Ans: 100 x 12,000 = 500 xUSgpm x T
USgpm = 100 x 12,000/ 500 x ( 54 -44 )
= 240

Eg. 2.) 260 ton chiller using 42/58F.

What would be the flowrate?
 Cooling Coils
Face Area = Length Height
Length
Height

Velocity
cfm / face area

Fins
Rows Refrigerant
Temperature
 Chilled Water Cooling Coil

Room temp 23C

@ 60%RH Off coil temp 10C
@ 98%RH

Flow rate: 100gpm(100%)

Pressure drop: 10ft
Velocity: 5 ft/sec
 2.4 : COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION
1. Solar heat gain through glass
2. Solar heat gain through walls, roof, etc..
3. Internal loads lightings, computers,
4. People & type of activities
5. Heat gain due to outdoor deliberately
brought in for ventilating purposes.
6. Heat gain due to hot, humid air infiltrating
into the spaces
 4.) Cooling Load Estimation
To design the effective HVAC design, the analysis of heat
load is carried out.
Cooling Load Components:
- Location/altitude/ orientation
Transmission through Building Components -
walls, glass, ceilings, roofs, doors and floors, partitions
from non conditioned spaces.
Solar Radiations on - glass, wall, roof, etc.
 Human Comfort - Design
Ventilation Requirements.
Latent and Sensible heat losses from people.
Lighting and ballasts.
Appliances and equipment in the conditioned space.
Ducts and motor heat gain from cooling system itself.
Infiltration of outdoor air.
Building code requirements
Extract from Third Schedule (By-law 41)
ASHRAE STD 62.1-2013 Ventilation For Acceptable
For Indoor Air Quality
Ventilation is the key to
Sustainable IAQ and
ASHRAE Standard 62.1
is the most widely used
Standard by most Local
Authorities and HVAC
Engineers in the world.
 ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013
Ventilation For Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality

1.) Ventilation Rate Procedure ( VRP )

2.) Indoor Air Quality Procedure ( IAQ )
3.) Natural Ventilation
 ASHRAE Standard 62.1
Acceptable Indoor Air Quality is defined as air in which there are
no known Contaminants at harmful Concentrations as determined
by Cognizant Authorities and with which a substantial majority
( 80% or more ) of the people exposed do not express
dissatisfaction.

1.) Ventilation Rate Procedure ( VRP )

is a prescriptive procedure with a table of minimum required outdoor airflow
rates per occupant for a variety of non-
residential occupancies.
The airflow rate per square foot of building floor area is based-
on the design occupancy density and the required flow rate per person,
adjusted to reflect the air distribution system used.
ASHRAE Std 62.1-2013 Ventilation For Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

1.) Ventilation Rate Procedure ( VRP )

Vbz = Rp.Pz + Ra.Az

Where Vbz = Design outdoor airflow required in the

breathing zone of the occupied space or spaces in a
zone,i.e the breathing zone outdoor air flow

Az = Zone floor area: the net occupiable floor area of the zone
m2 ( ft2)
Pz = zone population: the largest number of people expected
to occupy the zone during typical usage.
Rp = outdoor airflow rate required per person as determined
from Table 6-1
Ra = outdoor airflow rate required per unit area as determined
from Table 6-1
 Ventilation Rate Procedure
People Component Building Component
Outdoor Air
Ventilation
Rate for
Breathing
Zone
Vbz = RpPd + RbAb
Minimum Number of Minimum Building
cfm/Person
x People + x
cfm/sq ft Area
 ASHRAE Std 62.1-2013 Ventilation For
Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

1.) Ventilation Rate Procedure ( VRP )

2.) Indoor Air Quality Procedure ( IAQ )

- air filtration/purification to remove some or all of the
contaminants of concern can be part of the system.
 TABLE 6-1 MINIMUM VENTILATION RATES IN
BREATHING ZONE

People Outdoor Area Outdoor Default Values

Occupant Combined
Occupancy Air Rate Air Rate Density Outdoor
Air Rate
Category Rp Ra
cfm/ L/s cfm/ft L/s #1000 ft cfm/ L/s
person person m or #100 m person person

Office
Buildings

Office
Space 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 5 17 8.5
Reception
areas 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 30 7 3.5
 TABLE 6-1 MINIMUM VENTILATION RATES IN BREATHING ZONE

Hotels, Motels, Resort,

Dormitories
Bedroom / living
room 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 10 11 5.5
Barracks sleeping
areas 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 20 8 4.0
Laundry rooms,
central 5 2.5 0.12 0.6 10 17 8.5

Laundry rooms within 5 2.5 0.12 0.6 10 17 8.5

dwelling units

Lobbies / pre-function 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 30 10 4.8

Multipurpose assembly 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 120 6 2.8

 MS1525-2014
Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) System

Indoor Design Condition

a) Recommended Design DB Temperature 24 - 26C (75.2 78.8F )
b) Minimum DB Temperature 22C
c) Recommended Design RH 55% - 70%
d) Recommended Air Movement 0.15 m/s 0.50m/s
e) Maximum Air Movement 0.7 m/s

Outdoor Design Conditions

a) Recommended Outdoor Design 33.3C / 27.2C
Conditions DB / WB ( 92F/ 81F )
Occupied space Limit Surface RH of Interior Furnishings
Limit surface relative humidity (RH) and condensation at indoor
surfaces
When cooling, limit space RH to 65%
Configure and control to dehumidify, either directly or
indirectly

Safety Margin
Recommended
Thermal Discomfort by ASHRAE Microbial Growth
Standard 62.1-2007

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Indoor Relative Humidity, %

Occupied space relative humidity shall be designed

to be limited to 65% or less at peak outdoor dew- point conditions...
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
 3.) AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS & EE

3.1) WRAC
WRACs are factory-made assemblies that normally
include an evaporator or cooling coil and a
compressor-condenser combination

Room Air Conditioners are encased assemblies

designed primarily for mounting in a window or
through a wall and are often called Window Room
Air Conditioners ( WRAC ).
 3.2 ) Air Cool Split Units

A Unitary Air Conditioner with more than one

factory-made assembly is commonly called a split
system.
It basically comprises an indoor unit with the
evaporator and blower and an outdoor unit with
the compressor, condenser coil and fan coupled
with refrigeration piping.
The indoor units is often known as Fan Coil Units
( FCUs )and the outdoor units known as
Condensing Units. As a whole, they are known as
the Air Cooled Split Units. (ACSUs)
Air Cooled Split Units
Warm air (recirculating)

Fan Coil Unit

Cool air

Outdoor air

Condensing Unit
 Air Cooled Split Units (ACSUs)

Both indoor and outdoor units are housed in

robust casings. The outdoor unit is basically
the same construction for all the various types
of indoor units. The difference lies in the type
of indoor unit.
Wall Mounted Cassette
Floor Standing

Ceiling Exposed
Air Cooled Split Units

Wall Mounted Ceiling Ducted

Ceiling Cassette Ceiling Suspended

Outdoor Unit
 Air Cooled Split Units

The installation of an Air Cooled Split Unit is

basically the same with the outdoor and indoor
units connected with refrigerating piping called
Suction and Liquid line.
Manufacturers recommend a Maximum Piping
length of 7 to 15 m and maximum elevation
between indoor and outdoor unit of 5 to 7 m.
 Design Consideration for Refrigerant Piping

Pressure drop
Oil return to compressor
Compressor protection
- understand the limitation of equivalent piping length
and diameter.
- double suction riser or oil separator.
 Sizing pipe diameter for suction and Liquid
line
For Refrigerant Piping Design, pipe
diameter depends on :
i.) Refrigerant used eg. R-22 ( HCFC 22 ),R-134a
or other HFCs.
ii.) Pipe length and height ( pressure drop)
iii.) Piping material used and thickness
iv.) No. of bends, elbows, etc
 CHART 16 SUCTION LINES COPPER TUBING

REFRIG. 22
40/105
For Pressure Drop Corresponding to 2F
500
400

300

385" 481" 581"

200 381"

150 285"
EQUIVALENT LENGTH (FT)

281"
183" 185"
181"
100
7"
80 8

60 5"
8
50
40
1"
2
30

20 2 3 5 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400 500

4 6
TONS OF REFRIGERATION
40 F/ W15 F SH/ 105 F SCT
40 F/ W15 F SH/ 105 F/ W15 F SC
 Air Cooled Split Units
Many Business Establishments are housed
in Small Premises using ACSUs.

Office Restaurant
3.2) ACSUs : Fresh Air Intake ?

The wall mounted

and under ceiling
split system has no
provision for intake
of outdoor air and/or
exhaust of stale
room air.
Room
. air is just
filtered and re-
circulated.
 Advantages Other Systems
Low first cost Low Efficiency
Flexibilities No Fresh Air
Easy to maintain Potential IAQ
Short lead time issues
Ex Stock
3.3) Air-cooled Ducted Units

Both Under Ceiling & Floor Standing

3.3) Typical Ducted Capacity Ranges

Ranges Capacity
Small 1.0 6 hp
Medium 7.5 25 hp
Large 28.0 100 hp

Typical kW / ton 1.2 1.35 kW/ton

Ducted Systems Introducing OA
 3.3) Application
Residential
Medium Commercial
buildings
Factories
Government buildings
Ducted Systems Introducing OA
3.4: Water-cooled Splits/Packaged Units
- WC Splits
- Typ. Capacity range
from 2.0 6 Hp
- Ducted/Under
ceiling

- WC Packaged
- Typ. Capacity range
from 20 100 Hp
- Floor Standing
Typical kw / ton around 1.0- 1.2 kw/ton
 Air-cooled Chiller
20 100RT for Scroll
70 500 RT for Screw
Typical Efficiency
range 1.1 1.3 kw/ton

Applications :
Retail, Commercial,
Industrial & Government

Scroll & Screw & some using Reciprocating

Packaged Air-Cooled Chiller
compressor

evaporator air-cooled
condenser

expansion
Chilled Water Loop device
Airside Loop (CHWP, Piping & Refrigeration Loop
(AHU & Air Duct) Cooling Coil) (Air-cooled Chiller)
 Water-cooled Chiller
20 100RT for Scroll
70 400RT for Screw
100 2500 RT
Typical Efficiency
range 0.5 0.7 kw/ton

Applications :
Retail, Commercial,
Industrial & Govt.
Buildings

Scroll, Rotary Screw or Centrifugal & some using

Reciprocating
 Chilled Water System
control
valve

80F
(26.7C) 54F 50F 110F 97F
(12.2C) (10C)(43.3C) (36.1C)
condenser

44F 41F 100F 87F cooling

55F (30.6C) tower
(12.8C) (6.7C) (5.0C)(37.8C)

pump
Chilled Water Loop Refrigeration Loop Condenser Water Loop
Airside Loop (CHWP, Piping &
(AHU & Air Duct) (Water-cooled Chiller) (CWP, Piping & Cooling Tower)
Cooling Coil)
 Conventional chilled water system

44F
[6.7C]

54F
[12.2C]

3-way valve
 Primary-Secondary Configuration

primary
pumps

Variable
secondary
production pump
loop

distribution
loop
two-way valve
 Variable-Primary-Flow Systems

Variable-flow
pumps

check
valves
control
valve
two-way
valve
optional bypass
with three-way valve
 Type of Chiller Compressors
(Hermetic or Semi-Hermetic)
Scroll
Reciprocating

Helical-Rotary
Screw Centrifugal
Compressor
 Variable Speed Chillers Screw or
Centrifugal ( Inverter )
Good variable Part Load Value
for 4-season areas.

Low Ambient

Need to carefully Evaluate

Benefits.
 Recent Development of Chillers.
1. Water or Air Cooled Scroll Chillers
2. Water or Air Cooled Screw Chillers
3. Variable Speed Chillers or Inverter Chillers
( Screw Rotary or Centrifugal )
4. Solar Absorption Chillers
5. Photo Voltaic Inverter Centrifugal
6. Permanent Magnet Synchronus Inverter
Centrifugal Chiller
7. Oil Free Magnetic Suspension Centrifugal Chiller
 3.6: Variable Refrigerant Flow ( VRF )
On a single refrigerant pipe, many

indoor units can be connected.

 Variable Refrigerant Flow ( VRF )

Air Cooled or Water Cooled

5m Actual
piping length
165 m m

90 m
40 m

15 m
FLEXIBLE PIPING DESIGN
Maximum total piping length 1000m
Actual Pipe length
165m Max
Maximum actual piping length 165m

Height Diff. between

ODU & IDU
Maximum equivalent piping length
90m Max 190m
Length between
1st Branch
& Farthest IDU Maximum height difference between
90m Max outdoor and indoor units 90m
Height Diff. between If the outdoor unit is located below the
IDU & IDU
indoor unit, the value is 40m
30m Max
Maximum piping length from 1st indoor
branch to the farthest indoor unit 90m

Maximum height difference between

indoor units 30m
VRS Outdoor Units Installations
Air Cooled
 3.6) Variable Refrigerant Flow
Applications

Offices
Hotels/Condos
Serviced Apts.
Schools
SOHO/VOHO
 3.6 ) Variable Refrigerant System

High external
static pressure
fan
78.4 Pa E.S.P.
 DX versus Chilled Water
Major factors Affecting the Decision
Installed Cost
Energy Consumption
Type of Application
Space Requirements
Building Aesthetics
System Capacity
Centralized Maintenance
Stability of Control
Redundancy
Air-Cooled vs Water-Cooled

Air-cooled Water-cooled

Life Span 15 - 20 years 20 - 30 years

System EE kW/ton 1.0 - 1.3 0.9 - 1.1

Maintenance Lower Higher

Noise Containment Open Enclosed

Space Requirement Less More

Cost Lower Higher

Capacity Range 3 - 500RT 50 - 2,500RT+

What to look for in a catalog.
1. What Equipment ?
2.Capacity Ratings Based on what?
3. Compressor Type
4.Power Consumption
5.Air Flow Rate
6. External Static Pressure
7. Refrigerant Used
8.Physical Dimension
 OTHER TECHNICAL DATA

Sound Level
Pressure Drop
Weight
No. of Refrigerant Circuit
Types of Condenser
Types of Evaporator
Water Connection
Electrical Supply
TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
CONDENSER
- Condenser ( Air Cooled )
- Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger
- Tube in Tube
- Cleanable Shell and Tube
COOLER
- Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger
- Cleanable Shell and Tube
Refrigeration DX Evaporators
Single circuit evaporator

Real double circuit evaporator

Condenser Coil
- 500 Hours Salt Spray Test.
- Copper/ Al. Hydrophilic Fins
- Copper/ Aluminium with Heresite Coating
- Copper/ Copper Coils
- Copper/Copper with Heresite Coating
AIR COOLED DUCTED SPLITS
EQUIPMENT SELECTION 1
POWER CONSUMPTION:
a.) Condensing Units
i.) Compressors
ii.) Condenser Motor fans

b.) Evaporator - Fan Motors

 RATINGS IN CATALOGS
Based on:
1. Entering Air Temp.: 80F (26.6C)
2. Wet Bulb Temp.: 57,62,67 & 72 F
3. Std. Capacity
4. Nominal CFM
5. Compressor KW Input
6. Ambient Air Temp. 75,95,115 & 125 F
7. Water Temp. Off Condenser:80,95 & 110F
8. Chilled Water Leav. Temp.:40,42,44,45,46,48
50,55 & 60 F
 1. AIR COOLED PACKAGED
UNITS OR DUCTED SPLIT UNITS
Total Cooling cap.: 30 tons or 360,000 BtuH
Sensible Cooling : 250,000 BtuH
CFM : 10,000
Ext. Static Pressure: 1.10 inch.
On Coil Temp.: 80/67 deg. F
 Refer to YORK Catalog.
Model:YSB 350B3/MYSS100B + MYSS 125B x 2
Total Cooling Capacity: 350,000 Btuh
Sensible Cooling Capacity : 259,000 BtuH
CFM : 10,500
Ext. Static Pressure : 1.16 inch.
Rating at : Outdoor Ambient Air 95 deg. F
Indoor (On Coil Temp.) : 80/67 deg. F
Power Consumption: ???
 Selected : YORK UNITS
a.) Condensing Units
i.) Compressors
KW = 8540 + (10900 x 2)
= 30.34 Kw
Condenser Fan Motors= 640 x 3
=1.92KW
b.) Evaporator Blower Fan Motor: 4.51KW
Total Power Consumption = 30.34 + 1.92 + 4.51
= 36.77KW
 Selected: YORK Units
Total Power : 36.77 KW

KW/Ton = 36.77/350,000/12000
= 1.26 KW/Ton

Compressor Type: Scroll

 Air Cooled Ducted Splits
Equipment Selection 2
Required : 750,000 BtuH)
Sensible Cooling : 560,000 BtuH
CFM : 23,000
Ext. St. Press. 1.25 inch
On Coil Temp. 80/67 deg. F
REFRIGERANT : R407C
 USING SMARTECH CATALOG
Select Model: SACC780/SDX780
TC: 753,500 BtuH ( 62.8 TONS )
SC: 567,600 BtuH
CFM : 23,400
Temp. on Coil: 80/67 F
Compressor Type: Scroll
 Selected : SMARTECH
Total Power = Compressor + condenser
fans + evaporator fans
= 60.0 +( 4 x 1.9 ) + (18.5kW )
= 60 + 7.6 + 18.5 KW
= 86.1 KW

Kw/Ton = 84.5 / 62.8 = 1.35 KW/Ton

 Air Cooled Chillers
Equipment Selection 3
Required: 55 Tons
Chilled Water Temp.: 44/54 F
Ambient Air Temp. : 95F ( 35 C )
Min. Capacity:
 Refer to SMARTECH Air Cooled
Scroll Chillers
Selected: SMARTECH SCOD 60
Cooling Capacity: 57.6 Ton, R407C
Total Power Consumption = Compressor
PI + Condenser fan motors
= 64.2 + (6 x 1.1kW)
= 70.8 kW
Total KW/Ton = 70.8 / 57.6
= 1.23
 SMARTECH SCOD60
Evap. Type: Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger
Flow Rate: 154.1 Usgpm
Press. Drop: 2.9 psi.
No. of Refrigerant Circuits: 2
No. of Compressors: 6
Unit Capacity Steps: 100-86-67-33%
Compressor Type: Scroll
 Air Cooled Chillers
Equipment Selection 3
Required: 703 kW ( 200 Tons )
Chilled Water Temp.: 44 / 54 F
Ambient Air Temp. : 95F ( 35 C )
Min. Capacity:
 Air Cooled Chiller Selection 3
Refer to Carrier Catalog,
Page 18,- 30XA752 ,Cond. Entering Air
Temp. 95F and 44F , you will get:
Capacity: 722 kW ( 205.3 Ton )
KW. 232.6 kW
Flow Rate: 491 usgpm
Press. Drop: 10.38 ft.wg
KW/Ton: 1.133
 Air Cooled Chiller Selection 3
Compressor Type : Screw
No. of Circuits : 2
No. of Compressors : 2
Capacity Control Steps : Slide Valve
Minimum Step Capacity ( % ) : 15
Refrigerant : R 134a
Condenser Coils : Cu/Al Fins
Cooler/Evaporator Type : Shell and Tube
 Air Cooled Chillers
Equipment Selection 3
Required: 703 kW ( 200 Tons )
Chilled Water Temp.: 44 / 54 F
Ambient Air Temp. : 95F ( 35 C )
Min. Capacity:
 Air Cooled Chiller Selection 3
Refer to Carrier Catalog,
Page 18,- 30XA752 ,Cond. Entering Air
Temp. 95F and 44F , you will get:
Capacity: 722 kW ( 205.3 Ton )
KW. 232.6 kW
Flow Rate: 491 usgpm
Press. Drop: 10.38 ft.wg
KW/Ton: 1.133
 Air Cooled Chiller Selection 3
Compressor Type : Screw
No. of Circuits : 2
No. of Compressors : 2
Capacity Control Steps : Slide Valve
Minimum Step Capacity ( % ) : 15
Refrigerant : R 134a
Condenser Coils : Cu/Al Fins
Cooler/Evaporator Type : Shell and Tube
 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
- Installations Issues
- Maintenance
- Weight
- Dimensions ( space )
- Refrigerant type and charge
 Types of Filter

HEPA or tertiaary
filter

Primary panel
filter

Secondary
filter
 Typical Energy Usage in a Commercial Building in
Hot/Humid climates

Variable Frequency
Other Drive (VFD)/
Lighting Equipment
DHW 10% 15% Variable Speed Drive
12% (VSD)/ Speed
Controller
-Improve comfort levels
-Reduce operating costs,

Approx. 60% - Air

Conditioning Plant
Central
AHU/FCU Plant
24% 39%
Air Distribution System

Methods of Air Flow Control

Air flow :
Outlet dampers
Inlet guide vanes
Variable pitch fan
Variable Speed Drive(VSD/VFD)
Air Distribution System

VFD/VSD Applications
Pa System Resistance
Fan Total Pressure Pt

a Curve
Energy saving
Pb
b

Qb Qa
Air Flow Q

Power absorbed, kWb = kWa x (Qb/Qa)3

= kWa x (Air flowb/Air flowa)3
Water Distribution System

Methods of Water Flow Control

Water Flow Centrifugal pumps :
Bypass valve (three way)
Throttling valve (two way)
Trim Impeller (irreversible)
Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
Fans and Centrifugal Pumps Fundamentals
Affinity Laws
Air Flow2 Fan Speed2
=
Air Flow1 Fan Speed1
Air/Water flow is proportional to Fan/Pump Speed

2
Static Pressure2 Air Flow2
=
Static Pressure1 Air Flow1
Static Pressure is proportional to (Fan/Pump Speed)2
e.g
3
Input Power2 =
Air Flow2 80% speed
Input Power1 Air Flow1 Input power
Input Power is proportional to (Fan/Pump Speed)3 = (0.8x0.8x0.8)
w/o system effect = 0.51 or 51%
Air Distribution System Supply Fan Basics

There are two types of air

distribution systems
i.)CAV - Constant Air Volume
ii.)VAV Variable Air Volume
 CAV Constant Air Volume
In CAV systems, thermal comfort is
achieved by delivering a constant volume of
supply air.
If location being served requires less
cooling, the supply air temperature remain
the same but the total volume of supply air
remains the same as if full cooling is
required
 VAV Variable Air Volume
To maintain thermally comfortable conditions,
VAV systems utilize a resetable constant
temperature of the delivered air to most
locations, while varying the quantity of air
delivered to the individual zones in the building.
Varying the air flow is controlled by using a
VFD/VSD in the fan motor.
 VAV - Variable Air Volume

System
Components:
1. VAV Box
2. Zone Thermostat
3. Air Diffuser
4. Return Grille
5. Duct Static Pressure
Sensor
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
6. Supply Fan VFD
7. AHU
8. Supply Duct
 Air Distribution System
VFD/VSD Application - Supply Fan Basics

There are two types of air

distribution systems Supply Fan
Variable Air Volume
Constant Air Volume

VFDs/VSDs are not only

applied to VAV systems
but can also be incorporated
into CAV systems.
Air Distribution System

CAV Supply Fan Basics

Conditioned
No method of controlling air flow Space

is provided
T
The conditioned space receives Supply
Design air flow at all times Fan

The chilled water valves are

controlled by space temperature

Sensor may be in
return air duct.
However, for large single zone CAV
systems, its possible to convert them
to single zone VAV systems
Air Distribution System

Why put a VFD/VSD on CAV SYSTEM

Oversized systems Eliminate over capacity
=> energy saving,
=> Lower Acoustic Noise
=> easier balancing

Better temperature control -

Variable Occupancy Profile maintain minimum airflow
- Vary from 70-100%
E.g :
Hotel Lobby, Office or Lift
Lobby, Cineplex, Large Single
Zone office, conference hall,
etc..
Air Distribution System

CAV to Single Zone VAV using VFD/VSD

VFD controls air flow just as Conditioned
Space
VAV boxes would
Coils control supply air T
temperature Supply T
Works for large, single-zone Fan

systems

Maintain minimum airflow

typically 70% and vary between
70-100% based on temp, Air
quality or CO2 inputs Supply Fan
Drive Sensor may be in
return air duct.
Input Power2 Air Flow2 3
Input Power1
= Air Flow1 eg 80% Input Power = (0.8 x 0.8 x 0.8)
Input Power is proportional to (Fan Speed) = 0.51 or 51%
w/o system effect
 VSD is an electronic device which
provides starting and infinitely
variable control of the speed of 3
phase standard induction AC
(alternating current) motors by
converting fixed mains voltage and
frequency into variable output
voltage and frequency.
Electronic motor control using VSD
VSD M can typically save up to half the
energy in centrifugal pump and fan
37 million applications
Today, only 8% of all electric motors
globally are VSD frequency
controlled.
VSD are also known as Variable
Frequency Drive ( VFD), Inverter,
 VFD(VSD) is a good method of Flow Control.
Features to consider and include in a HVAC dedicated VSD

Features to consider :

- Built-in RFI (Radio Frequency Interference)

Filters for EMC ( Electro Magnetic
Compatability )

- Built In Harmonic Filters ( DC Link Choke )

- Energy Measurement Tool and Automatic

Energy Optimisation to allow maximising
the Motor Efficiency
 EMC
Limits of IEC 61800-3:2004
Average dBV
130

120

110 C3 >100A (EN55011 Class A2 > 100Amp)

Category C3
100 > 100 amps
90

80 Category C3 (A2)up
C3 100A (EN55011 A2 Up to 100Amp) to 100 amps
70

60 Category C2 (A1)
C2 (EN55011 Class A1) (End user responsibility)
50
Category C1 (B1)
40
C1 ( EN55011 Class B1) (manufacturer
responsibility)
30 (Domestic, Commercial,
hospital, bank , airport
20 etc)

10
6/11
0
0.15 1.0 10.0 30.0
MHz
 Harmonic Mitigation
Techniques for Drives
Passive solutions E.G:: Active solutions E.G::

AC- DC- ///

Inductors Inductors

///
Basic Active filter & Low Harmonic Drive
Passive Harmonic incorporating active filter
12-pulse Filters 18-pulse
+20%
d ///
D D 0%
y -20%

Active Front End with PWM-rectifier

Advanced
Passive Harmonic
Filters
Chiller Performance Rating Standards

AHRI STD. 550/5902011

- For Centrifugal and Helical-Rotary
Water Chiller - 50 Hz.

- Applicable from 200 2,500 Tons

( Water Cooled Chillers )

- Up to 600 tons ( air cooled Chillers )

 Chiller Performance Rating Standard
1.) ( Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute) AHRI
STD. 551/5912011 ( SI units )
2.) JIS
3.) GB
4.) EN
5.) MS 1525:2007 Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of
Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings (1st Revision)
Pg. 36 Section 8.11.1
6.) MS 2449 : 2012
Full Load and Part Load
 WHAT TEMP. TO USE FOR PART LOAD PERFORMANCE FROM
100% DOWN TO 0%

7.) Entering Condenser Water Temp. commonly

used in Malaysia to evaluate Part Load
Performance:
Percent Load (1) (2)
F F F
100% 85 87 87
75% 75 87 85.25
50% 65 87 83.5
25% 65 87 81.75
0% 65 87 80
 Flow Rates and Temperatures
95F 44F 97F 44F
[35C] [6.7C] [36.1C] [6.7C

85F 87F
[29.4C] [30.6C]

AHRI Malaysia
54F 54F
[12.2C] [12.2C]

conditions Conditions
evaporator 2.4 gpm/ton evaporator 2.4 gpm/ton
flow rate [0.043 L/s/kW] flow rate [0.043 L/s/kW]
condenser 3.0 gpm/ton condenser 3.0 gpm/ton
flow rate [0.054 L/s/kW] flow rate [0.054 L/s/kW]
 Chiller Part Load Performance
IPLV / NPLV =____________1____________
0.01 + 0.42 + 0.45 + 0.12
A B C D
Where : A = KW/Ton at 100% , B = KW/Ton at 75 %
5%
C = KW/Ton at 50 % , D = KW/Ton at 25 %
12%
25% Load 100% Load

50% Load 1%

75% Load

42%

1-149
 Full Load Vs Part Load
Both Full Load and Part Load Efficiency can be
important.
Full Load - Design Based On Consultant
Calculation. (With or Without diversity factor)

Part Load- May be running most of the time?

The arts and sciences of HVAC based on experience

 Chilled Water System
control
valve

80F
(26.7C) 54F 50F 110F 97F
(12.2C) (10C)(43.3C) (36.1C)
condenser

44F 41F 100F 87F cooling

55F (30.6C) tower
(12.8C) (6.7C) (5.0C)(37.8C)

pump
Chilled Water Loop Refrigeration Loop Condenser Water Loop
Airside Loop (CHWP, Piping &
(AHU & Air Duct) (Water-cooled Chiller) (CWP, Piping & Cooling Tower)
Cooling Coil)
 MS 2449:2012
Performance
rating of water-
chilling packages
using the vapor
compression cycle
 Included in AHRI STD Certification Program for 50 Hz
Electrical Power

1.) Centrifugal & Screw Chillers with Continous

Loading
2.) Rated 200 1,000 tons (703 3,517 KW ) at
Standard ARI Rating Conditions.
3.) Hermetic & Open type, electric motor driven.
4.) Voltages up to 5,000 Volts.
Excluded in AHRI STD Certification Program for 50 Hz
Electrical Power

1.) Scroll & Reciprocating compressor chillers with step unloading.

2.) Condenserless Chillers.
3.)Evaporatively Cooled Chillers.
4.) Chillers below 200 tons and above 1000 tons.
5.) Chillers with Voltages above 5000 volts.
6.) Chillers powered by other than electric motor drives.
7.) Chillers with motors not supplied with the unit by the
manufacturer.
8.) Air-Cooled Chillers.
6.1 ) Percent Load Weighting of Part Load Points
1992 Std 1998 Std 2003 Std
100% 17% 1% 1%
75% 39% 42% 42%
50% 33% 45% 45%
25% 11% 12% 12%
6.2) Fouling factors (h.ftF/Btu) or (m.c/w)
1992 1998
Cooler 0.00025 0.0001
Condenser 0.00025 0.00025
A = kw/ton at 100% Load C = kw/ton at 50% Load
B = kw/ton at 75% Load D = kw/ton at 25% Load
 WHAT TEMP. TO USE FOR PART LOAD PERFORMANCE FROM 100%
DOWN TO 0%

7.) Entering Condenser Water Temp. commonly

used in Malaysia to evaluate Part Load
Performance:
Percent Load (1) (2)
F F F
100% 85 87 87
75% 75 87 85.25
50% 65 87 83.5
25% 65 87 81.75
0% 65 87 80
 Full Load Vs Part Load
Both FullPart and Part Load Efficiency can be
important.
Full Load- Design Based On Consultant
Calculation. (With or Without diversity factor)

Part Load- May be running most of the time?

The arts and sciences of HVAC based on experience

 Chilled Water System
control
valve

80F
(26.7C) 54F 50F 110F 97F
(12.2C) (10C)(43.3C) (36.1C)
condenser

44F 41F 100F 87F cooling

55F (30.6C) tower
(12.8C) (6.7C) (5.0C)(37.8C)

pump
Chilled Water Loop Refrigeration Loop Condenser Water Loop
Airside Loop (CHWP, Piping &
(AHU & Air Duct) (Water-cooled Chiller) (CWP, Piping & Cooling Tower)
Cooling Coil)
 Minimum Baseline:
MS 1525:2014
Energy Efficiency and
Use of Renewable
Energy for Non-
Residential Buildings
Code of practice ( 2nd
Revision)
8. Air-conditioning and mechanical
ventilation (ACMV) system

8.1 Load calculations

8.2 System and equipment sizing
8.3 Separate air distribution systems
8.4 Controls
8.5 Piping insulation
8.6 Air handling duct system insulation
8.7 Duct construction
8.8 Balancing
8. Air-conditioning and mechanical
ventilation (ACMV) system
8.9 ACMV systems
8.10 ACMV system equipment
8.11 ACMV system components
8.12 ACMV system equipment/component
heat operated (absorption), cooling mode
8.13 System testing and commissioning
8.14 Operation and maintenance (O&M) manual
and as-built drawings
8.15 Preventive maintenance
 8.1 Load calculations

8.1.1 Calculation procedures

Cooling design loads should be
determined in accordance with the
procedures described in ASHRAE
Handbooks, or other equivalent
publications.
8.1 Load calculations contd
8.1.2 Indoor design conditions
Room comfort condition is dependent on
various factors including air temperature, mean
radiant temperature, humidity, clothing,
metabolic rate and air movement preference of
the occupant.
For the purpose of engineering design, room
comfort condition shall consider the following
three (3) main factors:
dry bulb temperature;
relative humidity; and
air movement (air velocity)
8.1.2 Indoor design conditions contd
Air movement (or air velocity) is essential for bodily
comfort as it enhances heat transfer between air and the
human body and accelerates cooling of the human body.
Air movement in an occupied space gives a feeling of
freshness by lowering the skin temperature, and the more
varied the air currents in velocity and direction, the better
the effect.
A draught is created when the temperature of the moving air
is too low and/or the velocity is too high.
At normal comfort room temperature (23 to 26 C), the
acceptable air velocity would be in the region of 0.15 to
0.50 m/s.
8.1.2 Indoor design conditions cont'd
1. dry bulb temperature
2. relative humidity
3. air movement (air velocity)
The indoor design conditions of an air-conditioned
space for comfort cooling should be as follows:
a) Recommended design dry bulb temperature 230C
to 260C(240C - 260C)2014
b) Minimum dry bulb temperature 220C (230C)2014
c) Recommended design relative humidity 55 %
to 70 %(50% - 70%)2014
d) Recommended air movement 0.15 m/s to 0.50 m/s
e) Maximum air movement 0.7 m/s
8.1.3 Outdoor design conditions

The recommended outdoor design conditions shall be

taken as follows:

a) dry bulb temperature 33.3 C (920F)

b) wet bulb temperature 27.2 C.(810F)
8.1.4 Ventilation

Outdoor air-ventilation rates shall comply with Third

Schedule (By Law 41) clause 12(1) of Uniform
Building By Laws, 1984.
Exception:
Outdoor air quantities may exceed those shown, if
required because of special occupancy or process
requirements or source control of air contamination
or Indoor Air Quality consideration.
8.2 System and equipment sizing
8.2.1 Air conditioning systems and equipment shall be
sized to provide no more than the space and system
loads calculated in accordance with 8.1 above,
consistent with available equipment capacity.
Redundancy in capacity of equipment, if incorporated
into the sizing of the duty equipment, shall include
efficiency devices such as variable speed drive, high
efficiency motor, efficient unloading devices, multi
compressors etc so as not to diminish the
equipment/system efficiency when operating at
varying loads.
 8.2 System and equipment sizing contd
8.2.2 Where chillers are used and when the design load
is greater than 1 000 kWr300RT, a minimum of
either two chillers or a single multi-compressor
chiller should be provided to meet the required
load.
8.2.3 Multiple units of the same equipment type, such
as multiple chillers, with combined capacities
exceeding the design load may be specified to
operate concurrently only if controls are provided
which sequence or otherwise optimally control the
operation of each unit based on the required cooling
load.
 MS 1525:2007 Section 8.2.2
For Design Load > 1,000kW (280 tons)
- To use a minimum of 2 chillers or (Page 20)
- Single multi compressors chillers
- For Part Load Control
 8.4 Controls

8.4.1 Temperature control

Each system shall be provided with at least one
thermostat for the regulation of temperature.
Each thermostat shall be capable of being set
by adjustment or selection of sensors over a
minimum range of between 22 C to 27 C.
Multi-stage thermostat shall be provided for
equipment exceeding 35/65 kWr in conjunction
with 8.2.4.
 8.4 Controls contd

8.4.2 Humidity control

In a system requiring moisture removal to
maintain specific selected relative humidity in
spaces or zones, no new source of energy (such
as electric reheat) shall be used to produce a
space relative humidity below 70 % for comfort
cooling purposes.
 8.4 Controls contd
8.4.3 Energy Recovery
It is recommended that consideration be given to the use
of recovery systems which will conserve energy
(provided the amount expended is less than the amount
recovered) when the energy transfer potential and the
operating hours are considered.
Recovered energy in excess of the new source of energy
expended in the recovery process may be used for control
of temperature and humidity.
Examples include the use of condenser water for reheat,
desuperheater heat reclaim, heat recovery wheel, heat pipe
or any other energy recovery technology.
 8.4 Controls contd

8.4.5 Mechanical ventilation control

Each mechanical ventilation system (supply and/or
exhaust) shall be equipped with a readily accessible
switch or other means for shut-off or volume
reduction when ventilation is not required.
Examples of such devices would include timer
switch control, thermostat control, duty cycle
programming and CO/CO2 sensor control.
8.8 Balancing

The system design shall provide means for balancing

the air and water system such as but not limited to
dampers, temperature and pressure test connections
and balancing valves.
8.9 ACMV systems contd
b) Central circulating water systems
In this type, a centrifugal, rotary, screw, scroll or reciprocating,
compression refrigeration or absorption refrigeration type
water-chilling package provides chilled water to a central piping
system; and the piping system supplies cooled water, as
required, to water-air heat exchangers (terminal units) serving
the conditioned space(s) of the building.
The water chilling package, including its heat-rejecting element,
and the terminal units are considered to be ACMV System
Components.
c) Multiple units systems
In this type, a number of units of ACMV Equipment, each
receiving a supply of electric energy, performs the functions
of cooling air for distribution to a space or zone of the
building.
 2014 Table 25. Water chilling packages, electrically driven:
1COP @100% aMPLV @ MS Std 2COP @100% bIPLV@ AHRI
Load at Msian test Conditions Load at Std AHRI Std
Equipment Size Conditions test Conditions Conditions
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
COP kWe/RT COP kWe/RT COP kWe/RT COP kWe/RT
< 105 kWr(30RT) 2.79 1.26 3.20 1.10 2.79 1.26 3.66 0.96

105 kWr and < 530 kWr(150RT) 2.79 1.26 3.20 1.10 2.79 1.26 3.66 0.96
Air cooled, with
condenser
530 kWr and < 1060
2.79 1.26 3.35 1.05 2.79 1.26 3.74 0.94
kWr(300RT)

1060 kWr(300RT) 2.79 1.26 3.35 1.05 2.79 1.26 3.74 0.94

(< 260 kWr) (< 75RT) 4.34 0.81 4.14 0.85 4.51 0.78 5.58 0.63
Water cooled,
positive > 260 < 530 kWr(150RT) 4.34 0.81 4.14 0.85 4.51 0.78 5.67 0.62
Displacement
(Reciprocating, 530 kWr and < 1060
4.95 0.71 4.45 0.79 5.17 0.68 6.06 0.58
Scroll, Rotary kWr(300RT)
Screw)
1060 kWr(300RT) 5.41 0.65 4.82 0.73 5.67 0.62 6.51 0.54

< 1060 kWr(300RT) 5.33 0.66 5.02 0.70 5.58 0.63 5.86 0.60
Water cooled,
Centrifugal 1060 kWr(300 to 600 RT) 5.86 0.60 5.41 0.65 6.06 0.58 6.39 0.55

> 600 RT 5.96 0.59 5.58 0.63 6.17 0.57 6.51 0.54
NOTES :
1 Tested at Malaysian Chilled Water and Condenser Water Temperatures

as per Table 25. Chillers without condensers must be rated with

matching condensers and comply with the chiller efficiency
requirements.
2 Tested at AHRI Leaving Chilled Water Temperature of 440F @ 2.4

USGPM per tonne, and entering Condenser Water Temperature of 850F

@ 3 USGPM per tonne.
a MPLV denotes Malaysia Part Load Value which is a single part load

efficiency figure of merit calculated per method described in MS2449 at

Malaysia Standard Rating Conditions, where for part-load entering
condenser water temperatures (ECWT), the temperature should vary
linearly from the selected ECWT at 100% load to 26.67C (80F) at
50% load and fixed at 26.67C (80F) for 50% to 0% load, and is
defined by the following formula:
(For part-load entering air dry bulb temperatures, the temperature should
be vary linearly from selected EDB at 100% load to 25.55C (78F)
at 33% load and fixed at 25.55C (78F) for 33% to 0% loads).
 MS 2449:2012
Performance
rating of water-
chilling packages
using the vapor
compression cycle
MPLV = 1 .
[(0.01/A) + (0.29/B) + (0.65/C) + (0.05/D)]
Where,
A = kWe/RT at 100 % B = kWe/RT at 75%
C = kWe/RT at 50% D = kWe/RT at 25%
b IPLV denotes Integrated Part Load Value which is a single number

part-load efficiency figure of merit calculated per method described in

AHRI 550/90 where for part-load entering condenser water temperatures
(ECWT), the temperature should vary linearly from the selected ECWT
at 100% load to 18.33C (65F) at 50% loads, and fixed at 18.33C
(65F) for 50% to 0% loads and is defined by the following formula:
IPLV = 1 .
[(0.01/A)+ (0.42/B)+ (0.45/C)+ (0.12/D)]
Chiller efficiency rating compliance shall meet either Minimum COP
@100% Load Condition or Minimum MPLV and not at both conditions.
Note that COP is applicable to a single chiller.
 8.13 System testing & commissioning
Air system balancing shall be accomplished in a
manner to minimise throttling losses and then fan
speed shall be adjusted to meet design flow
conditions.
Hydraulic system balancing shall be accomplished in
a manner to minimise throttling losses and then the
pump impeller shall be trimmed or pump speed shall
be adjusted to meet design flow conditions.
ACMV control systems shall be tested to assure that
control elements are calibrated, adjusted and in
proper working condition.
9. Energy Management Control System
9.1 Energy Management System (EMS)
9.2 Control of equipment
9.3 Monitoring of equipment
9.4 Integration of equipment subsystems
9.5 Energy consuming areas
9.6 Application of EMS to the ACMV system
9.7 Application of EMS to the lighting system
9.8 Application of EMS to Energy Audit
9.9 Characteristics of EMS
9.1 Energy Management System (EMS)
The Energy Management System (EMS) is a subset
of the Building Automation System function. It
should be considered for buildings having area
greater than 4000 m2 of air- conditioned space.
Generally, the Building Automation System has
three functions:
a) control of equipment;
b) monitoring of equipment; and
c) integration of equipment sub-systems.
9.2 Control of equipment
The primary purpose of the control of equipment is
to save energy by (preferably real-time) optimization
system controls. This is performed by the EMS
function of the building automation system through;
a. Scheduling & Manual overriding;
b. Control of set points;
c. Report & record operational alarms;
d. Ensure correct and safe sequence of operation (for
Maximum Demand Limiting)
9.8 Application of EMS to Energy Audit
Buildings provided with EMS as specified in 9.1 shall be
equipped with data logging facilities for the collation of data
for energy auditing.
Suitable means or facilities for the monitoring of energy
consumption (sub-metering) should be provided to all
incoming power supply to a building and the outgoing sub-
circuits serving, but not limited, to the following :
a) central air-conditioning system;
b) lift and escalator system;
c) major water pumping system;
d) general power supply; and
e) lighting supply to tenancy areas and landlord areas.
9.11 Testing & Commissioning
To ensure proper and comprehensive operation of the
EMS, the commissioning process should commence at
the design phase of the project and continue through
the construction phase and the warranty period.
The process should include documentation of design
intent and verification of equipment performance.
Commissioning process should also verify that
complete and accessible equipment documentation is
available onsite and that facility staff is adequately
trained to operate the EMS.
The scope of commissioning process should be
specified in the task list issued by the system designer
or independent commissioning specialist engaged by
the building owner.
 What is Legionnaires Disease?
- Respiratory disease
- Bacteria Legionella pneumophilia
- Found in any aquatic environment

e.g; Cooling towers, evaporative condensers, showers,

whirlpool spas, humidifies, decorative fountains, fire
sprinklers systems.
Sign and Symptoms of Legionnaires Disease

- Usually begins with a headache, pain in the muscles and

a general feeling un-wellness.
- High fever (up to 40-40.5 deg C or about 104-105
deg.F) and shaking chills.
- Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea may occur
- Dry coughing and chest pain might occur
- 5 -15% of known cases have been fatal
 Who is more likely to get
Legionnaires disease?
- Middle aged or older people
- Those who smoke tobacco or have chronic lung
disease
- Low resistance to infection / immune system

Workers most at risk

- Those who maintain cooling towers in air
conditioning systems
Counter-flow Tower Cross-flow Tower
Legionnaire Disease
Dissemination from a cooling tower by
drift and exposure to the contaminated
water
 Objective of Water Treatment
- Minimize microbial growth.
- Minimize scale and corrosion.
- Minimize sediment / deposition of solids (organic or
inorganic) on heat transfer surfaces.

Effective water treatment program allows:-

- More efficient operation due to lower fouling
- Longer system life due to decreased corrosion
- Safer operation of the system due to the reduced chances
of microbial exposure to the public.
 How to Prevent Legionnaires Disease?

a) Good engineering practices in the operation and

maintenance of the system.
- Cooling towers should be inspected and thoroughly
cleaned at least once a year.
b) Corroded parts, such as drift eliminators should be
replaced.
c) Algae and accumulated scale should be removed.
d) Cooling towers water should be treated constantly.
Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality 2010
DOSH Malaysia* Ministry of Human Resources
Table 1: List of Indoor Air Contaminants and the Maximum Limits
 Acceptable Range for Specific
Physical Parameters 2010
Parameter Acceptable range
(a) Air temperature 23.0 26.0 C
(b) Relative humidity 40 70%
(c) Air movement 0.15 0.50

List of Indoor Air Contaminants and acceptable limits

Eight-hours time-weighted average airborne
Indoor Air Contaminants concentration
ppm mg/m cfu/m
Chemical contaminants
(a) Carbon dioxide C1000 - -
(b) Carbon monoxide 10 - -
(c) Formaldehyde 0.1 - -
(d) Ozone 0.05 - -
(e) Respirable particulates - 0.15 -
(f) Total volatile organic compounds 3 - -
(TVOC)
Biological contaminants
(a) Total bacterial counts - - 500
(b) Total fungal counts - - 1000
 Carbon Dioxide and DCV

CO2-based DCV has the most energy

savings potential in buildings where
occupancy fluctuates.
Office buildings, government facilities,
retail stores and shopping malls,
airports, theaters, auditoriums,
conference or lecture halls,
entertainment areas are good
candidates for DCV
Typical Installation AHU Room
Return Air

CO2 sensor AHU Room

Supply Air
AHU

Fresh Air

Fresh air damper

Damper Actuator
 Type of Flow Meters

Electronic Flow Meters

Electromagnetic

Qualities
Obstruction free
No moving parts
Wide flow range
Virtually no maintenance
Minimal installation requirements
Typical accuracy at 0.25% and 0.5%
Full BMS Integration
Measures the velocities across the pipe When an electrical conductor is
line cross section
moved at velocity, perpendicular to
Insensitivity to viscosity, specific
gravity, temperature and pressure the lines of flux through a
Respond well to fast changing flows magnetic field of strength, the
Lower life-cycle costs voltage is induced at the ends of
the conductor
 Type of Flow Meters

Electronic Flow Meters

Ultrasonic

Obstruction free
No moving parts
Wide flow range
Virtually no maintenance
Sensitive to pipe elbows and
control valves
Respond well to fast changing
flows
Measuring Principle Full BMS Integration
Acoustic flow measuring procedures like
the ultrasonic-flow measurement use Low Cost of Ownership on larger
sound waves above the hearing barrier, pipe (>DN300)
i.e.> 20 kHz for speed and flow
measurement. The velocity and direction
of the sound rays change due to the
transport of the sound waves in the fluid.
With the transit time procedure, the time
is measured in which a sound wave takes
to get around path 1. I.e. point A, the
 Energy Monitoring Complete BTU meter of
Ultrasonic Type

Bacnet, M-bus,
Modbus, Lonworks
network application
all available.
 Flow Meter

Ultrasonic flow sensor has patent product structure and U acoustic

path, which makes a wider dynamic flow-rate measurement range and
overcomes the shortcomings of other ultrasonic measurement
designs of narrow measurement range and inaccurate measurement
of low flow-rate. So it's available to central air conditioning and
heating system with widely changeable measurement range.
 Energy Monitoring Complete Type BTU meter

Energy Calculator
PT 1000
PT 1000

Air Handling Unit

or
Flow Meter Fan Coil Unit
 Installation Rules

At least 5 x Di upstream
Minimum 2 x Di downstream min 10
min 5 xxDDi i min 3 x Di

Latest 5D/0D or 0D/0D

Electromagnetic flowmeters
Verification at site.

At least 10 x Di
upstream
Minimum 3 x Di
downstream
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
EE HVAC Strategies
 EE HVAC Strategies
Non Chemical
Water Treatment System
-Condenser water side
-Chilled water side
Auto Condenser Tube Cleaning System
Cleaning of condenser tube automatically
- eliminate manual cleaning

Maintaining lower fouling factors

- maintain efficiency
 Auto Condenser Tube Cleaning System

Use of rubberized ball or brush to clean

heat exchanger tubes in condenser

212
 Benefits
Optimal heat transfer in the cooling system
Reduce electricity consumption
Reduce costly equipment downtimes
Lessen the usage of chemical
Extend tube life by removing corrosive
deposits
Eliminate high cleaning cost (mechanical
& chemical) in tubes
wonderball_newtemplate_20071212
213
Chilled Water System - Air/Dirt Separator/Vacuum Degasser

AIR IN
WATER
Free air
3 FORMS!

Microbubbles

Dissolved air
 DIRT IN WATER:
HOW DOES DIRT ENTER A SYSTEM?

During installation
Sand
Splinters of material
Welding grain
Insufficient flushing
During operation
Quality of (re)fill water
Scale
Corrosion products
 DIRT RELATED PROBLEMS

Corrosion of pumps and piping

Higher maintenance Cost for Pumps
High maintenance cost for chillers
Higher Repair Cost
Reduced Energy Transfer
Reduced life span of pumps
Redeced life span of valves.
PROBLEMS CAUSED BY AIR IN WATER.
Ps
 AIR IN WATER:
HOW DOES IT ENTER A SYSTEM?
Under pressure: Expansion vessel too small or broken
Incorrect initial fill pressure
Expansion vessel located at the
wrong point on the system
Pressure difference over regulating
valves
Mistakes in system design

Diffussion: Minor leakages

(Re)Filling: (Re)fill water contains air

 WHAT IS VACUM?

Under vacuum no air

Dissolved air in water (ml / ltr)

can be dissolved!

91 ml / ltr (91 l / m3)

54 ml / ltr (54 l / m3)

0 ml / ltr (0 l / m3)

Temperature (C)
HOW DOES VACUM DEAERATION WORK?
 VACUUM DEAERATION IN THEORY

Dissolved content of air

(theoretical)

Dissolved content of air

(practical)

Removed air

Minimum level

On

Status Superior Off

Innovations in Green Buildings
Vacuum Degasser in Chilled Water Piping System
Where to install vacuum degasser
Vacuum
Degasser control
valve

80F
(26.7C) 54F 50F 110F 97F
(12.2C) (10C) (43.3C) (36.1C)
condenser

44F 41F 100F 87F cooling

55F tower
(12.8C) (6.7C) (5.0C) (37.8C) (30.6C)

pump Air & Dirt

Separator
Chilled Water Loop Refrigeration Loop Condenser Water Loop
Airside Loop (CHWP, Piping &
(AHU & Air Duct) (Water-cooled Chiller) (CWP, Piping & Cooling Tower)
Cooling Coil)
Constant Primary Flow / Variable Secondary
Flow Chilled Water System
Secondary Pumps
(Variable Speed)

Isolation
Valves

Chiller Chiller Decoupling Bypass

(Constant (Constant
Flow) Flow)
Load Load
(Variable (Variable P
Flow) Flow)

Control
Valves

Primary Pumps
(Constant Speed)
225
Chilled Water System: Direct or Reverse
Return
DBCV - DYNAMIC BALANCING CONTROL
VALVE
PICV PRES. INDEPENDENT CONTROL
VALVE
Design
Pressure Independent
Control
Automatic balancing
Commissioning

Save installation space & time

Save commissioning time &
balancing
Eliminate error
Illuminated enclosure
GREEN: normal
RED: fault
Air Purification & Available Sterilized Systems

1.) HEPA Filters

2.) Germicidal UV Lights
3.) Magnetized Air Media Filtration
4.) Cold Plasma Bi-Polar Ionization
5.) Photo-Catalytic Oxidation
6.) Gas Phase Filtration
7.) Electrostatic Precipitation or Electronic Air
Cleaners.
 Mechanical Filtration

By interception, impingement
diffusion & straining, particles are
blocked as they enter the filters
230
Media Pre Filter, 20%

231
Media Bag Filter 85% to 90% efficiency

232
High pressure drop!
Electrostatic Air Cleaners
8.2 KVDC 4.1 KVDC

233
Electronic Air Cleaner
Advanced Air Filtration System
Electrostatic Air Filters
Particles sizes down to 0.01 micron
Minimal clogging
Low pressure drop
Low maintenance cost
236
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP)

8.2 KVDC 4.1 KVDC

 CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons

HCFC
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons

HFC - Hydrofluorocarbons

1-238
 TYPE OF REFRIGERANTS
CFC HCFC HFC HFO
R-11 R-22 R-134a HFO1234fy
R-12 R-123 R404A HFO1233zd(E)
R-13 R-401A R-407C
R-500 R-401B R-410A
R-502 R-402A R-507 Natural Refrigerant
R-503 R-402B FM200
R-290 ( HC 290 )
R-408A CO2
R-409A NH3
Water
N2 Clean agent
Argon Clean agent
 Refrigerant Issue-
Environmental Impact

ODP: Ozone Depletion Potential

GWP: Global Warming Potential
Climate Change
1-241
 Ozone Depletion
Some possible effects include:
increased risk of getting skin cancer;
increased chance of developing cataracts;
detrimental effect on the human immune
system;
decreased crop yields; and
adverse effect on the growth of
phytoplankton, which is a primary link in the
food chain of marine life.
 Items Associated with Ozone
Depletion
aerosol propellants
fire extinguishers
air-conditioning and refrigeration
equipment:
styrofoam cups
foam insulation
computer and electronic goods
The Greenhouse Effect
 Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
ODP (R-11=1.0)

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
CFC-11 CFC-12 HCFC-22 HCFC-123 HFC-134a HFC- HFC- HFC-245fa
410A 407C

1-245
 Global Warming Potential (GWP)
12000

10000
GWP (CO2 = 1.0)

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
CFC-11 CFC-12 HCFC-22 HCFC-123 HFC-134a HFC- HFC- HFC-245fa
410A 407C

1-246
 Atmospheric Life (Years)
100

80

60
Years

40

20

0
CFC-11 CFC-12 HCFC-22 HCFC-123 HFC-134a HFC- HFC- HFC-245fa
410A 407C

*Atmospheric life of the R-125 component for R-410A, and R-407C blends
1-247
 REFRIGERANT LEAKAGE DETECTION
Good Practice
installed in Chiller plant rooms to have early detection
of refrigerant gas leaks and sound an alarm.
minimize risk and protect the safety of mechanical room
personnel and the environment
Auto Refrigerant Leakage Detection and Recovery
System
 Whats Green Building?
USEPA- practice of creating structures and
using processes that are environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient throughout a
buildings lifecycle from design ,
construction,operation , maintenance,
renovation and even deconstruction.
- Sustainable or High-Performance building

Source: IEM Jurutera June 2010 Bulletin

 What is a Green Design or
Sustainable Design?
ASHRAE GreenGuide provides one definition for
sustainable building design:

Sustainability is the providing of the

needs of the present without detracting
from the ability to fulfill the needs of
the future
 Green Building Rating System

Canada
LEED Canada
BREEAM Canada UK
Green Globe BREEAM
Korea
Italy
GBTool
USA Protocollo China Japan
LEED ITACA CASBEE
Energy Star India Hong Kong
Green Globe LEED-India HK-BEAM
Malaysia Taiwan
Brazil GBI
GBTool Singapore
Green Mark
Australia
Green Star
 Australia: Nabers / Green Star
Brazil: AQUA / LEED Brasil
Canada: LEED Canada / Green Globes
China: GBAS
Finland: PromisE
France: HQE
Germany: DGNB / CEPHEUS
Hong Kong: HKBEAM
India: GRIHA
Italy: Protocollo Itaca / Green Building Counsil Italia
Malaysia: GBI Malaysia
Mexico: LEED Mexico
Netherlands: BREEAM Netherlands
New Zealand: Green Star NZ
Philippines: BERDE / Philippine Green Building Council
Portugal: Lider A
Singapore: Green Mark
South Africa: Green Star SA
Spain: VERDE
Switzerland: Minergie
United States: LEED / Living Building Challenge / Green Globes /
Build it Green / NAHB NGBS
United Kingdom: BREEAM
United Arab Emirates: Estidama
 GLOBAL GREEN TOOLS
1. BREEAM, UK Building Research Establishment
Environmental Assessment Method (1990)
2. LEED, USA Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (1996)
3. BEAM, Hong Kong Building Environment Assessment
Method (2003)
4. EEWH, Taiwan Green Building Evaluation System (2003)
5. Green Star, Australia/New Zealand (2003)
6. CASBEE, Japan Comprehensive Assessment System for
Building Environmental Efficiency (2004)
7. Green Mark, Singapore (2005)
8. Green Building Index, Malaysia (2009)
9. Greenship, Indonesia (2010)
GBI : An Integrated Design Approach
Owner
/User Architect
FM Service
Provider
Civil
Commisiong Engineer
Specialist

Working Mechanical
Energy together Engineer
Consultant to achieve
Goals

Electrical
GBIF Engineer

Vendors
Contractor Sub-cons
Quantity Landscape
Surveyor Architect
Sustainable Buildings Are Valuable
Climate and culture set the requirements for
building and buildings services design.
Technical solutions should not be copied
directly between different climate zone or
cultures as his may lead to unsustainability.

The solutions must the developed based on

the local cultural heritage, local climate and
local means of energy supply.
 Malaysia Green Building Index

1 Energy Efficiency
2 Indoor Environmental Quality
3 Sustainable Site Planning & Management
4 Material & Resources
5 Water Efficiency
6 Innovation

Green Buildings Overview,

Standard 189 - 259
GBI : SIX Categories

1. Energy Efficiency
2. Indoor Environmental Quality
3. Sustainable Site & Management
4. Materials & Resources
5. Water Efficiency
6. Innovation
 Building Energy Intensity

BEI = (TBEC - CPEC - DCEC)*(52/WOH)

(GFAex.cp - DCA - GLA*FVR)

where: ex.cp denotes excluding car park

BEI = (TBEC - CPEC - DCEC)*(52/WOH)
(GFAexcl carpark - DCA - GLA*FVR)
Where;
TBEC: Total Building Energy Consumption (kWh/year) for all
landlord and tenancy areas.
CPEC: Carpark Energy Consumption (kWh/year) for carpark area
(which is not air-conditioned) and typically covers artificial
lighting, lifts, mechanical ventilation fans, sump pumps and plug
loads (car washing facilities). Installations serving the whole
building (such as hydraulic pumps and fire pumps) shall not be
included.
DCEC: Data Centre Energy Consumption (kWh/year) for
operation of the Data Centre equipment and for controlling its
indoor environment (air-conditioning, mechanical ventilation,
lighting and plug loads).
GFAexcluding carpark : Gross Floor Area of buildings exclusive
of car park area (m2)
BEI = (TBEC - CPEC - DCEC)*(52/WOH)
(GFAexcl carpark - DCA - GLA*FVR)

DCA: Gross area of Data Centre (m2)

GLA: Gross Lettable Area (m2) refers to the total functional use
area for commercial purposes such as office, retail,
cafeteria, restaurant, gymnasium and club house inside
the building but excluding all common areas and service
areas. The sum of GLA, common areas and service areas
should equal the GFA excluding car park.
FVR: Floor Vacancy Rate is the weighted floor vacancy rate of
office, retail and other functional spaces of GLA. The FVR
(%) of GLA is equal to the non-occupied lettable area divided
by the GLA.
52: Typical weekly operating hours of office buildings in
KL/Malaysia (hrs/wk) = 2,700 hrs/annum
WOH: Weighted Weekly Operating Hours of GLA exclusive of
DCA (hrs/wk)
 Electrical Sub-Metering
Separate metering provided for the following;
Landlord and/or tenant
Lift and escalator
Major water pumping system
Central air-conditioning system
Car park and common area lighting/power system
External and faade lighting

Separate electricity metering

to be linked to EMS
 BEI Building Energy Intensity
Wrong Perception of MS1525
Under Guidelines for Energy Efficiency in
Building for typical office building in Malaysia,
the BEI standard is 136(X) kWh/m2/year.
Most buildings in Malaysia has BEI ranging
from 250-300 kWh/m2/year.
MS 1525:2007 200-220kWh/m2/year
Based on 2,700 hours/year ( 52hrs/week )
Emersion Cup 2012 Champion
ASHRAE Technology Award 2013 2nd Place

Winner for CIDB MCIEA 2010 Awards: Grade G7 & Innovation

A double platinum certified green building ( SPore Green & GBI )
 COSTS OF GOING GREEN - OVERALL

Ave Meets GBI GBI GBI GBI

GBI Msian MS1525 Certified Silver Gold Platinum
Bldg

BEI 250 200 - 220 150 - 180 120 - 150 100- 120 <100
kWh/m2/yr
Energy Base 10 - 20 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 > 60
Savings % line
Incremental
constructn Base
line 0 3% 1% 4% 3% - 7% 5% - 10% 8% - 15%
cost %
 THANK YOU

Ir. NG YONG KONG, P.Eng., GBIF, MASHRAE

Email: nyk@nyk.com.my
Tel: +6012 201 9319