Learning Record Form For Research ONLY Name: Nancy Se-amorntham 1101

The purpose of this form is to document your learning as you are researching.

What you should see is that learning is a process. Your goal should be to update this form on a daily basis as you work and find out additional information:

Include the information you have learned, with the main ideas summarized in your own words. If you cant summarize it in your own words, you havent learned it.
Include the dates so that you can monitor your learning process.
As you learn more, you should always have more questions. We should see continuous questions and answers as you seek to deepen your knowledge.

Knowledge Section: This section will be where you record what you know, as well as what you learn. At the end it should give us a picture of the learning that took
place during this project.

Things you know and things you learned: This section will be the first section you will fill out. Here you will list, summarized in your own words, every important
idea that you know so far. Later, as you learn more, you should add to this list. Choose a specific color for all the things that you know. Choose a different color
for all the things that you learn. This should be summarized in your own words.

Question Sections: Questions drive learning. Asking effective questions is the key to real learning. You should keep a careful record of all questions that come to your
mind. If the teacher comes to ask what you are doing, you should be able to show them the question that is driving your learning.

Things you know that you dont know: These should be questions that come from you. Having focused questions is an important part of doing efficient research.
If the teacher comes to ask you what you are doing, you should be able to show them the question you are focused on. As you learn new information, add it to the
things you know section in a different color.

Things you didnt know that you dont know: As you continue to research and learn, you will come across words or ideas that you have never heard of before.
This is a very valuable chance to learn. It will also lead you to have questions such as: what does this word mean? Who made this theory? How does this relate to
this? These questions will add even more opportunities for you to learn. As you learn the answers to these questions, add them to the things you learned list in a
third different color.
 Question Section: Things you know that you dont know Question Section: Things you didnt know that you dont know
How different between male and female hamster? What is hamsters behavior and routine?

How to design the maze that suit for the guinea pig? What is the general difference between male and female guinea pig?

How to write a Research Proposal and what maze should be look like?

Things you know and things you learned.

Hamster runs very fast.

Female hamsters are smellier than males.

Female hamsters are usually much bigger than the male hamsters.
Female hamsters are smellier than males according to courtship behavior.
Only female hamsters that have nipples.
The back end of the male tends to be elongated and rounder in appearance in comparison to the female (especially noticeable in Chinese hamsters).

Hamsters routine is sleep at noon so, if we wake it up during noon, it will bite us and dont listen to us.

Guinea pigs are active up to 20 hours a day and only sleep for short periods at a time. It has very sensitive ears and remember sounds with ease. Also, Guinea pigs feel a
little shy at times, so they like having places to hide. A good idea for guinea pig owners is to cut some holes in a cardboard box and leave that in the cage. Male guinea
pigs are generally larger than females, have smaller nipples, and can have stinky butts. While sexing guinea pigs, handle your pet guinea pigs very gently and quietly.
Cavies are easily scared and will squeal and struggle when frightened.

While writing a Literature Review, 5 Cs can help you to frame it. 5 Cs is stand for Cite, Compare, Contrast, Critique, and Connection. It will help to think about many
information that should be include in literature review such as the literature that related to our research question, the major areas of debate on the topic, and what this
work had add a new perspective from the literature. Furthermore, the maze for Guinea Pig shouldnt be very complicated as a maze for human and has lots of space for
Guinea Pig to walk through.

Guinea Pigs size is 20 25 cm in height and 8-10 cm in width. This maze has to be a bit complicated. We design the maze to contain many deadlock because we will
compare the male and female intelligent by record the number of times that Guinea Pig walk back and faced the deadlock more than once. We had chosen one of the
best material for making the maze which is box paper. Also, we have to keep our eyes on Guinea Pig all the time while the experiment process and check the maze
strongness before let Guinea Pig run in the maze to ensure that Guinea Pig will be safe.
 Question Section: Things you know that you dont know Question Section: Things you didnt know that you dont know
How to write Literature Review Maze Methodology?
What is more information about hamsters general information?
How was the spatial memory of hamster?
How was the sexual dimorphism in hamsters?

Things you know and things you learned.

I should give the information about how can I come up with this maze and based on which scientific experiment. The maze that will be use should be classical maze or
the normal maze that we know (in square or rectangle shape, not circle or other shape). Also, give how different between your maze and the maze from the scientific
experiment and the reason why its different such as to make it better or to make the maze suit your experiment. Moreover, to write the procedure, I must write as
specific as I can (think about a person that didnt know anything come to read it and can do this experiment perfectly).

They are chunky-bodied, thick-furred, short-tailed rodents with cheek pouches and are secretive burrowers and hoarders. Being nocturnal creatures, they usually sleep
during the day and play and explore at night. They also have no detectable body odor and inexpensive to buy and outside of cage cleaning and proper food are relatively
maintenance free. These adorable rodents are subject to very few health problems and diseases. Since they sleep during the day, they are active at night when most
people are home

Hamsters have fairly good spatial memories and can remember changes in daylight for several weeks. Anecdotal evidence indicates that hamsters can remember familiar
humans for months or even years. Although it is difficult to quantify exactly how long hamsters can store memories, research indicates that spatial memory is an
important part of their food foraging. When placed in a maze, they remember which branches had food and tend to explore those first even after several weeks.
Hamsters use changes in the length of days to cue breeding, and researchers discovered that they can remember daylight changes for two to three weeks. Sudden
disruptions of their circadian rhythms by changing light patterns affect their memories.

According to the EFTEM cytochemistry and sexual dimorphism of secretory granules in hamster male and female submandibular glands experiment, osmium tetroxide
post fixation of the acinar cells of the male hamster submandibular gland, secretory granules exhibited the characteristic bipartite substructure with the electron lucid
rim and the denser central core. The ultrathin sections were counterstained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. In females, the reverse was seen, with the larger central
portion of granules being electron lucent and the crescent being electron-dense rim with counterstaining (Keiichi, Michiya, & Norikazu, 2011). This is found in the
newborn tyrosine gland too. The Hamster Salivary Gland Sexual Dimorphism. 1. Protein Histochemical Study experiment indicates that the secretory cell elements were
slightly more reactive than the reasonably stained ductal mechanisms. According to our observation in their reaction across their sex, there are no differences. At 8 days,
variations in histochemical reactions between the male and female submandibular gland were initially exhibited. The strong, homogeneous, secretory cell response in
male was more pronounced and revealed less divergence in staining intensity from cell to cell than in female. Staining differences between the sexes were even more
obvious in the ductal cells (Kronman, 1963).
 Question Section: Things you know that you dont know Question Section: Things you didnt know that you dont know
What is Learning curve? How to make hamster get used to human touch?
What is Extinction? How hamster act when it is stressed?
What is Forgetting curve? What does it mean Learning is costly?
How does memory work?
Things you know and things you learned.
Once your hamster has gotten used to your smell, you can try offering a small bit of a treat. This will entice the hamster to come closer to your hand. Put the treat in your
palm, and hold out your hand palm up. The hamster will have to climb onto your hand to get the treat. Let him do this a few times until he's used to jumping into your
hand. If the hamster starts to eat the treat in your hand, you can try to gently pet the hamster with your other hand. More than likely, the hamster will be so busy with
the treat, he won't notice you're petting him. Once the hamster is comfortable with you, you can try cupping your hands around him, once he's in your palm, and
carefully removing him from the cage. He may urinate on your hands the first few times, but it's from fear. He'll eventually relax and get used to you.

When hamster become stressed the symptoms that displayed is similar to other mammals. They can become irritable and aggressive or the reverse, depressed and less
active. They may also develop diarrhea and consequently lose weight, drink more water, and become listless. Therefore, if our hamsters dont show any of this sign, we
will then start to train it genteelly and not over load to avoid them to feel stress. Also, we have to keep checking that both of it are not showing any sign that was
mention above.

Learning curve: a graph over time or the number of trials (X axis) vs the likelihood it will perform the task correctly (Y-axis)
Extinction: The loss of information over time
Forgetting curve: A graph over time (X-Axis) vs the likelihood of forgetting information

Memory starts with a sensory input

- Something you smell, hear, see, touch, taste, etc
- Synapse are activated- transferring the sensation into an electrical memory that simulate building proteins
- These proteins are used store memories in short term
Additional proteins and synaptic connections must be made for long term memories

Learning can be a costly act for an animal Animals learn two different types of information
- Learning takes time - Information that is important now, but not later
- Space in the brain is required - Information that is important for a long period of time
- Formation of short and long term memories require chemical reactions Selective attention helps us decide what is important and what information we
can forget
 Question Section: Things you know that you dont know Question Section: Things you didnt know that you dont know
What is Stimulus? What is Habituation?

What is Sensitization?

What is Condititioning?

Things you know and things you learned.

Stimulus (Plural: stimuli)
- An event or thing that creates a functional response: Often in response to sensory information from sense organs and can also be internal
- Something that has an effect on an organism behavior in an obvious way
Ex. This dog is displaying appeasement behavior in response to an angry human (stimulus)
A stimulus has frightened this cat, which causes aggressive posture and hissing as defensive behavior

Habituation is the loss of response to a stimulus when the stimulus is given repeatedly
- Example: Prairie dogs will run away from humans and hide in holes when first encountered
- If prairie dogs continue to see humans near habitat, prairie dogs will get used to humans and not react to humans
- Grey squirrels respond to the alarm calls of other squirrels but stop responding if the calls are not followed by an attack.
- Cry-wolf effect: Boy who cried wolf

Sensitization is an increase in response to a stimulus due to experience

- Example: Praire dog sees a dog near its habitat. When the dog sees the praire dog, the dog chases the praire dog and tries to kill the praire dog
- If the praire dog survives the chase, the praire dog will have a fearful response to seeing a dog

Conditioning is the building association between two events

Certain condition/ events/ stimuli will result in certain outcomes
- Example: Bird that forages for bugs under a rock and finds a bug
- Bird repeats that behavior and finds another bug
- Bird can assume that if they repeat behavior again, they will likely find a bug
Most information about animal learning and memory is from the study of condititioning
There are two major types of conditioning:
- Classical condititioning
- Operant Condititioning
 Question Section: Things you know that you dont know Question Section: Things you didnt know that you dont know
Who is Ivan Pavlov?

What is Pavlovs Dog Background?

What is Classical Conditioning?

Things you know and things you learned.

Ivan Pavlov (1849 1936) was a Russian psychologist who was studying the digestive system and production of insulin
- Conducted an experiment where he measured the amount of saliva produced by dogs at feeding time
- Lead to idea of classical condititioning

When a dog was given the stimuli of the smell food that dog would salivate because it means they will likely get fed soon
However, when a dog hears a bell they do not salivate
During Pavlovs experiment, before the dogs were feed a bell was rung
- Ringing of the bell + smell of food= salivation
Over time, researcher noticed that the dog would salivate when the bell was rung even when food was not present
- Dog had learned to associate the sound of the bell with food

Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training

A naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response
Then, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus
Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to cause the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus
The dog associated one thing (the bell ringing) with a separate unrelated thing (being fed)
- No learning was required for the dog to salivate at the smell or sight of food
- Learning occurred when the dog began to associate bell with food
 Question Section: Things you know that you dont know Question Section: Things you didnt know that you dont know
What is Important Terms in Classical Conditioning?
Who is John B. Watson?
What is Little Albert Experiment?
Things you know and things you learned.
Important Terms
1. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) = Food
- Stimulus that has a response that has not been taught
2. Unconditioned response (UCR) = Salivation
- Natural response to stimulus
- Does not require learning
3. Conditioned stimulus (CS) = Bell ringing
- A neutral stimulus that did not initially have a response, but is combined with UCS, taught association to create a response
CS + UCS = UCR
4. After time, the animal will learn to respond to just the CS (Bell)
CS= UCR
The UCR becomes the conditioned response (CR)

John B. Watson (1878 -1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism
Watson (and a colleague, Rosalie Rayner) conducted an influential early study of generalization
- Generalization is an animals ability to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli
- Example: Rats and rabbits are different animals, but are similar in shape

Watson and Rayner examined the generalization of conditioned fear in humans by experimenting with an 11-month-old boy called Little Albert.
- Little Albert was exposed to a little white mouse (Neutral Stimulus) Albert did not react or show fear to the mouse
- Little Albert was then exposed to a loud sound (Unconditioned Response) Albert cried out of fear at the sound
Little Albert was exposed to the loud noise with the mouse
- Little Albert would show fear from the noise
Over time Little Albert became frightened of the white mouse without the loud noise (conditioned stimulus)
Little Albert then generalized his fear to a number of furry objects, including a rabbit, a fur coat, and Watson wearing a Santa Claus mask.
 Question Section: Things you know that you dont know Question Section: Things you didnt know that you dont know
What is Types of Classical Conditioning?
What is Flooding, Desensitization, and Graded exposure?
Things you know and things you learned.
Animal behavior can be altered successfully through classical conditioning
- Useful for decreasing fearful responses to stimuli Is not used train tricks
Methods of training with classical conditioning:
- Flooding
- Desensitization
- Graded Exposure
- Counterconditioning
- Graded Counterconditioning

Flooding a training method that exposes the animal to the stimulus for a prolonged time
The animal realizes that there are no actual threats present from stimulus and shouldnt fear it in the future
This method is NOT recommended by most trainers
- Only works in highly controlled environments and can take a long time
- Stopping before flooding is complete will make animal more fearful of stimulus
- Unless trainer understands body language, may misinterpret body language- False Flooding

Desensitization is a behavioral technique commonly used to treat fear, anxiety disorders and phobias
Over time, animals are exposed to a stimulus until they no longer react to the stimulus
There are three main steps to this process:
- First step is to discover what object/ event is causing anxiety or fear
- Second step is to expose the animal to object/ event where the animal can see it, but does not have fear or aggression signals, Repeat exposure
- Third step is to change the variables, Repeat exposure

Graded exposure is a training method that exposes an animal to stimulus in steps until stimulus no longer causes fear or distress
- Break down where the animal is now and where the animal needs to be into small steps
- The animal should be exposed to stimulus at the furthest distance (where they first should fear behavior)
- Once the animal becomes comfortable at that distance, go to next step
- Repeat until animal doesnt show fear or aggression to stimulus
 Question Section: Things you know that you dont know Question Section: Things you didnt know that you dont know
What is Counterconditioning and Graded Counterconditioning?
What is the different between Classical and Operant Conditioning?

Things you know and things you learned.

Counterconditioning is a training method that uses positive stimulus to change the emotional state of animals while they are exposed to a feared stimulus
Stimulus 1 (food) is wonderful, Stimulus 2 (another dog) is scary so the dog shows fear or stress when seeing it
- When an animal sees stimulus 2, the trainer gives the animal stimulus 1 Must be given immediately afterwards
- Repeat
- Animal will start to associate stimulus 2 with the feelings they get from stimulus 1

Graded counterconditioning is a combination of graded exposure and counterconditioning techniques

- Break down where the animal is now and where the animal needs to be into small steps
- The animal should be exposed to stimulus at the furthest distance (where they first should fear behavior)
- Once the animal becomes comfortable at that distance, immediately give rewards/ praise
- Repeat until animal doesnt show fear or aggression to stimulus

Classical conditioning forms an association between two stimuli

Operant conditioning forms an association between a behavior and a consequence
- There are four possible consequences to any behavior They are:
- Something Good can start or be presented
- Something Good can end or be taken away
- Something Bad can start or be presented
- Something Bad can end or be taken away

Positive is when an item is presented thus is added to the animal's environment.

Negative is when an item is taken away thus subtracted from the animal's environment.
Reinforcement is when behavior is increased -making it occur more frequently, making it stronger, or making it more likely to occur.
Punishment is when behavior is decreased - making it occur less frequently, making it weaker and making it occur less likely.
 Question Section: Things you know that you dont know Question Section: Things you didnt know that you dont know
Who is Edward Thorndike?
What is Thorndikes puzzle box?
How many type of operant conditioning?
Things you know and things you learned.
Edward Thorndike was born in 1874 and died in 1949
Thorndike studied learning and how learning takes place when the response of the animal is reinforced in some way
Thorndike studied the topic using an puzzle box and watching how cats solve the puzzle

A cat was put in a "puzzle-box that was kept shut by a simple latch
- Outside the cage is a piece of salmon on a dish, which encouraged the cat to want to escape the box
The cat sees the salmon and begins extending its paws through the bars toward the fish but it cant reach it
- The cat must find a way to escape through the door in order to eat the fish
The cat will explore the box for several minutes before solving the puzzle and opening the door
- Cat immediately gets the fish as a reward
The cat is placed back in the box
- A new piece of fish is placed on the dish as reward for escaping the box
The cat goes through the same responses as before and eventually, bumps into the latch once more
- Cat immediately gets fish as a reward
This is repeated again and again
Eventually, the cat can very quickly open the door
- The cat has learned how to solve the puzzle box

Reinforcement Punishment
(behavior increases) (behavior decreases)

Positive (something Positive reinforcement (something is added and increases Positive punishment (something is added and decreases behavior)
added) behavior) e.g. Food is given in reward to a behavior. e.g. Squirting your cat with water when it is scratching the furniture.

Negative (something Negative reinforcement (something is removed and increases Negative punishment (something is removed and decreases behavior)
taken away) behavior) e.g. Skinners rats and the electrified floor e.g. Taking a toy away from the dog that is jumping up at you or stop
giving the bird attention when it squawks.