Implementation of TLCDM over WDM for high speed optical communication

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

For gigabits and beyond gigabits transmission of data, the fiber optic communication
is the ideal choice. This type of communication is used to transmit voice, video, telemetry
and data over long distances and local area networks or computer networks. A fiber Optic
Communication System uses light wave technology to transmit the data over a fiber by
changing electronic signals into light.

Some exceptional characteristic features of this type of communication system like

large bandwidth, smaller diameter, light weight, long distance signal transmission, low
attenuation, transmission security, and so on make this communication a major building block
in any telecommunication infrastructure.

Fig 1.1: Basic block diagram of optical fiber communication system

Fig 1.1 shows the basic block diagram of a optical fiber communication system, in
which the different functional elements are represented by blocks. The essential components
of a communication system are information source, input transducer, transmitter,
communication channel, receiver and destination.

(i) Information Source: As we know, a communication system serves to communicate

a message or information. This information originates in the information source. In general,
there can be various messages in the form of words, group of words, code, symbols, sound
signal etc. However, out of these messages, only the desired message is selected and
communicated. Therefore, we can say that the function of information source is to produce
required message which has to be transmitted.

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 Implementation of TLCDM over WDM for high speed optical communication

(ii) Input Transducer: A transducer is a device which converts one form of energy
into another form. The message from the information source may or may not be electrical in
nature. In a case when the message produced by the information source is not electrical in
nature, an input transducer is used to convert it into a time-varying electrical signal.
(iii) Transmitter: The function of the transmitter is to process the electrical signal from
different aspects. Modulation is the main function of the transmitter. In modulation, the
message signal is superimposed upon the high-frequency carrier signal. In short, we can say
that inside the transmitter, signal processing such as restriction of range of audio frequencies,
amplification and modulation of are achieved.

(iv) The Channel and The Noise: The term channel means the medium through which
the message travels from the transmitter to the receiver. In other words, we can say that the
function of the channel is to provide a physical connection between the transmitter and the
receiver. During the process of transmission and reception the signal gets distorted due to
noise introduced in the system. Noise is an unwanted signal which tends to interfere with the
required signal. Noise signal is always random in character. Noise may interfere with signal
at any point in a communication system. However, the noise has its greatest effect on the
signal in the channel.

(v) Receiver: The main function of the receiver is to reproduce the message signal in
electrical form from the distorted received signal. This reproduction of the original signal is
accomplished by a process known as the demodulation or detection. Demodulation is the
reverse process of modulation carried out in transmitter.

(vi) Destination: It is the final stage which is used to convert an electrical message
signal into its original form.

Recently, fibre optics has become the core of telecommunications and data
networking infrastructures, replacing most wireless mediums. Multiplexing is a common
technique used in optical communication systems for allowing multiple users to share the
same bandwidth over a single fibre of the transmission medium. This makes a multi input
system more economical than transmitting over multiple fibres. One of multiplexing
technique is Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) that offers great benefits to the
optical fibre communication system. Another multiplexing technique that is used in
communication systems is Optical Code Division Multiplexing (OCDM) in which each user's

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data is associated with a different code, which allows multiple users to efficiently share the
bandwidth.

Multiplexing technique, dispersion management and modulation format are given

much attention to achieve better transmission performance in long distance transmission.
Meanwhile, dispersion management technique improves the performance for long haul
optical fiber communication system to restore the distortion signal that is caused by fiber
dispersion. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is one of the multiplexing techniques
used in long distance optical communication systems. Recently, the performance of Three
Level Code Division Multiplexing (3LCDM) is investigated for the high speed optical fiber
communication system. 3LCDM technique with dispersion management has advantages over
Duty Cycle Division Multiplexing (DCDM) in order to support multiple users per channel in
WDM system [1]. Three level code division multiplexing (3LCDM) is developed in this
project which combines two data stream to double the bandwidth of WDM efficiency.
3LCDM has been developed in reference [2] which has advantage over RZ and NRZ line
coding in doubling capacity at lower frequency and smaller bandwidth.

In research [1], 3LCDM has great benefits over NRZ system i.e., 3LCDM performs
better in dispersion tolerance. It is also noticed that 3LCDM system can provide higher
number of users using WDM technique. However, the potential of 3LCDM data to be carried
over Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) system has not yet been investigated.
Meanwhile, WDM is the main multiplexing technique in optical fiber transmission. It uses
optical fibers for long distance communication and known to suffer from losses due to
dispersion and attenuation [3], [4]. The solution to reduce the loss of attenuation is by using
optical amplifier [5]. In this project, the performance of dispersion compensation in 3LCDM
over WDM system will be investigated. In order to compensate the dispersion in optical fiber,
dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) is used [6]. The distance performance for the 3LCDM
over WDM system will also be discussed and observed for long haul transmission system.

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

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[1] 3LCDM over WDM system with dispersion management is investigated. The system is
evaluated for two channels with aggregated bit rate of 10 Gbps. By using optimum cut-off
frequency of Gaussian low pass filter and Gaussian band pass filter at 18 GHz and 37 GHz,
the performance of 3LCDM over WDM shows the best result. The input signal plays an
important role to find the optimum received power of the system to achieve BER of 10^-9.
With 142 km of distance of optical fiber communication, the 3LCDM over WDM system
maintains a better performance for long haul transmission system.

[2] 3LCDM performance with two numbers of channels at aggregate bit rate of 40 Gbps is
evaluated. At 40 Gbps, the results reveal a clear advantage of the proposed 3LCDM technique
over NRZ-OOK in terms of the dispersion tolerance. Using the electrical multiplexing,
demultiplexing technique can be carried over the same WDM channel. Consequently, the
capacity utilization of the WDM channels can be increased tremendously as it can achieve
better dispersion tolerance as compared with the conventional NRZ technique.

[3] The three-level code division scheme described has the potential to double bandwidth per
wavelength. Code encryption is realised within the multiple level data transmitted rather than
the wavelength bandwidth and avoids any multiple interference issues. The 195 Mbps data
rate that is demonstrated in the laboratory experiment shows the suitability of the system in
LANs.

[4] In 10 Gbps systems, it is necessary to include non-linear penalties for the performance
analysis of TDM and WDM signals. The Q value for TDM signals is better than that for
WDM in ultra-long haul and ultra-high capacity communications. When loss and dispersion
are precisely compensated, SMFs are the appropriate media for 10 Gbps of TDM signal
transmission. In SMFs, on employing FBGs instead of DCFs as the dispersion compensation
devices, both TDM and WDM signals show better performance, whereas in NZDSFs, the
reverse is true.

[5] The stabilizing effect of dispersion management due to various systems arises in
applications. More precisely, we construct ground states in NLS with critical non linearities
by introducing periodically varying dispersion.

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[6] Design of set of parameters for ultra-wide space division multiplexing and ultra-wide
wavelength division multiplexing to manage the chromatic dispersion, D, of single-mode
binary glass fiber cables for any set of variables {T, D,} is carried out. A new mathematical
model is employed to compute within real technological limits 0.0 5 x, 5 0.2, and 0.001 5
Anc 5 0.01, in parallel form to achieve the given squeezed dispersion. Linear correlations in
general are found and the 3-D displays integrate the general features of the present study. The
present investigation is of deep impact in the design of optical fiber cables employed in high-
speed optical communication systems.

[7] Two basic modulation formats RZ and NRZ are investigated in a repeated 10 Gbps
dispersion managed system based on 120 km fiber spans. Dispersion Compensation schemes
employed were pre and post dispersion compensation schemes. Input power levels of SMF
and DCF are optimized. Existence of optimum transmission is clearly observed from contour
plots. After optimizing pre and post dispersion compensation schemes, it is observed that RZ
modulation format is better as compared to NRZ data modulation format. Q factor obtained
in RZ transmission system is more as compared to NRZ transmission systems corresponding
to two, five, ten and fifteen 120 km fiber spans.

[8] The principle of the DCDM technique and the proof of its viability are discussed. Data
from different users (distinguished by different duty cycles) are carried over the same optical
wavelength. Using the electrical multiplexing/de-multiplexing technique, more than two
users can be accommodated over the same WDM channel. Therefore, the capacity utilization
of channels gets increased and is achieved at a single user clock rate, lower spectrum
bandwidth and better dispersion tolerance. As an example, a DCDM system with multiplexed
3-user is demonstrated showing that this system works well when tested up to 40 Gbps per
user speed, which can offer an aggregated transmission rate of 120 Gbps per WDM channel.

[9] RZ pulse generator is used for simulation work. This work shows the quality factor of
different pulses of RZ pulse generator. For better results, Gaussian pulse is used which
performs better as compared to others then it is concluded that with increase in the power of
laser, we get better results. With 2 dbm laser power, better quality factor is obtained. It is
observed that laser power is an important parameter in simulation work. According to OFC

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standards, the quality factor 5 and more than 5 is considered to be best quality factor. In this
simulation work, quality factor of 11.84 is achieved at link length of 360 km and data rate of
40 Gbps.

[10] The effect of SPM on performance of 40 Gbps ODCDM is investigated using three
symmetric dispersion compensation schemes over 400 kms. The results show that the
combination of both dispersion post compensation and pre compensation is the best scheme
to be used in this system. It is concluded from observations that by considering a correct
dispersion compensation scheme with optimum parameters, ODCDM can be used in MAN
and WAN applications with minimum deterioration from SPM effect for error free
communication.

[11] Theoretical and simulation studies have been carried out to evaluate the performance of
Duty Cycle division multiplexing (DCDM) based on the signal energy and symbol error rate
(SER). Two modulation schemes of PSK and QAM are used to evaluate the technique,
against the data rates. Also, the performance of the multiplexing technique is compared with
the conventional Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) technique as well as with the multilevel
M-ary signalling. The study shows that the energy per bit in the DCDM technique, unlike that
of the TDM technique increases with the number of users. The simulation results correspond
with the theoretical study in which the DCDM technique has better SER than that of TDM.

[12] The performance of absolute polar duty cycle division multiplexing (AP-DCDM) over
WDM system is presented based on the simulation results. The AP-DCDM signal has
narrower bandwidth than conventional time division multiplexing (TDM) signal, which
makes its implementation in WDM system advantageous. The characteristics of AP-DCDM
and TDM signals in WDM system are compared at the speed of 40Gbit/s per channel, for the
minimum allowed channel spacing.

1.3 MOTIVATION

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Fibre optics has become the core of telecommunications and data networking
infrastructures, replacing most wireless mediums. With the exponential growth in
transmission bandwidth usage, in particular (due to the rapid growth of Internet data traffic),
there is a huge demand on transmission bandwidth. Fiber-optic communication is the best
method to fulfil this broad bandwidth due to its following unique features:
1. Huge bandwidth due to extremely high carrier frequency
2. Very low loss
3. Light weight and compact size
4. Highly secure and immune to the external electromagnetic interference.

1.4 PROBLEM DEFINITION

Implementation of Three Level Code Division Multiplexing (3LCDM) over

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) to achieve lower value of BER for high speed
optical communication.

1.5 OBJECTIVES

The following are the objectives of the proposed project work:

1. To study the basic concepts of NRZ and RZ coding techniques over WDM system.
2. To study the Three Level Code Division Multiplexing (3LCDM).
3. Analysis of the Component Libraries such as Transmitter library, Visualizer, Receiver
library, WDM multiplexer etc. in OptiSystem.
4. Implementation of 3LCDM over WDM using OptiSystem.
5. Investigating the performance of 3LCDM over WDM.
6. Configuration of 3LCDM over WDM System and simulation.
7. Analysis of obtained simulation results.

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CHAPTER 2

THEORY AND CONCEPTS

2.1 WDM

Fig 2.1 : Wavelength division Multiplexing

WDM system is the main multiplexing technique in optical fiber transmission. It uses
optical fibers for long distance communication and is known to suffer from losses due to
dispersion and attenuation. The solution to reduce the loss of attenuation is by using optical
amplifier. In order to compensate the dispersion in optical fiber, dispersion compensation
fiber (DCF) is used.

Multiplexing technique, dispersion management and modulation format are given

much attention to achieve better transmission performance in long distance transmission.
Meanwhile, dispersion management technique improves the performance for long haul
optical fiber communication system to restore the distortion signal that caused by fiber
dispersion.

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is one of the multiplexing techniques in

long distance optical communication system nowadays.
Advantages:
1. It has greater transmission capacity.
2. Duplex transmission.
3. Simultaneous transmission of various signals.
4. Easy system expansion.
5. Lower cost and Faster access to new channels.

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2.2 3LCDM

3LCDM technique with dispersion management has advantages over Duty Cycle
Division Multiplexing (DCDM) as 3LCDM supports multiple users per channel in WDM
system. Three Level Code Division Multiplexing (TLCDM) is developed in this paperwork,
which combines two data stream to double the bandwidth of WDM efficiency. TLCDM has
been developed in reference that it has advantage over RZ and NRZ line coding in doubling
capacity at lower frequency and smaller bandwidth.

TLCDM has great benefit over NRZ system since TLCDM can perform better in
dispersion tolerance. It is also noticed that TLCDM system can provide higher number of
users using WDM technique. However, the potential of TLCDM data to be carried over
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) system has not yet been investigated.

Although TLCDM technique is quite similar to DCDM technique in the encoding

process, it does have unique properties for its decoding part. In terms of capacity, TLCDM is
designed for two users per channel; on the other hand, DCDM can support more than two
users per channel. Considering the performance of both systems for the same number of users
(i.e. two users per channel), TLCDM has a few advantages compared to DCDM. TLCDM
system uses only RZ and NRZ line coding whereas in DCDM technique, the usage of RZ at
different percentage of duty cycles makes the system more complex. Using a guard band in
the system's clock recovery is considered as another drawback of DCDM which requires
more bandwidth in comparison with the TLCDM clock recovery.

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CHAPTER 3

PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The following are the objectives of the proposed project work:

8. To study the basic concepts of NRZ and RZ coding techniques over WDM system.
9. To study the Three Level Code Division Multiplexing (TLCDM).
10. Analysis of the Component Libraries such as Transmitter library, Visualizer, Receiver
library, WDM multiplexer etc. in OptiSystem.
11. Implementation of TLCDM over WDM using OptiSystem.
12. Investigating the performance of TLCDM over WDM.
13. Configuration of TLCDM over WDM System and simulation.
14. Analysis of obtained simulation results.

3.2 METHODOLOGY

3.2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.2.1: Block diagram of TLCDM over WDM

Fig. 3 exhibits the Block diagram of TLCDM over WDM system. The system is
designed to support four channels of frequencies of 193.1 THz, 193.2 THz, 193.3 THz and

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 Implementation of TLCDM over WDM for high speed optical communication

193.4 THz. The system is simulated using OptiSystem software for four channels at
collective bit rate of 10 Gbps.
At the transmitter end, the four channels at frequencies of 193.1 THz, 193.2 THz,
193.3 THz and 193.4 THz will have 2 information signals from each NRZ and RZ generator
and each one is generated by a PRBS generator at bit rate of 5 Gbps. The input data from
each channel is aggregated using electrical adder to form 3 level signals. Later the signal is
modulated using Continuous Wave (CW) laser at 0 dBm of input signal power and a Mach-
Zehnder Modulator (MZM).
The multiplexer is employed to multiplex four channels, so that all the four signals are
transmitted through the optical fiber concurrently.
At the receiver end, a de-multiplexer is used that de-multiplexes the signals obtained
from four channels. Later the optical signals coming from the de-multiplexer are filtered
using band pass filter and detected by a PIN photo detector. Furthermore, the signal is passed
through the electrical low pass filter. At last, clock and data recovery help de-multiplex the
signal.

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CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

Fig 4.1 exhibits the layout for 3LCDM over WDM system. The system is designed to
support four channels of frequencies of 193.1 THz, 193.2 THz, 193.3 THz and 193.4 THz.
The system is simulated using OptiSystem software for four channels at collective bit rate of
10 Gbps.

WDM Mux 4*1

Fig 4.1: 3LCDM Transmitter End

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 Implementation of TLCDM over WDM for high speed optical communication

Input data from NRZ and RZ pulse generator will be combined using electrical adder
to form three level signals.
Then signal will be modulated using CW laser with input signal of 0dBm using single
MZM.
The multiplexer is used in the design to multiplex both channel so that multiple
signals can be transmitted through the optical transmission simultaneously.
WDM system is the main multiplexing technique in optical fiber transmission.

Fig 4.2 Optical Fiber Transmission Line

In Fig 4.2, Optical fiber transmission line is shown, whose components are :
It uses optical fibers for long distance communication and known to suffer loss due to
dispersion and attenuation.
The solution to reduce the loss of attenuation is by using optical amplifier.
In order to compensate the dispersion in optical fiber, dispersion compensation fiber
(DCF) is used.

Fig 4.3: TLCDM Receiver End

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In the receiver part of TLCDM over WDM design as shown in Fig 4.3, demultiplexer
will demultiplex the signals from both channels.
Then the optical signal coming from demultiplexer is filtered by bandpass filter and
the signal will be detected at PIN photodetector.
After that, the signal will be passed through the electrical low pass filter.
At last, clock and data recovery of TLCDM over WDM design will demultiplex the
signal.
Finally, the system is simulated using OptiSystem software.

Fig 4.4: TLCDM over WDM

Fig 4.4: exhibits the Simulation setup of TLCDM over WDM system. The system is
designed to support four channels of frequencies of 193.1 THz, 193.2 THz, 193.3 THz and
193.4 THz. The system is simulated using OptiSystem software for four channels at
collective bit rate of 10 Gbps.
At the transmitter end, the four channels at frequencies of 193.1 THz, 193.2 THz,
193.3 THz and 193.4 THz will have 2 information signals from each NRZ and RZ generator
and each one is generated by a PRBS generator at bit rate of 5 Gbps. The input data from
each channel is aggregated using electrical adder to form 3 level signals. Later the signal is

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modulated using Continuous Wave (CW) laser at 0 dBm of input signal power and a Mach-
Zehnder Modulator (MZM).
The multiplexer is employed to multiplex four channels, so that all the four signals are
transmitted through the optical fiber concurrently.
At the receiver end, a de-multiplexer is used that de-multiplexes the signals obtained
from four channels. Later the optical signals coming from the de-multiplexer are filtered
using band pass filter and detected by a PIN photo detector. Furthermore, the signal is passed
through the electrical low pass filter. At last, clock and data recovery help de-multiplex the
signal.

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CHAPTER 5

RESULTS

Fig 5.1 and 5.2 represent the transmitted optical signals spectrum at a collective bit
rate of 10Gbps of typical NRZ over WDM and 3LCDM over WDM system.

Fig 5.1: NRZ over WDM for 2 channels

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Fig 5.2: 3LCDM over WDM for 2 channels

The transmitted optical signals spectrum of typical NRZ over WDM and TLCDM
over WDM system are as shown in Fig 5.1 and 5.2 are compared.

It is evident from the simulation results that both the transmitted optical signals
spectrum has similar optical spectral width. Fig 5.1 depicts that the transmitted optical
signals spectrum obtained by convolving NRZ over WDM is noisier than TLCDM over
WDM system. Fig. 5.2 depicts that in TLCDM over WDM system, the transmitted signal has
akin broadening effect for all four channels at 193.1 THz, 193.2 THz, 193.3 THz and 193.4
THz. Therefore, it can be stated that the transmitted optical signal of TLCDM over WDM
system provides better noise performance compared to that of NRZ over WDM system and it
is concluded that TLCDM over WDM is far efficient for transmission over long distances.

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Fig 5.3: Transmitted signal

Fig 5.4: Received signal

The transmitted and the received signal of TLCDM over WDM system at
collective bit rate of 10Gbps are as shown in Fig. 5.3 and Fig. 5.4 where determination of
signal and noise takes place.

The transmitter transmits the signal at bit rate of 5 Gbps and combines the data obtained from
RZ and NRZ generator. The aggregated signal is analysed with the help of oscilloscope. It is
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evident from Fig 5.3 that the transmitted signal is a clean signal indicating that the transmitter
part of system has zero noise. Later the signal is passed through the optical fiber transmission
line [1]. It can be seen in Fig. 5.4 that the received signal has some fluctuation indicating the
presence of noise. The losses in the fiber cause noise in the system and is is affected by
optical amplifier, optical fiber and PIN photodetector. PIN photodetector detects the signal
lost in the system [1]. Better noise performance can be achieved by using Avalanche
Photodetector (APD) but at disadvantage of high cost. An alternative is to use SMF by
decreasing its length.

5.1 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY PERFORMANCE

Table 1: Receiver sensitivity performance of TLCDM over WDM

Received power (dBm) BER

-10.610 10-5
-8.982 10-9
-7.240 10-11
-5.517 10-21
-3.967 10-33
-1.409 10-46

Table 1 describes the receiver sensitivity of 2*5 Gbps for TLCDM over WDM system
is observed at channel 193.1 THz. By varying the input signal at -5 dBm, -4 dBm, -3 dBm, -2
dBm, -1 dBm and 0 dBm, it shows that input signal power is directly propotional to the
received power in the system. The TLCDM over WDM system needs received power around
-8.982 dBm to get the ideal performance of BER less than 10-9.

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5.2 DISTANCE VS. BER

Table 2: Distance vs. BER of TLCDM over WDM system

Distance(Km) BER
20 10-55
40 10-48
60 10-42
80 10-33
100 10-25
120 10-18
140 10-9
160 10-5
180 0
200 1

Table 2 represents the optimum distance for the system of TLCDM over WDM at the
collective bit rate of 10 Gbps. According to the Table 2, the optimum distance for TLCDM
over WDM system is around 142 km of transmission system. The result shows that TLCDM
over WDM system has better performance at long distance by using dispersion management
technique. The deployment of pre- DCF and two stage EDFA in the design prove that it helps
for better performance in long haul transmission system. The result verifies that the
performance of TLCDM over WDM is convenient for long haul transmission system.

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

In this paperwork, TLCDM over WDM system with dispersion compensation is

examined with four channels at collective bit rate of 10 Gbps. Optimum cut-off frequency of
Gaussian low pass filter at 18 GHz and Gaussian band pass filter at 40 GHz are used. By
varying the input signal power, optimum received power of the system is determined that is
required to achieve BER of 10-9. For optical communication of 142 kms, TLCDM over
WDM performs better compared to traditional technique of NRZ over WDM.

6.1 FUTURE SCOPE

The future work includes:
1. The use of dispersion compensation fiber would increase the transmission efficiency.
2. Further improvement in this project would help to transmit more number of users
across the same channel.
The outcome of the project is publication of this paper in National Conference on
ICT and SOCIETY, 15-17TH May, 2017.

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PROJECT SCHEDULE

Month Feb March April May

Weeks 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Selection of the
problem
Literature Survey

Implementation of
TLCDM over WDM
Simulation, Analysis
and Comparison
Submission of Report

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REFERENCES

[1] N. N. LiyanaNik Man, M. Mokhtar and F. Khosravi, Development of three level code
division multiplexing (TLCDM) over Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM),in
Photonics (ICP), 2014 IEEE 5th International Conference on. IEEE, 2-4 Sept. 2014.

[2] F. Khosravi, M. Mokhtar, A. Abbas, M. Mahdi, and G. Mahdiraji, Investigation of three

level code division multiplexing performance over high speed optical fiber communication
system, in Photonics (ICP), 2013 IEEE 4th International Conference on. IEEE, 2013, pp.
132134.

[3] M. Mokhtar, T. Quinlan, and S. Walker, Three-level code division multiplex for local
area networks, in Proc. of ONDM, vol. 2004, 2004, pp. 401410.

[4] J. Huang and J. Yao, Analyses of the performances of 10 Gbps time division
multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing signals in single mode fibers and non-
zero dispersion-shifted fibers, Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, vol. 12, p. 31.

[5] V. Zharnitsky, E. Grenier, C. K. Jones, and S. K. Turitsyn, Stabilizing effects of

dispersion management, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, vol. 152, pp. 794817, 2001.

[6] A.-N. Mohammed, New technique of chromatic dispersion management in optical

single-mode binary glass fiber, in Radio Science Conference, 2004. NRSC 2004.
Proceedings of the Twenty-First National. IEEE, 2004, pp. D91.

[7] D. Dhawan and N. Gupta, Optimization of fiber based dispersion compensation in rz and
nrz data modulation formats, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 6, no. 6,
pp. 651663, 2011.

[8] G. Mahdiraji, M. K Abdullah, AM. Mohammadi, AF. Abas, M. Mokhtar and E. Zahedi,
Duty-cycle division multiplexing (DCDM), Opt. Laser. Technol, vol. 42, pp. 289-295,
2010.

[9] Er. TajinderKaur and Er.GauravSoni, Performance analysis of optical time division
Multiplexing using RZ pulse generator, International Journal of Computer Science and
Mobile Computing, Vol. 4 Issue. 10, October- 2015, pg. 40-45.
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[10] G. A. Mahdiraji and A. F. Abas, Self-phase modulation effect on performance of 40

Gbps optical duty-cycle division multiplexing technique, Opt. Commun, 2012.

[11] M. K. Abdullah, G. A. Mahdiraji and M.F.Elhag, "A new duty cycle based digital
multiplexing technique," ICT-MICC 2007, pp. 526-530, 2007.

[12] A. Malekmohammadi, M. H. AI-Mansoori, G. A. Mahdiraji, A. F. Abas and M. K.

Abdullah, "Performance enhancement of absolute polar duty cycle division multiplexing with
dual-drive machzehnder- modulator in 40Gbitls optical fiber communication systems," Opt.
Commun, vol. 283, pp. 3145-3148,2010.

[13] R. Ramaswami, K. N. Sivarajan, G.H .Sasaki, Optical Networks, Morgan Kaufmann,

2009.

[14] G. P. Agrawal, Fiber Optic Communication Systems, Wiley, 2012.

Dept of TCE, RVCE

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