Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Page | 1
July 2010
Learn more @
Grid2Home | grid2home.com
While BP, government leaders, and Hollywood luminaries such as James Cameron
and Kevin Costner have all played a role in finally putting a cap on all three
valves in the Gulf of Mexico well Zpryme was sifting through the overwhelming
feedback for this month‘s issue. Thank you for the candid outreach - more than half
of the requests for this month‘s topic were related to automotive and the ongoing
grounds] like China and
message to shift away from our dependency on fossil fuels; thus it was a natural
choice for our firm to select V2G. Also, our current members might have noticed
that we did not have an April, May, or June issue; this was for good reason as we
South Korea will have a
bundled April, May, June, and July to make this one of the most comprehensive
report on V2G that‘s available to the public. major piece of V2G –
as will [automotive
Why V2G? Swelling demand for electric vehicles bundled with environmental
conservation and energy efficiency will mean a robust car industry for decades to
come. Emerging [EV breeding grounds] like China and South Korea will have a
major piece of V2G – as will [automotive nerve centers] such as the US, UK,
Denmark, Germany, and Japan. That‘s why it‘s imperative that even at its infancy
stage preparation should be made for the next generation of smart vehicles,
V2G.
nerve centers] such as
Who will produce vehicles that connect to the Smart Grid that consumers will love?
Is the development of charging stations growing at the same pace as V2G
the US, UK, Denmark,
technology? What members of the Smart Grid ecosystem will get involved to
make V2G a reality? What V2G standards will be in place? These questions will
help form the auto industry of tomorrow and the energy leaders of today. For
Germany, and Japan.
now, leadership from experts such as Dr. Willett Kempton and his team at
University of Delaware, Coulomb Technologies and the ZigBee Alliance are rising
to the challenge to take proactive steps to answer these questions.
In brief, 2010 will be a landmark year for next-gen autos and the Smart Grid.
Please feel free to email Zpryme your feedback, comments, and suggestions
about this month or upcoming issues to smart.grid@zpryme.com.
Kind Regards,
Jason S. Rodriguez
CEO & Director of Research
Zpryme Research & Consulting, LLC
Table of Contents
Executive Summary........................................................................................................ 1
Background & Scope .................................................................................................... 6
V2G Concept ............................................................................................................. 8
Methodology .................................................................................................................. 9
V2G: Marketplace ...................................................................................................... 12
V2G Factsheet ......................................................................................................... 13
Global Market......................................................................................................... 14
Vehicle Unit Forecast.............................................................................. 15
Vehicle Market Forecast ........................................................................ 16
Infrastructure Forecast............................................................................ 17
Technology Forecast .............................................................................. 18
Revenue Forecast ................................................................................... 19
Global V2G Summary ........................................................................... 20
US Market ................................................................................................................ 24
China Market ........................................................................................................... 27
Japan Market .......................................................................................................... 30
Germany Market .................................................................................................... 33
UK Market ................................................................................................................ 36
South Korea Market ............................................................................................... 39
Denmark Market ..................................................................................................... 42 V2G: A Closer Look .................................................................................................... 45
Drivers ....................................................................................................................... 46
Trends........................................................................................................................ 49
The Battery Space .................................................................................................. 51
Insights....................................................................................................................... 51
Opportunities........................................................................................................... 52
Experts Plug-in ............................................................................................................. 54
University of Delaware ......................................................................................... 55
Austin Energy ........................................................................................................... 57
Smartgridlibrary.com............................................................................................. 58
Plug In America ....................................................................................................... 59
Electrification Coalition .......................................................................................... 60
Coulomb Technologies ........................................................................................... 62
Ford Motor Company & Grid2Home ................................................................. 63
ZigBee Alliance ....................................................................................................... 64
| Executive Summary
V2G Marketplace
Executive Summary Background & Scope Methodology V2G Marketplace V2G: A Closer Look Experts Plug-in
Executive Summary they pay to charge the battery. The consumer-reward model will play
a major role in the aggressive development of V2G. At the helm of
The BP Gulf oil spill has confirmed that the global electric vehicle V2G (and often referred to as the Father of the Vehicle-To-Grid) is Dr.
revolution is upon us. In a recent June article by the Baltimore Sun, (US) Willett Kempton and his team of graduate students at The University of
Brad Heavner State Director at Environment Maryland affirmed, "the Delaware where they are focused on making this automotive
catastrophe of the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is making it more technology a mainstream reality. V2G is still is in its infancy stage,
clear than ever that we need to work harder to reduce our however because of the strides made by Dr. Kempton and his team it is
dependence on oil … the US Senate must pass a comprehensive global increasing its footprint in the US and even Europe. "Ten years ago, this
warming bill that caps emissions and invests in clean energy options, was just a plan. Today, it's a real project and in ten years, we'll be
including electric vehicle technology." Similar sentiment was echoed by producing tens of megawatts of power this way," said Dr. Kempton,
Loyola de Palacio, Vice-President of the European Commission and back in February of this year at the annual meeting of the American
Commissioner responsible for energy and transport, ―during the next Association for the Advancement of Science.1
few decades, the dependency on imported energy sources into the EU
will increase substantially and it is likely that the flow of this energy will So how can the automotive, power, and technology industries get closer
increasingly depend on the political and economic stability of the oil to engaging the V2G model? V2G is in an early stage, which means
and gas producing regions.‖ companies such as auto, Smart Grid technology integrators and
telematic manufacturers can prepare themselves for market entry by
EVs are becoming increasingly more marketable, because they appeal closely monitoring government legislation, standards, Smart Grid and
to a wide spectrum of consumers. There will be more drivers in the charging station rollouts, and security.
market for electric cars in the next two years than the projected supply
from production lines, according to results from a poll by Ernst & Young. The V2G marketplace is positioned for explosive growth as consumers
More than 25% of the 4,000 drivers surveyed across the US, Europe, refine their relationship with their vehicle and manufacturers become
China and Japan said they would consider buying an electric vehicle. creative with application of Smart Grid technologies within vehicles. As
more charging stations roll out automakers from Nissan to GM to Tesla
There are many types of consumers considering purchasing an EV: the will prepare for production of more EVs, inevitably setting the V2G
environmentally conscience who value zero emissions and alternative stage.
fuel sources, the economically driven who are attracted to minimal
vehicle depreciation and fuel savings, and movers-and-shakers who are V2G Marketplace (projections developed by Zpryme)
drawn to the immersive in-car experience and stylish exterior.
Collectively, these are the same consumers that will be owners and
evangelists for the next generation of vehicles, V2G (Vehicle to the 1.056 million (V2G Units)
Grid).
V2G Units: From 2015 to 2020, global V2G vehicle unit sales are
What is V2G? A V2G vehicle is one that can connect, communicate, and projected to grow from 103,900 to 1.06 million, respectively. The
sell demand response services to the grid. As a result, consumers will V2G vehicle unit sales compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from
become independent of the gas pump while receiving financial 2015 to 2020 is projected to be 59.0 percent.
compensation for their actions. To help lay this groundwork for V2G,
Delaware (US) passed a law in 2009 requiring utilities to compensate
electric car owners for power sent back to the grid at the same rate 1 Discover News, New Electric Car Pays For Itself, Karin Zeitvogel, February 19, 2010
For the next five years the market for residential charging
$10.5 billion (V2G Technology Market Value) stations will provide a greater opportunity than commercial
charging stations
Japan's current leadership in the EV space will position the
V2G Technology Market Value: From 2015 to 2020, the global V2G nation to pioneer the next generation of V2G for the
technology market is projected to grow from $1.5 billion to $10.5 mainstream consumer
billion, respectively. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from The hardware/software industry is relatively untapped in the
2015 to 2020 is projected to be 46.8 percent. V2G space, but companies such as AC Propulsion and Azure
Dynamics are two that have established footprints in this
$2.9 billion (V2G Total Revenue)
industry
Environmental catastrophes such as the BP oil spill are playing a
significant role in how consumers will gradually minimize their
V2G Total Revenue: From 2015 to 2020, global V2G grid revenues fossil fuel dependency
are projected to grow from $284.4 million to $2.9 billion, Currently, there are only a small handful of players developing
respectively. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to V2G hardware and software, leaving this space easily
2020 is projected to be 63.5 percent. accessible for new entrants and partnerships
Drivers and Trends
V2G technology advancement and adoption will be driven by global 2Wall Street Journal; Toshiba, Mitsubishi Motors Developing Electric Car Batteries; Juro Osawa
and Yoshio Takahashi, July 2, 2010.
― ―
Experts Plug-in: Quotes Worth Noting
Business models for how to use this colossal The biggest challenge for V2G applications is
energy storage resource practically and getting cars on the road and making sure they
―
profitably will be coming up like mushrooms meet consumers’ needs..
―
after the rain.
Coulomb Technologies
Austin Energy
Our market is limited now to people who will
Austin Energy predicts that they may have up buy stations in anticipation of the cars… that
to 30,000 PHEVs in 2015 and 190,000 in problem will be gone in a year and it will be
― ―
2020. all about how fast we can scale.
Smart Grid Library Ford Motor Company & Grid2Home
When an EV fulfills transport and mobile The biggest challenge for the industry will be to
storage functions, its value as an owner asset ensure interoperability between
―
appreciates enormously. independently developed and supplied
equipment. in t
―
Plug In America
30
40
50
0
80
90
50 60 70
20 0
10
0
40 80
8 1 . 2 M
30 90
20
―
V2G
V2G Vehicle
Vehicle Share
Share of
of Global
Global Vehicle
Vehicle Market
Market, 0.1%
Global Share of All Vehicle Types, 99.9%
10
Although V2G vehicles are
expected to see strong
growth from 2015 to 2020,
these next-gen autos will
[only account for 1.2%] or 8 9 . 4 M
[12 out of 1,000 vehicles]
of the global vehicle market
space by 2020. V2G
V2GVehicle
VehicleShare
ShareofofGlobal
GlobalVehicle Market
Vehicle Market, 1.2%
Zpryme Global Share of All Vehicle Types, 98.8%
*Source: Global V2G forecast by Zpryme; global automotive forecast by A.T. Kearney
Background & Scope fluctuates at a much faster ramp rates than any existing
generation.
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Definition Provide electrical storage to allow increased use of intermittent
renewable energies such as wind power and photovoltaics. Up
The following definition of V2G has been taken from Mid-Atlantic Grid to a certain percentage of generation, the fluctuations of wind
Interactive Cars Consortium (MAGICC), a research partnership between and solar are handled by today‘s grid management. To
University of Delaware, Pepco Holding, Inc., PJM Interconnect, displace large fractions of fossil generation, electrical storage
Comverge, Inc., and the Atlantic County Utilities, Authority (ACUA). will be needed. Fleets of V2G-capable vehicles constitute such
a system, capable of holding MWs of electricity for later use.
V2G technology utilizes the stored energy in electric vehicle batteries
to contribute electricity back to the grid when the grid operators Elements needed for V2G
request it. Revenue from V2G will reduce the customer cost of electric
vehicles; it will also increase the efficiency and reliability of the existing A plug-in car - Either a plug-in hybrid or pure electric will work.
grid today by decreasing petroleum use and creating a much larger The economic value of V2G is proportional to kW capacity of
share of intermittent renewable energies such as wind and solar in the the power plug.
future. V2G allows electric-gasoline hybrids or fully-electric vehicles to
provide power back to the grid. Electric-drive vehicles, whether Control Signal from the electric grid - In most areas of the US,
powered by batteries, fuel cells, or gasoline hybrids, contain the the Independent System Operator (ISO) provides an electronic
energy source and power electronics capable of producing the 50 Hz signal to request frequency regulation, reserves, and other
or 60 Hz AC electricity to power our homes and offices. The key to forms of fast-response, high value power. Additionally, a local
realizing economic value from V2G is making the power available utility may want to signal for other V2G services, such as peak
without compromising the driving requirements of a single vehicle load shedding or relief on targeted parts of the distribution
owner, yet meeting the time- critical "dispatch" needed by the electric system.
distribution system.
Computing to mediate driver and grid needs - There must be
Using V2G technology, the cost of such storage can be shared between intelligent mediation between driver and grid operator needs.
the electrical system and the transportation system, making it
economically more efficient. Using IP or broadcast protocols, utilities Market Definitions
grid operators can ―talk‖ to plugged-in cars, buy electricity from car
owners when it is needed, and sell it back when demand is lower. For each of the projections, the expected manufacturer selling prices
have been used to calculate the market value. All figures are stated in
Expected results US nominal dollars. Also, some percentages may not add up exactly to
100% due to rounding.
Increased reliability and efficiency of existing electric grid.
V2G cars can take reduce over-loaded distribution feeders V2G vehicles: for the purpose of this report, a V2G vehicle is one that
when energy demands are high. They can supplement or can connect, communicate, and sell demand response services to the
replace spinning reserves and provide regulation as demand grid. A vehicle with grid capacity can be a Battery Electric Vehicle
(BEV) or a Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Vehicle units sold are
expressed in annual units. Cumulative V2G vehicles on the road are not demand response programs associated with the vehicle or
reported. V2G vehicles are produced and sold by automobile vehicles.
manufactures to dealers or directly to large commercial and public
customers. Equipment: this equipment such as computers, networking
equipment, cabling, processors, and circuits that allow for the
V2G vehicle market value: the V2G vehicle market value is the execution, management, reporting, and processing of V2G
aggregate of expected annual revenues received by automobile tasks.
manufactures for the sale of V2G vehicles (wholesale values).
V2G grid revenues: V2G grid revenues are the aggregate total of the
V2G infrastructure: without the proper infrastructure in place, the V2G expected payments made to all V2G vehicle owners. Payments are
market will not get very far. The infrastructure in this report refers only made to V2G vehicle owners by grid operators or utilities for the sales
to infrastructure that will support V2G vehicles. Infrastructure comprises of their ‗grid power‘ in the vehicle back to the grid.
of residential charging stations, commercial/public charging stations,
distribution systems upgrades to the grid, software and systems, The five categories symbols in this report are:
equipment, and data storage.
V2G vehicle unit V2G technology
V2G technology: V2G technology is comprised of the key components
an automobile manufacture must place into a vehicle to produce a V2G V2G vehicle market value V2G infrastructure
vehicle. Without these key components (V2G technology), a vehicle
cannot communicate with the grid and/or sell demand response
services. Software and system vendors and equipment manufacturers V2G grid revenue
are expected to sell these components to automobile manufactures.
However, system operators, utilities, and V2G vehicle owners will need Forecast period: the forecast period for this report is 2015 – 2020.
to purchase and install some of these components as well. In this report, This period was arrived at after a thorough review of V2G literature,
V2G technology is broken into 3 components or segments: public PHEV and EV reports, and from industry expert interviews.
Although views sometimes varied widely on when the market will be
fully developed, the consensus view of our research showed that 2015
Drive systems (power electronics unit): the drive system is the is a viable target date for formal market development. The period
most expensive component among the key V2G technology from 2010 to 2015 is seen as the testing and demonstration phase
components. The drive system operates as a DC-AC inverter (market infancy). See the Methodology in this report for a list of the
and enables bi-directional power to flow from the vehicle to the key reports, studies, and sources used in developing the forecast
grid. Drive system innovation and evolution is critical to period.
increasing adoption of V2G technology.
Geographic coverage: This report showcases the projected Global
Software and communication systems: for example, ZigBee market values from 2015 to 2020, and the projected market for the
Smart Energy and HomePlug enable the two-way US, UK, China, Denmark, South Korea, Japan, Germany, and the Rest
communication between the grid and the vehicle. Further, they of the World (ROW) from 2015 to 2020.
allow monitoring, scheduling, and analysis of charge times and
V2G Concept
Battery
Petroleum
Hybrid
Fossil
Biomass
Electrolysis
Ect. Fuel Cell
V2G Concept
The V2G concept is that battery, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles all can send power to the electric grid, power that all three
Power Grid already generate internally. For battery and plug-in hybrid vehicles, the power connection is already there. For fuel cell
and fuel-only hybrids, an electrical connection must be added. Orange arrows indicate electric flow from vehicles to the
grid (Source: University of Delaware V2G Research Group, learn more at www.udel.edu/V2G/concept).
| Methodology
Closer Look: From 2015 to 2020, global V2G vehicle unit sales are projected to grow from 103,900 to 1.06
Vehicle Unit Forecast
million, respectively. The V2G vehicle unit sales compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is
projected to be 59.0 percent.
1,000,000
800,000 766,289
600,000
542,974
400,000 363,241
229,209
200,000
103,641
0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Denmark 1,591 2,902 4,413 6,434 9,599 13,202
South Korea 2,998 5,562 8,893 13,754 19,856 29,622
UK 4,185 7,303 14,290 24,195 32,930 45,221
Germany 6,493 11,793 19,166 31,097 42,985 61,486
ROW 18,963 45,626 65,325 92,240 132,019 129,369
Japan 18,914 58,133 87,734 125,319 150,834 187,642
China 14,414 33,559 59,205 101,948 170,886 293,922
U.S. 36,082 64,331 104,216 147,986 207,181 296,268
$25
$20.1
$20
$15 $14.8
$10.3
$10
$6.7
$5
$3.2
$0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Denmark $0.1 $0.1 $0.1 $0.2 $0.3 $0.4
South Korea $0.1 $0.2 $0.2 $0.4 $0.5 $0.7
UK $0.1 $0.2 $0.4 $0.7 $0.9 $1.3
Germany $0.2 $0.4 $0.6 $0.9 $1.2 $1.6
ROW $0.6 $1.4 $2.0 $2.7 $3.8 $3.6
Japan $0.5 $1.6 $2.3 $3.2 $3.7 $4.4
China $0.4 $0.9 $1.5 $2.4 $3.9 $6.5
U.S. $1.1 $2.0 $3.1 $4.3 $5.8 $8.1
Closer Look: From 2015 to 2020, the global V2G infrastructure market is projected to grow from $659.9
Infrastructure Forecast
million to $6.7 billion, respectively. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected
to be 58.9 percent.
$7,000 $6,685.7
$6,000
$5,000
$4,543.0
$4,000
$3,269.3
$3,000
$2,223.1
$2,000
$1,435.8
$1,000
$659.9
$0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Denmark $10.0 $18.1 $27.4 $39.8 $59.1 $81.0
South Korea $18.8 $34.4 $54.4 $82.4 $117.5 $175.1
UK $26.2 $45.6 $88.8 $149.6 $202.8 $277.3
Germany $40.7 $73.6 $119.1 $192.3 $264.7 $377.1
ROW $129.0 $290.5 $373.1 $484.0 $641.6 $1,005.3
Japan $118.6 $362.8 $545.0 $775.1 $928.9 $1,150.7
China $90.4 $209.4 $367.8 $630.6 $1,052.4 $1,802.4
U.S. $226.2 $401.4 $647.4 $915.3 $1,275.9 $1,816.8
Technology Forecast
Closer Look: From 2015 to 2020, the global V2G technology market is projected to grow from $1.5 billion to
$10.5 billion, respectively. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to be
46.8 percent.
$8,000 $7,765.3
$6,000 $5,910.7
$4,376.4
$4,000
$3,086.0
$2,000 $1,533.9
$0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Denmark $24.3 $40.2 $55.7 $73.9 $100.5 $126.1
South Korea $45.7 $77.1 $112.2 $158.0 $207.9 $283.0
UK $63.8 $101.3 $180.3 $278.0 $344.8 $432.0
Germany $99.0 $163.5 $241.8 $357.3 $450.1 $587.4
ROW $242.5 $540.6 $618.0 $732.5 $1,123.5 $1,589.9
Japan $288.4 $806.0 $1,106.8 $1,439.7 $1,579.5 $1,792.6
China $219.8 $465.3 $746.9 $1,171.2 $1,789.4 $2,808.0
U.S. $550.2 $891.9 $1,314.8 $1,700.2 $2,169.5 $2,830.4
Revenue Forecast
Closer Look: From 2015 to 2020, global V2G grid revenues are projected to grow from $284.4 million to
$2.9 billion, respectively. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to be 63.5
percent.
expected payments 2015 - 2020 | Compound Annual Growth Rate = 63.5% | (US millions)
from grid sales Source: Zpryme
received by V2G $2,500
vehicle owners are
based on averages
presented by studies $2,050.1
conducted by the $2,000
University of
Delaware and PJM
Interconnect, the
FERC‘s ‗Cash Back $1,500 $1,446.8
Hybrid‘ presentation,
and the United States
Postal Service‘s
Electrification of $1,000 $934.9
Delivery Vehicles
Feasibility Study
Report. $570.7
$500
$284.4
$0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
South Korea $4.8 $9.0 $14.8 $23.5 $34.8 $53.2
Denmark $10.9 $20.0 $30.6 $44.9 $67.3 $93.0
ROW $27.4 $67.0 $97.6 $140.2 $204.1 $203.4
Germany $32.0 $58.8 $96.7 $158.5 $221.6 $320.4
UK $17.0 $33.2 $72.6 $137.8 $210.0 $323.0
China $20.8 $50.5 $92.9 $166.7 $291.1 $521.7
U.S. $72.2 $131.2 $216.9 $314.1 $448.5 $654.2
Japan $63.3 $200.9 $312.8 $461.2 $572.8 $735.4
In 2015, the collective V2G vehicle market share of Germany, Projected V2G Vehicle Units
the UK, South Korea, and Denmark are projected to account for Market Segementation by Country | 2020
14.7 percent of global V2G unit sales. In 2020, the collective South
V2G vehicle unit market share of Germany, the UK, South Korea Denmark
2.8% 1.2%
Korea, and Denmark are projected to account for 14.2 percent UK 4.3%
of global V2G unit sales.
Germany
5.8%
From the 2015 to 2020, V2G vehicle unit sales in China, the
UK, Japan, and South Korea are projected to grow the fastest ROW U.S. 28.0%
among the seven countries covered in this report. 12.2%
Source: Zpryme
80% percent.
70%
60%
50%
In 2015, V2G grid revenue is projected to be the highest in the
40% US ($72.2 million) and Japan ($63.3 million). However, in 2020
30% Japan ($735.4 million) is projected to exceed the US ($654.2
20% million) in grid revenues. Japan‘s lead in 2020 can be most
10% attributed to the cost of electricity in Japan relative to
Source: Zpryme 0% electricity costs in the US.
2015 2020
Other/Misc 2.4% 2.7%
Equipment
From the 2015 to 2020, V2G grid revenue in China and the UK
2.7% 3.2%
Software and Systems
are projected to grow the fastest among the seven countries
3.7% 3.4%
Drive System
covered in this report.
91.2% 90.7%
Projected Global V2G Infrastructure Segementation by Component Projected V2G Revenue* Projected V2G Revenue *
Market Segementation by Country | 2015 Market Segementation by Country | 2020
2015 and 2020 South South
Denmark Korea Denmark Korea
100% 4.4% 1.9% 3.2% 1.8%
90% ROW
Percent of Total Market
ROW
11.0% 7.0%
80%
70% Japan
25.5% Germany Japan
60% 11.0% 25.3%
50% Germany UK 11.1%
40% 12.9% U.S.
30% U.S. 22.5%
UK 6.8% 29.1% China
20% China
18.0%
10% 8.4%
Commerical/Public Charging
Stations 57.1% 63.2%
USUSV2G
Market Market 2020
2018 $4.3 From 2015 to 2020, the US V2G vehicle market value is
projected to grow from $1.1 billion to $8.1 billion. The
2017 $3.1 compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is
projected to be 47.7 percent.
2016 $2.0
Source: Zpryme From 2015 to 2020, US V2G grid revenues are projected to
2015 $1.1
grow from $72.2 million to $654.2 million. The compound
annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to
$0.0 $2.0 $4.0 $6.0 $8.0 $10.0 be 55.4 percent.
$2,000.0 $1,816.8
$1,700.2
$0.0 $1.0 $2.0 $3.0 $4.0 $5.0 $6.0 $7.0 From 2015 to 2020, China V2G grid revenues are projected to
grow from $20.8 million to $521.7 million. The compound
annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to
be 90.4 percent.
$1,500.0
$1,171.2
$1,052.4
$1,000.0
$746.9
$630.6
$465.3 $521.7
$500.0 $367.8 $291.1
$219.8 $209.4 $166.7
$20.8 $90.4 $50.5 $92.9
$0.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
*Benchmarks for expected payments from grid sales received by V2G vehicle owners are based on averages presented by studies conducted by the University of Delaware and PJM
Interconnect, the FERC‘s ‗Cash Back Hybrid‘ presentation, and the United States Postal Service‘s Electrification of Delivery Vehicles Feasibility Study Report.
2017 $2.3 From 2015 to 2020, Japan V2G vehicle sales are projected to
grow from 19,000 units to 187,700 units. The compound
2016 $1.6 annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to
be 58.1 percent.
Source: Zpryme
2015 $0.5
From 2015 to 2020, the Japan V2G vehicle market value is
$0.0 $1.0 $2.0 $3.0 $4.0 $5.0 projected to grow from $0.5 billion to $4.4 billion. The
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is
projected to be 52.8 percent.
Germany
Germany MarketV2G Market 2020
2016 $0.4 From 2015 to 2020, the Germany V2G vehicle market value is
Source: Zpryme
projected to grow from $0.2 billion to $1.6 billion. The
2015 $0.2 compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is
projected to be 51.9 percent.
$0.0 $0.5 $1.0 $1.5 $2.0
From 2015 to 2020, Germany V2G grid revenues are
projected to grow from $32.0 million to $320.4 million. The
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is
projected to be 58.5 percent.
$500.0 $450.1
$400.0 $377.1
$357.3
$320.4
$300.0 $264.7
$241.8
$221.6
$192.3
$200.0 $163.5 $158.5
$119.1
$99.0 $96.7
$100.0 $58.8 $73.6
$32.0 $40.7
$0.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
*Benchmarks for expected payments from grid sales received by V2G vehicle owners are based on averages presented by studies conducted by the University of Delaware and PJM
Interconnect, the FERC‘s ‗Cash Back Hybrid‘ presentation, and the United States Postal Service‘s Electrification of Delivery Vehicles Feasibility Study Report.
$0.0 $0.2 $0.4 $0.6 $0.8 $1.0 $1.2 $1.4 From 2015 to 2020, the UK V2G vehicle market value is
projected to grow from $0.1 billion to $1.3 billion. The
27, 2010
South Korea
South Korea Market V2G Market 2020
2017 $0.24 From 2015 to 2020, the South Korea V2G vehicle market value
is projected to grow from $0.09 billion to $0.72 billion. The
2016 $0.16 compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is
projected to be 52.9 percent.
Source: Zpryme
2015 $0.09
From 2015 to 2020, South Korea V2G grid revenues are
$0.0 $0.1 $0.2 $0.3 $0.4 $0.5 $0.6 $0.7 $0.8 projected to grow from $4.8 million to $53.2 million. The
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is
projected to be 62.1 percent.
South Korea V2G Infrastructure, Revenue*, & Technology Forecasts (US millions)
$300.0 2015 - 2020 $283.0
Source: Zpryme
V2G Revenue Infrastructure Technology
$250.0
$207.9
$200.0
$175.1
$158.0
$150.0
$112.2 $117.5
2016 $0.09 From 2015 to 2020, Denmark V2G vehicle sales are projected
to grow from 1,600 units to 13,300 units. The compound
Source: Zpryme annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to
2015 $0.05
be 52.7 percent.
$0.0 $0.1 $0.1 $0.2 $0.2 $0.3 $0.3 $0.4 $0.4
From 2015 to 2020, the Denmark V2G vehicle market value is
projected to grow from $0.05 billion to $0.38 billion. The
7Annual Report on the Progress of Smart Metering 2009, released in January of 2010
by the European Smart Meter Alliance.
8 Technology Roadmap, Electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, International
$100.5
$100.0 $93.0
$81.0
$80.0 $73.9
$67.3
$55.7 $59.1
$60.0
$44.9
$40.2 $39.8
$40.0 $30.6 $27.4
$24.3
$20.0 $18.1
$20.0 $10.9 $10.0
$0.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
*Benchmarks for expected payments from grid sales received by V2G vehicle owners are based on averages presented by studies conducted by the University of Delaware and PJM
Interconnect, the FERC‘s ‗Cash Back Hybrid‘ presentation, and the United States Postal Service‘s Electrification of Delivery Vehicles Feasibility Study Report.
The rising costs of oil and gasoline places will continue to drive World economies banned together in early 2009 in a collective effort
demand for renewable energy, hybrid vehicles, EVs, PHEVs, to make the ‗Green Economy‘ a central component of their long-term
and V2G technology. Price and demand increases of fossil fuels economic viability. These ‗green‘ stimulus packages formed a broad
reduce the real costs of consumers and businesses to adopt EVs foundation intended to spark innovation, private sector investments,
andV2G technology. R&D, pilot projects, infrastructure development, and research in the
areas of renewable energy, electric vehicles, Smart Grid technology,
Additionally, many major economies view the reduction of their reliance and other energy efficiency initiatives.
on fossil fuels as vital to their economic and national security policies.
According to data from New Energy Finance, Green stimulus
According to the US Energy Information Agency, from 2010 to packages announced in 2009 from the 11 major world
2030, world liquid production is projected to grow from 86 economies totaled $173.6 billion.9 The green stimulus
million barrels per day to 107 million barrels per days. World packages were announced as part of each respective country‘s
oil prices are projected to grow from $80 per barrel to $130 economic stimulus package.
per barrel during this time period.
V2G EV Purchase Price
Projected World Liquid Production and World Oil Prices
120 2010 - 2030 $160 Driving down the end user purchase price of V2G EVs is another key
100 component to ramping up the adoption and development of V2G.
$120
80
60 $80 Auto manufactures will not be able to receive economy of scale
40
benefits until V2G EV costs see a significant decrease,
$40 irrespective of government rebates or subsidies to purchase
20
such vehicles.
0 $0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Liquids production (million barrels per day)
Currently, the price premium of such vehicles is out of reach for the vast
Oil prices per barrel (in 2007 dollars) majority of the median consumer in any given major world economy. At
the high end, industry experts estimate the cost of a V2G vehicle as
Consumer and Business Pro-Environmental Interests high as $70,000. The three points below summarize some of the key
V2G and PHEV prices cited by recent studies.
V2G technology will provide environmentally conscious consumers and
businesses the perfect opportunity to make a positive impact on the A 2009 feasibility study by the US Postal Service estimated the
environment as they will be able to reduce carbon emissions and the cost of a V2G enabled PHEVs at $40,000 each for a fleet of
need to build more coal power plants. Thus, these benefits will play a
key role in enhancing V2G adoption.
9Global Trends in Sustainable Energy, UNEP and (2009). Countries include the US, UK, Spain,
South Korea, Japan, Germany, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, and France.
3,000 vehicles.10 However, the study‘s projections assumed bulk sales have grown from 9,350 in 2000 to 259,000 in 2009. This
purchase discounts would be applied to the purchase of each represents a compound annual growth rate of 44.6 percent
V2G PHEV. during this time period. During this same time period, global
annual HEV unit sales for Toyota grew from 19,000 to
According to the Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Value 513,000, respectively (CAGR = 44.2 percent).14
Proposition Study, the estimated purchase cost of a PHEV was
$52,700 in 2008. The study predicted the purchase cost of a According to the US Energy Information Agency‘s Annual Energy
PHEV to drop to $26,700 by 2030.11 Outlook 2010, US annual unit sales of hybrid electric vehicles
(HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are
AC Propulsion‘s CEO, Tom Gage, reported that the company‘s projected to grow from 287,000 in 2010 to 2.2 million in
V2G model, the eBox, which is sold as a conversion, cost 2035. This represents a compound annual growth rate of 14.7
$15,000 for the car (Scion XB) and $55,000 for the conversion, percent during this time period. The Annual Energy Outlook
resulting in a total cost of $70,000.12 2010 projects that PHEV/EV unit sales will represent 2.8
percent of all light duty vehicle (LDV) sales in the US in 2010
Hybrid Electric Vehicle and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Adoption and 11.6 percent of all LDV unit sales in 2035.
Aggressive adoption and sales of HEV‘s such as the Toyota Prius Projected US Annual Sales of Light Duty PHEV/HEV's
2010 - 2035
provide an excellent platform for the development and advancement 2,500 15%
of V2G technology as great demand for HEVs and PHEVs is projected
2,000 12%
to remain strong over the next 20 years. Additionally, historical sales of
HEVs provide a road map for profitability for auto makers who have 1,500 9%
particularly been hit hard by the recession. The projections below offer 1,000 6%
further insight into the expected growth of HEVs and PHEVs in the US. 500 3%
Further, a major step in the direction of EV adoption is that ECOtality 0 0%
was awarded a $99.8 million grant from the U.S. Department of 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Energy to launch ‗The EV Project‘ - The EV Project is the largest PHEV/HEV sales (in thousands)
deployment of electric vehicles and charge infrastructure in history.13 PHEV/HEV % of total vehicle sales
According to data compiled by the US Energy Information Major Auto Manufacturer’s Pressure to Grow Sales and Profits
Agency and Department of Energy, annual hybrid electric unit
Major automobile manufacture‘s such as Ford, GM, Toyota, and Nissan
are under enormous shareholder and government pressure to create
jobs, increase sales, turn a profit, and build financially viable
10 Electrification of Delivery Vehicles, US Postal Service(August 2009).
11 Plug-In Hyrbid Electric Vehicle Value Proposition Study, Sentech, Inc. (January 2009). operations. Thus, hybrids, EVs, PHEVs and V2G offer a clear path to
12 The eBox: A New EV with Li Ion Battery and V2G, AC Propulsion, Inc., Tom Gage, CEO sales growth and long-term sustainability as long as consumer demand
(2007)
13 www.theevproject.com; on June 16, 2010, ECOtality announced expansion of The EV Project
to include the cities of Los Angeles, California and Washington, D.C. The project was granted
an additional $15 million by the U.S. Department of Energy. With the partner match, the total
value of the project is now approximately $230 million. 14 Toyota Motor Corporation sales results.
is strong, incentives are place for manufactures and consumers, and Trends
pro-environmental policies remain a priority for major economies.
V2G trends will be motivated by telematics, brand loyalty, charging
Universal Standards Adoption station deployments, and the ongoing rollout of the Smart Grid. All
things considered, these trends will be the gel that shapes V2G
Universal standards adoption will play a significant role in driving consumer adoption andinspires companies to enter this space.
down R&D costs. Further, commoditization of core technologies will
allow auto manufactures to lower their overall production costs, thus Telematics
reducing the overall price of V2G EVs for consumers and business
customers. Today, the ZigBee Alliance and the Home Plug Powerline Google and GM reportedly working to pair GM's OnStar system with
Alliance standardized V2G two-way communication capabilities in the Google's Android operating system (the GM-Google collaboration
ZigBee Smart Energy version 2.0 specification. Approved Industry would allow Android-powered devices to control some car functions)
standards connecting vehicles to the grid will play a key role in there is no doubt that telematics will become an integral part of the
reducing time to market for automobile manufacturers and utilities. V2G in-vehicle experience.
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill On an important note for consumers, telematics will become the
panacea for "range anxiety" (The fear of being stranded by
Consumers are eager learn more about EVs due to BP‘s oil-rig collapse an electric car because of insufficient battery performance or
in the Gulf of Mexico consumer insight researchers closest to the charge15).
automotive sector are observing that the initial price and limits on
battery performance [range anxiety] are influencing purchasing Penetration of consumer and commercial telematics systems in
decisions less while the ‗big picture environmental impact‘ has increased passenger cars and commercial vehicles respectively will evolve from
in importance [when consumers are shopping for EVs]. Bottomline, the less than 10 percent in 2010 to 23 percent in 2015, according to a
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spoil has resonated into the minds of American study by ABI Research (Frost & Sullivan estimates that more than 80
consumers and those outside US borders. percent of electric vehicles sold by 2015 will have some kind of
telematics technology and that navigation systems will be standard on
That said, the Gulf of Mexico oil calamity could become the all electric vehicles).
most pivotal event in the history of the EV and ultimately V2G;
it has prompted (in some cases forced) the automotive sector, Brand Loyalty
power utility industry, governments, and consumers to revaluate
its footprint in the energy space. Brands make a difference – take for example GM reverting to the
Chevrolet over Chevy name as part of the company's push for global
To add to the Gulf event, the real call for action came from United consistency. Though those inside the auto industry may not see this as a
States President Barak Obama when he said publicly in a recent major change, GM is sure to receive some backlash and resentment
address, ―the tragedy [Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill] unfolding on our from their loyalists. Most car owners will stay loyal to the brand they
coast is the most painful and powerful reminder yet that the time to
embrace a clean-energy future is now.‖
now drive when they shop for a new vehicle, according to a survey by Charging Station Deployments
Consumer Reports magazine. The survey found that 73 percent of
buyers were somewhat or very likely to buy the same brand they A driver as much as a trend charging stations will part the V2G sea
currently drive, the magazine said in a statement.16 almost immediately. Piggybacking this growth according to Pike
Research more than 4.7 Million Electric Vehicle Charge Points to be
An important finding by Consumer Reports that could have the same
installed by 2015.18 For example Coulomb Technologies announced
effect for future consumer V2G purchase behavior is that Fuel
economy, quality and price would be the prime factors that would last month [June] that the U.S. Department of Energy has awarded a
influence a [consumer] decision if the buyers decided to switch brands. $15 million grant to support deployment of 4,600 of their charging
That said it‘s important that automobile manufacturers start creating a stations in nine regions around the country. Working in partnership with
‗marketing message‘ coupled with over-the-top customer service to Ford, GM and Daimler, Coulomb is launching a program to provide
maintain loyal customers and absorb new drivers for future V2G these charging stations for homes, businesses and public locations.
purchases. For example Nissan Division Vice President Al Castignetti Similar sentiment was echoed by Michael Howard, EPRI senior vice
was recently quoted in saying that ―owners of Toyota Motor Corp.'s president of Research and Development, ―TVA (Tennessee Valley
fuel-efficient Prius hybrid will succumb to the charms of the Nissan Leaf Authority) is taking an aggressive approach in embracing electric
electric sedan… more than half of the 130,000 hand-raisers who have vehicle technology including the design, development and assessment of
expressed an interest in the Leaf so far have been Prius owners.‖17
this fully-integrated electric-vehicle charging facility… we will work
However even with his well-justified words, the auto industry and
experts can almost guarantee that Toyota, with its recent partnership together on this facility which will test the technologies that will be used
with Tesla, will regain customer loyalty soon. in the marketplace as electric vehicles play an increasingly prominent
role in transportation.‖19
Lastly, a three-pronged approach of grass roots marketing,
traditional web, and social media must be deployed in order to Some of the charging stations will be offering free electricity, but
reach out to all consumers: the grass roots technique is the most Richard Lowenthal, CEO of Coulomb Technologies (which makes the
important. ChargePoint chargers in the program) said he‘s seeing ―some resistance
to ‗free‘, especially from multiple dwelling units (MDUs). In apartments
When V2G finally becomes a reality it will be the more and condos, the other tenants don‘t want to pay $5 a day to help the
personable/interactive approach by automobile manufactures that will guy with the $109,000 Tesla Roadster.‖20
win over consumers – not necessarily the most tech-savvy company
when it comes to engaging the consumer. Lastly, GE unveiled this month [July 2010] a new electric-vehicle
charger and other new clean-technology products, and announced a
$200 million contest for the best Smart Grid technology ideas from
entrepreneurs and researchers.
The Battery Space would be assembled in China.25, 26 EnerDel announced a joint venture to
produce battery packs, starting this year, with the electric vehicle
According to a Department of Energy report, US spending [$2.4 billion division of Wanxiang, the biggest ―Tier One‖ auto parts producer in
in stimulus spending aimed at encouraging development of new battery China. Effectively, this positions EnerDel‘s battery systems to be a
and electric-vehicle technology] will raise the US's manufacturing player in China, initially in public transportation.27 Nissan has taken an
capacity for advanced vehicle batteries from two percent of the world important step towards its EV future by breaking ground on its lithium-
market to 40 percent by 2015.21 ion battery manufacturing facility in Smyrna, Tennessee. The plant will
produce the batteries for the Nissan LEAF from 2012 and onwards and
Further, even without technical breakthroughs, costs for batteries could is one of the largest vehicle battery manufacturing plants in North
drop substantially by 2020. Consulting firm PRTM conducted a two- America at 1.3million sq ft. At full capacity it will be able to produce
200,000 advanced technology batteries every year.28 Ford will invest
year survey of battery and auto manufacturers and suppliers and it $135M in Michigan electric vehicle production. Plans are to assembly
estimates that by 2020 the cost of batteries will drop 50 percent, even battery packs at Ford‘s Rawsonville plant in Ypsilanti, Michigan, with a
without technical breakthroughs in the batteries themselves (it‘s also $10M capital investment in the plant and the creation of 40 jobs.29
important to note that Deloitte expects the cost of producing batteries Powered by Sanyo lithium-ion batters, Electric Daihatsu Mira traveled
for electric cars to fall by 40 percent over the next four years). Pike 1000km on one charge.30 Lastly, Tesla is developing battery pack
Research identified that Asian manufacturers will lead the $8 billion systems for Daimler (Telsa and Toyota will collaborate on battery-
market for EV batteries.22, 23, 24 powered test versions of the Japanese carmaker's RAV4 and Lexus RX
in the first phase of the EV partnership).
Also, nano technology has been summoned as a game-changer
in the battery space and related auto manufacturer markets Insights
(nano-tech batteries for future V2G will be able to offer
increased range and energy density). For the next five years the market for residential charging
stations will provide a greater opportunity than commercial
Batteries in the News charging stations
Based on Japan‘s current automotive technology and leadership The biggest challenge for the industry will be to ensure
in the EV space, look to this nation to pioneer the next interoperability between independently developed and
generation of V2G for the mainstream supplied equipment in the premise such as the Smart Meter and
Vehicle fleets such as the USPS pilot will play a critical role in Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) and the PEV31
the deployment of V2G in the US Standards like ZigBee Smart Energy provide seamless
By 2015, the majority of charging infrastructure being installed integration of V2G two-way communications to the Smart Grid
globally is likely to have V2G plug-in-play capabilities into vehicles and hence offer interoperability across systems.
Consumer engagement and education a vital component to the They will also speed adoption of V2G and drive down the costs
success of V2G is practically non-existent of implementation for such technology
The hardware/software industry is relatively untapped in the
V2G space, companies such as AC Propulsion and Azure Opportunities
Dynamics are one of the few that have a footprint in this
industry Rather than compete with industry-blue-chips directly, ‗new-
Demand for V2G vehicles will increase as Smart Grid rollout entrants‘ in the automotive space must focus on developing a
continues and consumers realize the cost of ownership for V2G competitive advantage by narrowing their sights on ‗value-
vehicles is significantly lower than ICE vehicles and non-V2G added‘ features in V2G such as telematics, and the overall in-
PHEV and EVs vehicle-experience
Early adopters are likely to be educated males and females Hardware and software vendors unite. Currently, there are only
with high annual average incomes a small handful of players developing V2G hardware and
Environmental catastrophes such as the BP oil spill are playing a software leaving this space vulnerable for new entrants and
significant role in how consumers will gradually minimize their partnerships
fossil fuel dependency Develop in-house V2G capabilities – Pioneering new
Though new players are entering this market frequently and advancements in V2G technology could provide a competitive
technology is growing rapidly it‘s important to note that V2G is technology and first mover advantage to an automobile
in a development and demonstration phase (market infancy) manufacture who invests in developing the next generation of
Using their economies of scale look for major automotive V2G technology
manufacturers such as Ford, Toyota, and Nissan to capitalize on For the niche players – development of in-the-vehicle
the V2G market in its earliest stage. Achieving economies of technologies (enhancing the in-vehicle experience) will be highly
scale with V2G and charging infrastructure is key to developing sought after. In the vehicle systems and interfaces that give the
financially viable markets for V2G and charging infrastructure owner control of how and when V2G is used will become
Driven by government stimulus, EV and Smart grid deployments increasing critical – companies must create an interface that is
in the US, China, and Japan will drive global V2G growth reminiscent of engaging video gaming systems. Look for
V2G vehicle growth will lag behind the growth of the PHEV and
EV market
Static V2G services will launch first before more advanced
services (roaming for example) are available to consumers 31Electric Vehicle Communication to the Utility, Rich Scholer – Ford Motor Company and Mike
Bourton – Grid2Home Inc.
companies to reach out to brands such as Nintendo on Aggregation services will become lucrative once mass needs
interactive interfaces have been assessed. Companies and government organizations
Mobile technology will lead the way over one-function can get into the load aggregation business for fleet vehicles or
technologies (e.g. in home displays) for V2G. For example residential vehicles. For example "Use of electric vehicles for
mobile technology such as Apple‘s iPhone will provide apps that Postal Service deliveries is operationally feasible and could
can do everything from monitoring V2G energy expenditure to provide a valuable opportunity for the nation to test EV
selling electricity back to the grid technology. Due to the Postal Service's current financial distress,
Partnerships are paramount; establishing utility, infrastructure, government funds and vehicle-to-grid revenue would likely be
technology vendor, integrator, auto manufacturing, research, needed to make this transition economically feasible"32
R&D, and university partners can drive down the costs of Develop the software and systems to integrate and manage
developing new technology and play a crucial role in creating fleet vehicles – As the number of V2G vehicles grow, an
demand for new V2G technologies increasing need for software, programming, and management
It‘s imperative that companies get involved with V2G systems will be needed for the scheduling, monitoring,
demonstrations now. Demonstrations offer opportunities to test reporting, and DR services associated with the vehicles
technology and equipment, and showcase a company‘s Like the new Smart Grid revolution to engage and educate the
respective products or services, not to mention the best form of consumer, companies must build a strong brand for V2G via
PR, branding, and marketing. In a rapidly growing market with aggressive consumer advocacy and interactive marketing. It‘s
competition that is intensifying daily, it will be essential to prove recommended that companies utilize a 3-pronged approach to
one‘s product has the go-to-market potential marketing and branding: grass roots, social media, and
Electric bikes, which have become an $11 billion global traditional online
industry, are a signal of potential growth for the V2G market Incentives must be created for automakers to initiate V2G. Most
Though it still in its infancy stage, identifying business models automakers are hesitant to introduce V2G equipment because it
early will provide the best opportunity for long term growth. would (slightly) increase the sticker price of plug-in cars.
Monitoring companies such as Nissan, BYD, CODA, Ford, Government subsidies and welcoming EV adopters into the mix
Toyota, and even Norwegian electric vehicle builder Think will will motivate automakers to jump into the V2G the deep end of
prove rewarding to new entrants and established corporations the V2G pool
Battery partnerships will become customary in the V2G space.
Securing a strong battery manufacturing partner with
companies such as EnerDe, Johnson Controls A123 Systems or
LG Chem early will enable automobile manufactures to gain a
competitive cost advantage
Back to mobile technology, it‘s all about the apps. Software
vendors can capitalize on the emergence of mobile applications
to develop a series of applications strictly for V2G. Look for
companies to welcome more open source as competitors and
consumer preferences emerge. The biggest challenge for V2G
applications is getting cars on the road and making sure they
meet consumers‘ needs 32USPS, Office of Inspector General of the US Postal Service on the Feasibility of Electric
Vehicles, August 28, 2009
University of Delaware of your 100 mile EV, you can just take your second car - the one that
Contributors: Nathaniel Pearre & Jacqueline Piero, University of Delaware burns gas. I believe that home charging will be the vast majority of
Center for Carbon-free Power Integration charging for a long time.
1. ZP: What are the current barriers in developing V2G technology? Charging stations are much simpler devices than most people think.
All charging up to SAE level 2 (i.e., up to 20kW, or ~70miles(range)
UD: There are effectively no plug-in vehicles on the roads. The idea of per hour) will be AC, which means that the charger is nothing more
selling the services of your vehicle while it's parked is just not on than a GFCI, a cord, and in some cases a billing device or user
most people's radar. Fear of loss of cycle life of batteries. All charging interface, all of which are established technologies. To make them
and discharging has some wear effect on the battery. For certain GIV compatible, they must also be able to integrate communications
battery chemistries this can be significant, for others it is almost with power going to the car. Anything with billing must have a
immeasurably small. Regulatory issues such as current non-inclusion of communications link already.33
vehicles as eligible sources of net-metered electricity. If you have to
pay for electricity going into the battery, but don't get paid for 4. ZP: Where do you see V2G five years from now? Ten years from now?
electricity coming out of it, the market fails and there is no value to the
vehicle owner. UD: V2G will gain acceptance (and market share) as EVs gain
acceptance and market share, lagging slightly behind EVs. It is
2. ZP: How aggressive is the automobile manufacturing industry generally agreed in both auto and utility industries (at least among the
in developing V2G technology? commenters in the California CPUC proceeding) that if EVs get
deployed in large numbers, some communication and control will be
UD: The outward appearance of things is that most OEMs are not necessary to "not crash the grid" (a standard fear, but not likely).
being very aggressive at all. However, most are aware of the The conceptual progression from "not crashing the grid by using a
possibilities of V2G, and while fearful (and I think fearful is the right charging timer" to "not crashing the grid by using a price/demand
term) of getting into an area with which they have no experience, many signal" to "controlled load using demand signal" to "storage resource"
are talking about future plans for V2G capability. is one that can happen as EVs become more common.
3. ZP: Do you see the development of charging stations growing In five years I see V2G being operational in several large vehicle
at the same pace as V2G technology? fleets in multiple RTO/ISO territories, and in some private early
adopters' vehicles. Several OEMs will be building GIVs with the
UD: I don't think charging stations outside residential chargers are communications systems to respond to external signals.
important right now. It will require VAST market penetration and In ten years, most OEM vehicles will be GIVs, and several will be
several generations of vehicles before EVs are a realistic (maybe selling vehicles with power electronics that can support
'popular' is a better word) option for extended trips. Until they are, it is bi-directional power flow. Business models for how to use this
only people's daily driving range that is important, and daily driving colossal energy storage resource practically and profitably will be
range in the US averages ~40 miles. On average, coming up like mushrooms after the rain.
Americans exceed 100 miles daily driving only 17 days a year. Given
this fact, combined with the fact that about 65% of American
households have more than one car, it seems clear that for that one
day every three weeks (=~17 days/year) that you exceed the range 33 GIV: grid integrated vehicle; GFCI: ground fault circuit interrupter
5. ZP: How aggressive is the hardware and software industry in several times that each year. Your car spends on average 23 hours a
becoming an active player in V2G? day NOT providing you with transportation service. During those hours
UD: AC Propulsion is currently the only manufacturer of V2G-capable it could be earning revenue for the owner by providing grid services.
power electronics, but Azure Dynamics, Siemens, and even GM have
given indications that they are thinking about the market, and I'm Beyond the remuneration, the synergy between an electric grid with
confident others who are keeping their cards close to their vests are as storage capability and clean energy are very compelling. If
well. The software is pretty straightforward, and will likely be electricity storage were abundant and cheap, there would be no talk
developed in-house by the companies building the electronics. Remote of the practical limitations of renewables before grid stability became
interface software, for instance for iPods and other smart phones, a concern (there is talk of 20% renewables as about the limit, though I
happens so fast you have to pay attention or you'll miss it. It's already have yet to be awed by the analyses used to derive that numbers).
there for ZipCar and for the Nissan Leaf. Regarding the grid itself, vehicles would go into a resource category
with flywheels and other battery applications for provision of
6. ZP: How important are standards in the development of V2G ancillary services. Their response to requests from system operators
technology? is faster and more accurate than any traditional generator. This
"quality" of response will increase the efficiency and reliability of
UD: For ―development‖ standards are of no great importance. The these services, backing off slower (possibly dirtier) generators.
development was/is about the algorithms and figuring out what vehicle
owners or those wishing to use the storage resource need, getting
someone to work two-way capability into their power electronic unit
design, getting an ISO to give us access to their Automated Generation
Control signal, getting a utility to let us experiment within their
distribution system, and getting mechanical, electrical, and computer
science engineers to think through how to make it all work.
For ―implementation‖, yes. Some are incredibly important because
they define the parameters within which we have to work, if the new
SAE J1772 connector had for some reason excluded communications (it
doesn't do that, just an example) we would have had to develop
separate communications pathways. Also, a different type of
"standard" would be regulations regarding identification for billing
and service provision purposes will impact.
Austin Energy Austin Energy expects full V2G integration to materialize in ―10
Contributor: Karl Popham, Austin Energy Interim CIO to 15 years.‖
In the near term, Vehicle-to-Premise (V2P) technology is more
In May of 2010, Zpryme had the pleasure to speak with Austin likely to be adopted than V2G technology; however, V2P will
Energy‘s Interim Chief Information Officer, Karl Popham, to learn more be a platform for the transition to pure V2G technology.
about the utility‘s ideas and thoughts about the Smart Grid, PHEVs, and Fleet vehicles, such as school bus or industrial vehicle fleets are
V2G. the best candidates to be early adopters of V2G technology as
these types of vehicles have a highly predictable usage
A leader in conservation, Smart Grid technology and implementation, schedule, making it much easier for utilities to integrate their
renewable energy, and the use and management of distributed loads or charging times into the grid.
generation, Austin Energy is the 9th largest publicly owned utility in the
Universal standards development is critical to ramping up
US with annual revenues over $1.3 billion. The Texas-based utility
adoption of V2G and driving down technology implementation
serves about 43,000 businesses and 1.0 million consumers. costs.
Austin Energy is a founding partner of The Pecan Street Project in
Austin, Texas. The Pecan Street Project‘s other partners include the City
of Austin, Environmental Defense Fund, the Greater Austin Chamber of
Commerce, and the University of Texas‘ Austin Technology Incubator.
The Pecan Street Project is funded by $25.0 million in funds; $10.4
million were awarded by the US Department of Energy and $14.5
million were provided by matching funds for the project. Overall, the
Project will play key role in helping Austin Energy stay at the forefront
of Smart Grid and clean technology as it will help the utility test,
demonstrate, and implement the energy systems of the future. Please
visit pecanstreetproject.org to learn more about The Pecan Street
Project.
Austin Energy has two immediate Smart Grid phases, ―1.0 and
2.0.‖ The time period of 1.0 is from 2006 – 2011 and 2.0 is
expected to start in 2011 or 2012. Smart Grid 1.0 involves
upgrading and integrating telecommunications systems,
hardware, software, and equipment from the generation source Learn more @
(power plant) all the way to the customer meter. Smart Grid 2.0 austinenergy.org
involves the evolution of emerging technologies that will take
place ―beyond the meter.‖
Austin Energy predicts that they may have up to ―30,000 PHEVs
in 2015 and 190,000 in 2020.‖
Smartgridlibrary.com time at auto repair facilities. These are positive impacts to lifestyles
Contributor: Christine Hertzog, Founder & CEO of Smart Grid Library and wallets. Are these benefits communicated on a broad scale to
consumers? Not yet.
Electric Vehicles – Making a Connection with Consumers
Today a majority of consumers suffer from ―range anxiety‖ – figuring
Electric vehicles (EVs) are important pieces in the an EV could never support the daily distances they travel. It is very
Smart Grid puzzle. EVs will play an increasingly likely that most of them have not seriously calculated their weekly drive
important dual role as both transport and energy patterns to assess if an EV could support their lifestyles with little or no
storage. This role change has consequences that adaptations. Are the tools for them to easily analyze drive patterns
impact consumer lifestyles, wallets, and decision- readily available to use? Not yet.
making processes. The challenges, which are
significant, will impact our ability to harness the In today‘s car culture, a new car loses value the minute you drive it off
benefits that Smart Grid technologies can bring – the dealer‘s lot. When an EV fulfills transport and mobile storage
increased energy security, reduced GHG emissions, functions, its value as an owner asset appreciates enormously. Let‘s
smartgridlibrary.com
and reduced individual energy expenditures. consider carbitrage. The Smart Grid Dictionary defines carbitrage as
―the capability for an EV or PHEV to communicate with the electrical
One challenge is the need for an infrastructure to support EVs, Plug-in grid to schedule charge/discharge activities based on conditions
Hybrid EVs (PHEVs), or cars using hydrogen fuels. Part of the appeal including pricing signals, tariff agreements, TOU (time-of-use), DR
of any solution is that it is easy to use, and many consumers still (demand response) programs, and manual overrides by car owners.‖
perceive EVs as requiring too much advance trip planning to be In the not too distant future EVs can earn money for their owners by
welcomed into their driveways. A second challenge is the lack of rules automatically selling back electricity at peak times. This is a real
about EV charging. Is it ok to charge your car at work or at a friend‘s game-changer, but not easy to explain in a sound bite to consumers.
home? What rules of charge etiquette will organically inform and Consumer education requires coordinated communications campaigns to
change consumer perceptions about the convenience and economics of align consumer, government, and industry views of EV visions, realities,
EVs? and most importantly, their benefits to consumers. Consumers,
taxpayers, and ratepayers need to understand what values they gain
However, the greatest challenge is consumer education. Consumers from making a switch from ICE vehicles to EVs.
must learn how to manage an EV. Once upon a time, people had to
learn how to manage an internal combustion engine (ICE) car instead of If EV manufacturers really want to sell EVs, they need to build
a horse. The car most Americans can‘t live without was once regarded educational campaigns to instill familiarity and confidence in consumers.
with bemusement, skepticism, and even hostility. What changed these Stop spending marketing dollars promoting gas-guzzling SUVs.
early perceptions? An understanding of the benefits, compelling ROIs, Feature real-life EV owners and how they use their vehicles. Every EV
and a societal consensus that the benefits outweighed the negative manufacturer should have a fun, interactive game on their website that
aspects of cars. We are at a similar intersection of disruptive engages consumers to enter info about their daily driving habits to
technology and the status quo. Concerted efforts to educate consumers learn just how often they would have to charge up an EV, and the cost
about the benefits of EVs can help accelerate the adoption of EVs. For comparison of their electricity charges versus avoided gasoline costs.
instance, EV owners avoid the inconvenience of filling gas tanks, and That would open a lot of eyes in the USA.
spend pennies instead of dollars to ―refuel‖. EV cars are far less
complicated than internal combustion engine vehicles, resulting in less Learn more @
smartgridlibrary.com
Plug In America contracts. Government collaboration can help find a way to front-load
Contributor: Sherry Boschert, Plug In America Co-founder that financial benefit for consumers to lower the purchase price of plug-
in vehicles and get more plug-in cars (and more V2G capability) on the
1. ZP: What are Plug in America‘s current V2G initiatives? road faster.
PIA: Through our presentations, events and publications like "Charged 4. ZP: Aside from environmental benefits and selling electricity back to
Up & Ready To Roll: The Definitive Guide To Plug-in Electric Vehicles," the grid for V2G owners, what other incentives exist for consumers?
Plug In America educates consumers, government officials, utilities and
others about the new generation of plug-in electric vehicles and the PIA: Plug-in electric vehicles are not only environmentally desirable
potential for V2G. We provide public testimony and act as consultants because they produce far fewer emissions than gasoline vehicles, but
or advisors to automakers, charging-station companies, utilities, and their V2G capability is necessary to provide "regulation" energy for
regulators and legislators on the local, regional, state and national large-scale additions of wind energy to our grid. Wind energy
levels, focusing on consumer needs, consumer acceptance, and the role providers could play a role in incentivizing V2G vehicles, moving us
for V2G in plug-in electric vehicles. more rapidly toward renewable energy. V2G vehicles also could
provide their owners with greater security, by using the V2G connection
2. ZP: What automobile manufacturers have been the most proactive to for vehicle-to-building (V2B) operation in an emergency, and by
step into the V2G space? knowing that the environmental benefits of V2G decrease the risk of
political and financial disruptions due to global warming
PIA: There are no natural incentives for automakers to initiate V2G.
Incentives must be created. Automakers with plug-in cars on the market
or coming soon (Tesla, Nissan, GM among them) have paid the most
attention to V2G. But all automakers are hesitant to introduce V2G
equipment because it would (slightly) increase the sticker price of plug-
in cars. Some automakers are investigating the resale potential of
leased car batteries at the end of their vehicle life for second-use
energy storage. Others are looking at a vehicle-to-building (V2B)
capability as an option to entice consumers, so car owners could power
their homes in an emergency.
PIA: Government collaboration is absolutely essential -- not just with Learn more @
automakers, but with utilities, electrical grid operators, and wind
energy suppliers. Federal regulators have pushed the Independent pluginamerica.org
System Operators (ISOs) and Transmission System Operators (TSOs) to
set tariffs for V2G energy. One ISO study showed that owners of V2G
cars with a certain minimum battery capacity would earn between
$10,000 and $25,000 each over a 10-year period from V2G
Electrification Coalition If the program works as designed, it will get high concentrations of
Contributor: Ron Minsk, Electrification Coalition SVP of Policy vehicles and infrastructure deployed in a handful of regions relatively
quickly. This will help create economies of scale in infrastructure
1. ZP: What are Electrification Coalition‘s current V2G initiatives? installation and should also drive high demand for vehicles and
batteries, driving down costs. The program would help get consumers
EC: Right now, we are not focused on policies related to V2G comfortable with a new technology, generate tremendous opportunities
specifically. We appreciate that technology and applications that moving down the learning curve, and also give the market a chance to
allow bi-directional communication between cars and the power sector experiment with various business models. If it‘s successful in the first
will ultimately enhance consumer utility. V2G will offer revenue- cities, we envision expanding the program to an additional 20
generating opportunities that help make the economics of electric cars regions/cities through about 2018. At that point, our analysis suggests
even more compelling for consumers; and a network of millions of costs will be low enough that GEVs will be ready for national markets.
batteries connected to the grid represents an incredible opportunity for
reliability and storage. 2. ZP: Aside from battery technology, cost, and infrastructure financing
what are other challenges V2G is facing?
Still, we understand that V2G applications are likely to thrive in the
second or third generation of grid-enabled vehicles (GEVs). (GEVs EC: The biggest challenge for V2G applications is getting cars on the
include both pure electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric road and making sure they meet consumers‘ needs. V2G applications
vehicles (PHEVs).) In the meantime, we at the Coalition are focused on will be a critical part of our future, but we first need to get grid-
enabling public policies that will get the first generation of GEVs on the enabled vehicles on the road and demonstrate convincingly that they
road and set the nation on a path to getting these cars on the road at can meet consumers‘ primary reasons for buying a vehicle: to have
scale. There are a number of big challenges in the way that need to reliable, affordable, and safe transportation. Demonstrating that will
be dealt with right now: high battery costs and minimal access to take time, but once consumers see that GEVs can meet their needs,
charging infrastructure are among the most pressing. V2G applications will be among many applications that can enhance
the utility and reduce the costs of the cars to all drivers while enhancing
From our perspective, the single most important step the federal the reliability and the emissions profile of the grid.
government can take to support electrification is the establishment of a
program at the Department of Energy (DOE) to coordinate GEV 3. ZP: What US policies in 2010 will shape the way consumers ultimately
deployment regions. Basically, the program would offer significant ‗opt-in‘ for the purchase of EVs for 2011?
financial incentives for consumers, utilities and infrastructure providers in
a handful of geographic regions—about five cities to start. To be EC: For now, the most important policies are the existing tax credits of
selected as one of these regions, cities would need to file applications up to $7,500 for vehicles and additional tax credits for installation of
to DOE that would demonstrate aggressive steps they are taking to lay charging equipment. Policies that are not yet in place will not likely
the groundwork for electrification—modified building codes requiring have an effect this year. For the future, however, implementing the
new construction to be wired for level two charging, for example. We policies in the Electrification Roadmap, with a regional approach, is the
think this kind of ‗race-to-the-top‘ approach will foster healthy best way to achieve high penetration levels needed to make sure that
competition between cities who should be anxious to reap the grid enabled vehicles go mainstream and are not stuck as niche
benefits—jobs, economic growth, and prestige—that will come with vehicles.
participation in the program.
4. ZP: What has been the most important collaborative EV effort by the of 2007. It also awarded about $100 million of stimulus funds to eTec,
US government and automobile manufacturing industry this year? which will deploy electric vehicle charging infrastructure in five major
US regions (Tennessee, Oregon, San Diego, Seattle and
EC: In August 2009, the Obama Administration announced $2.4 billion Phoenix/Tucson). Nissan will then deploy up to 1,000 electric Leafs in
in funding for advanced battery manufacturing and electric drive those communities. eTec‘s grant will be matched by $199 million in
programs. Of these funds, approximately $1.9 billion was allocated to local funds. This approach, generally speaking, is similar to the
battery manufacturing and $500 million was allocated to electric drive approach that the EC is promoting. The EC, however, envisions a far
infrastructure and demonstration projects. As depicted in the chart more intense--and well-funded--regional effort intended to deploy a
below, this funding supported 53 individual projects in 25 states. The higher number of grid-enabled vehicles more quickly.
preponderance of battery funds—more than $1 billion—went to
projects in Michigan. However, Indiana received more than $300 In addition, it increased the level of financial incentives to consumers to
million for battery manufacturing; Florida approximately $100 million; purchase grid-enabled vehicles. These have been critical steps in the
and Oregon more than $20 million for high-performance electrodes. right direction, but do not go far enough. Funding for additional
Projects for battery recycling in Ohio received more than $30 million; vehicle incentives and infrastructure in select communities are needed to
production of lithium carbonate from mines in Nevada received $28 establish grid-enabled deployment communities which will: 1) allow us
million. to learn what infrastructure is needed, which regulatory environment
Number of Electrification Projects by US State34 and business models are needed to allow for an adequate charging
network, and how GEV systems will operate; and 2) promote the
purchase of this new technology beyond early adopters. Moreover,
these localized concentrations of electrification can achieve these goals
while taking advantage of the economies of scale, particularly with
regard to charging infrastructure. They will also drive demand for
electric vehicles at a much higher rate than would be otherwise
possible.
Among other initiatives, the Administration awarded Nissan a $1.6 Learn more @
billion loan to help support the manufacture of the Leaf, under the
Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan program, electrificationcoalition.org
established in Sec. 136 of the Energy Independence and Security Act
Coulomb Technologies 4. ZP: What are Coulomb Technologies current V2G initiatives?
Contributor: Richard Lowenthal, Co-founder & CEO
CT: Let‘s be clear on this because recently the term V2G has been used
1. ZP: What are the greatest challenges right now for the charging in a new way. V2G (Vehicle to Grid) traditionally refers to the
station industry? transfer of energy from the car to the grid in order to help smooth out
the energy capacity of the grid. Our stations have the important
CT: a) Our market is limited now to people who will buy stations in features to enable V2G including communication capabilities to the
anticipation of the cars. That problem will be gone in a year and it will utility and vehicle, bidirectional energy flow, and bidirectional
be all about how fast we can scale. The scale challenge is the more metering. Currently no production vehicles are planning to implement
interesting one and one we feel we have the answers to. V2G, but we watch the automakers very closely to see if that changes.
When it does, all of our deployed stations will be ready.
b) We have regulatory uncertainty at the moment. Business mechanisms
for the shared station at the workplace, in a retail setting, in an
apartment or public lot are needed to pay for the cost of electricity,
capital, and maintenance. The utilities and regulatory bodies are a bit
behind in establishing the rules for the business environment. We have
very flexible business software tools that can adapt to whatever are
the predominant business models, but we‘d like more certainty from the
regulators.
2. ZP: What new developments coming this year will/have increased the
proliferation of charging stations?
3. ZP: How much collaboration exists between the automobile industry and
charging station industry?
Learn more @
CT: We are in constant contact with the automobile manufacturers as coulombtech.org
they understand the importance infrastructure will have on the
acceptance of EVs.
Ford Motor Company & Grid2Home and Vehicle to Grid (V2G) energy flow, which enable a charged
Contributors: Rich Scholer, Ford Motor Company Chair of SAE Hybrid vehicle battery to support the Grid (or Home) at peak times.
J2836/J2847 Task Force & Mike Bourton, Grid2Home Inc. Co-founder & VP
of Business Development The biggest challenge for the industry will be to ensure interoperability
between independently developed and supplied equipment in the
Communication between Electric Vehicle and Home Network premise such as the Smart Meter and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
(EVSE) and the PEV.
The development of the standards for Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV)
communications to the Utilities are being developed in SAE Hybrid
J2836™/J2847 Task Force and the ISO/IEC - JWG V2G CI. In North
America, this work is part of the ZigBee Smart Energy version 2.0
specifications being developed by the ZigBee Alliance, which is
referenced by NIST in the Smart Grid Interoperability roadmap 1.0 as
an approved Smart Grid Standard.
It is a large and random load and has the potential to overload the
local neighborhood transformer, if more than one vehicle is charged
It is mobile and may be plugged into different geographical locations,
which is known as roaming.
ZigBee Alliance Each GEV can represent as much as a 6 kW load, drawing significantly
Contributor: Bob Hile, ZigBee Alliance Chairman more energy than the average single-family home. If everyone parks
their GEV and plugs it in during this peak period, a local feeder or
ZigBee Smart Energy Speeding V2G transformer could realistically fail. What if you arrive home, low on
energy, with somewhere else to drive soon? What if you want the
The advent of grid-enabled vehicles (GEV) extends the growing control lowest price? What if you plug in somewhere else? What if you‘re not
consumers have over their energy usage, and provides one of the at home and low on energy? With a standard like ZigBee Smart
biggest bang-for-the-buck impacts on the environment. Any GEV is Energy in place, both the consumer and the utility are able to
considered a distributed generation and mobile storage device and intelligently manage these scenarios, capitalize on the benefits and
will require a two-way communication standard to ‗speak‘ with the minimize system risks.
Smart Grid. Establishing this communication will require more than just
connecting a power cord to a GEV. Both the GEV and its recharger Homes will be a key factor in any V2G equation. The largest number
must deliver both energy and complex information covering every of distributed generation devices, and the home base for GEVs, will be
aspect of electricity from generation to consumption. Developing a the consumer‘s home. All of these devices must be connected in a highly
workable vehicle to grid (V2G) infrastructure not only depends upon secure, seamless and intuitive manner to win widespread consumer
the speed of smart grid implementations, but also the cost of adoption and confidence.
technology needed to support this type of distributed generation and
mobile storage program. Overcoming the challenge of connecting Influencing consumer behavior in homes will also be essential to
vehicles to the grid relies upon manufacturers and utilities agreeing to reducing electric demand. With the sheer number of residences and
a common set of standards delivering the benefits of V2G. consumers, workable demand response and load control programs will
require a high level of information, communication, automation and
ZigBee Smart Energy is an open industry standard that has won the participation.
support of a large stakeholder community consisting of chip suppliers,
original equipment manufacturers, metering companies, utilities, Since 2006, the ZigBee Alliance has taken the lead in delivering open
regulators, and government agencies. This thriving ecosystem is energy management solutions. Today, ZigBee Smart Energy is the
delivering a proven solution, with a thriving competitive marketplace market leading home area network (HAN) and advanced metering
and no single vendor lock-in, which is expediting the implementation of infrastructure (AMI) standard. More than 40 million meters around the
the smart grid – including support for V2G. By uniting around this world are in the process of being rolled out by utilities at a rate of
standard, the smart grid industry has simplified the lives of consumers 20,000 per day. Connecting a wide array of devices is at the heart of
who will need an unified approach to control their home electronics, ZigBee since it was launched in 2002 to promote open standards for
lighting and GEVs in ways they never dreamed possible. wireless sensor networks.
Since GEVs are inherently mobile, standards become mission critical to ZigBee makes it easy and cost effective to put sensors and controllers in
achieving anything useful and ubiquitous. GEVs are not just another everything, enabling devices to network and exchange information for
consumer appliance; they are significantly more challenging, especially a variety of purposes. By doing so, we achieve an Internet of Things
when considering their use characteristics. Most drivers normally arrive and the ability to gain control over the devices we use everyday
at their homes during a narrow window of time every workday including everything from energy-heavy applications, like heating and
evening. This time period is already associated with peak energy use air conditioning or lighting systems, to the constant loads of home
and prone to causing black or brown outs during hot summer days. security systems and consumer electronics. ZigBee provides consumers
with greater control of their energy usage within their home and
delivers added convenience, safety and comfort features that can also
help them save money. By adding in V2G and other distributed
generation platforms, such as microturbines or solar panels, consumers
will see increasing opportunities to use energy wisely and to become
energy producers rather than just users.
Learn more @
zigbee.org
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