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To understand the pass band and stop band in a filter, we need to understand Bode plots. A Bode plot
is a graph that tracks the response of frequencies. It shows the magnitude of a signal with respect to
the frequency. The magnitude or the amplitude is measured in decibels and plotted on the Y-axis of
the Bode plot. The X-axis of the bode plot is the frequency of the filter.
The above image is a bode plot for a low pass filter. The frequencies in the pass band are the
frequencies with an amplitude of 0 decibels or above. The frequencies after the cutoff frequencies f c
are in the stop band. The frequencies that we want to remove would be in the stop band when the
magnitude is less than zero.
Objective
Consider a fuel tank with a fuel height in a tank when in steady state is
ho and
when a noise is introduced to a tank with h Sint . Filter the frequencies using
a first order transfer function
System Input
u ( t ) =ho + h Sint
rad
=2 f
sec
y ( s )=G ( s )+ u(s )
h
y ss (t )=ho + sin(t +)
2 2+ 1
h
ho +
Amplitude = 2 2 +1
Signal Analysis
1 1
y (t ) + y ( t )= x (t)
Taking the Laplace transform and assuming a zero initial condition for a output
variable that is y(t=0)=0
1 1
sY ( s ) + Y ( s )= X ( s)
Solving for ratio of output to input variable in the Laplace domain, we get
Y ( s) 1
T ( s )= =
X ( s) 1+s
This ratio of the Laplace transform of output variable to the Laplace transform of
an input variable, with all initial conditions assumed to be zero, it is defined as
the transfer function. The transfer function of the system represents the
relationship between the dynamics of the output and input variables of the
system under consideration.
If we know the transfer function for a system and multiply the transfer function
by the transform of a particular forcing function, we see the product corresponds
to the Laplace transform of the output of the system subjected to given input.
Taking the inverse Laplace transform would then yield y(t), with zero initial
conditions.
The fact that the product of the transfer function with the transform of an input
yields the transform of the response revels another important property of the
transfer function.
Although the transfer function of a system can be used to find the time-domain
behaviour of a system, the real utility of the transfer function is in describing the
behaviour of a system in the frequency domain that is in terms of steady state
responses to sinusoidal inputs.
Filter Design
Performance of Filter
Acoustic filters
Optical filters were originally developed for purposes other than signal
processing such as lighting and photography. With the rise of optical
fiber technology, however, optical filters increasingly find signal processing
applications and signal processing filter terminology, such
as longpass and shortpass, are entering the field.
Low pass filter
A low-pass filter is a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a
certain cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the
cutoff frequency. The exact frequency response of the filter depends on the filter
design.
There are many different types of filter circuits, with different responses to changing frequency. The
frequency response of a filter is generally represented using a Bode plot, and the filter is characterized
by its cutoff frequency and rate of frequency rolloff. In all cases, at the cutoff frequency, the
filter attenuates the input power by half or 3 dB. So the order of the filter determines the amount of
additional attenuation for frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency.
A first-order filter, for example, reduces the signal amplitude by half (so power reduces by a
factor of 4, or 6 dB), every time the frequency doubles (goes up one octave); more precisely, the
power rolloff approaches 20 dB per decade in the limit of high frequency. The magnitude Bode
plot for a first-order filter looks like a horizontal line below the cutoff frequency, and a diagonal
line above the cutoff frequency. There is also a "knee curve" at the boundary between the two,
which smoothly transitions between the two straight line regions. If the transfer function of a
first-order low-pass filter has a zero as well as a pole, the Bode plot flattens out again, at some
maximum attenuation of high frequencies; such an effect is caused for example by a little bit of
the input leaking around the one-pole filter; this one-poleone-zero filter is still a first-order low-
pass.
Problem Definition:
Time constant (