Transformer Diagnostic

Measurements

Transformer Overview
Life Span and Operating Conditions
Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance
Oil Tests Dissolved Gas Analysis, Degree of
Polymerisation (DP) & Furan Analysis
Overview of CPC100 and Operating Software (Toolset)
Electrical Measurements
Dielectric Dissipation Factor Tan Delta
Dielectric Dissipation Factor - Moisture Content
Partial Discharge
Sweep Frequency Response
Testing Current Transformers
Summary

1
Dissipation Factor and Power Factor

Dissipation Factor used in Europe and Australia

Power Factor used in USA

Two ways of measuring the same condition.

2
Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF)
= Tan Delta

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 3

 Interpretation of Results

For Windings - 0.5% is typical higher than 1.0% is questionable

For Bushings

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 4

 Definitions

Dielectric Losses are caused by:

Conductive losses 2.50E-03
Serial
2.00E-03 Parallel
Polarization losses Sum
1.50E-03

Partial discharges 1.00E-03

5.00E-04

0.00E+00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Parallel circuit Serial circuit

UR
DF : tan =
| I RP |
=
1 DF : tan = = RS C S
| I CP | R P C P UC RS
CP RP
| I RP | UR
PF : cos = PF : cos =
| I tot | U tot CS

5
 Polaristaion

Page 6

 Condenser Type Bushings

RBP Resin Bonded Paper

OIP
RIP Resin Impregnated Paper Oil Impregnated Paper

7
 Limits

Type RIP OIP RBP Gas

Resin Oil Resin SF6 or
Main insulation impregnated impregnated bonded mixture
paper paper paper of gases
DF tan (RT)
< 0,7% * < 0,7% * < 1,5% * -
(IEC 60137)
PF cos (RT) -
< 0,85% * < 0,5% * < 2% *
IEEE C57.19.01
Typical new
0.3-0.4% * 0.2-0.4% * 0.5-0.6% * -
values
PD
(IEC 60137 bei < 10pC < 10pC < 250pC < 10pC
Um)

8
RBP Bushings

A,B,N humid
after storage
C dried

9
RBP Bushings- A,B,N new, stored under bad
conditions, C dried

DF (f) A, B, C, N

6.0%

5.0%

4.0% A
humid B
3.0%
C
2.0% N

1.0%

dried
0.0%
0.0Hz

50.0Hz

100.0Hz

150.0Hz

200.0Hz

250.0Hz

300.0Hz

350.0Hz

400.0Hz

450.0Hz
10
 FDS measurement on RBP Bushings

humid

FDS Measurement
dried

11
 OIP Bushings

Cellulose of the OIP bushings ages particularly at

high temperatures.

Through ageing the dielectric losses will increase

---> increase of the dissipation factor

Temperature dependent ageing decomposes the

cellulose and produces additional water --> this
accellerates the ageing

12
 33kV OIP Bushings

Removed bushings

New bushings

C-Tan-Delta Meas.
13
 Tan delta (T) at 50Hz (OIP Bushings)

10,00
[%]

1,00

0,10
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 C 90

14
 Tan delta (f) at 30oC (33kV OIP Bushings)

Tan Delta (f) A, B, C

%

1.8
A
1.6 B
1.4 C
A Removed
1.2 B Removed
1.0 C Removed

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Hz
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450
0.0

15
Setup: 2-Winding Transformer (CH, CHL)
Short-circuit Prim and Sec
terminals
Setup: 2-Winding Transformer (CL, CHL)
Setup: 3-Winding Transformer (CH, CHL,
CHT)
Setup: 3-Winding Transformer (CL, CLH,
CLT)
Setup: 3-Winding Transformer (CT, CHT,
CLT)
Design of capacitive bushings
weniger scheibchen, C1
und C2 kenntlich machen

1 1 1 1
= + + ... +
Cmain C A CB CK
Setup: Bushing C1 (dismantled)
Setup: Bushing C2 (dismantled)
 Setup: Bushing (built-in)
Short-circuit all
terminals

Measurement is only possible for

bushings with measurement tap!
 Guarding Principle

ICHL

ICL
Guarding Principle: Test Mode UST
Guarding Principle: Test Mode GST
 TanDelta: Test Card
Actual output
value

Define
voltage or
frequency
sweep

Averaging

Bandwidth of digital filter

 Tan Delta: Test Card Settings

Ttop + Tbottom
Toil =
2
With Power Transformers
CP CAL1

Tambient + Ttop
Tamb. =
Bushings 2
RIP
RBP
OIP
Current is measured via a CT
Tan Delta: Test Card Results

Werte rein

Depends on selection
Demonstration
Tan Delta Measurement

16 March 2012
 Transformer Diagnostic
Measurements

Transformer Overview
Life Span and Operating Conditions
Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance
Oil Tests Dissolved Gas Analysis, Degree of
Polymerisation (DP) & Furan Analysis
Overview of CPC100 and Operating Software (Toolset)
Electrical Measurements
Dielectric Dissipation Factor Tan Delta
Dielectric Dissipation Factor - Moisture
Content
Partial Discharge
Sweep Frequency Response
Testing Current Transformers
Summary

32
 Dielectric Measurements

 RVM (Recovery Voltage Measurement)

 PDC (Polarization Depolarization Current)

 FDS (Frequency Domain Spectroscopy)

33
 Properties of a Dielectric

Measured properties:
Conductivity of cellulose and oil
Interfacial Polarization

Complex
Capacitance C
Influenced by:
Insulation
geometry
Temperature
Current Voltage Moisture
input
A ~ Source
Conductive
Guard aging
products

34
 Dissipation Factor

IR IC A Dielectric can be modeled by:

Capacitance
U R C
Resistance (losses)

Im IR
I
Dissipation factor
IC
Tangent of angle between
sum current I and capacitive
current IC
Quality of a dielectric

U
Re

35
 Frequency Domain:
Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS)

Current in wide
I ( ) = j C 0 ( ) + ( ) j 0 + ( ) U ( )
0 frequency range,
0 e.g. 1 mHz 1 kHz
+ ( )
C ( ) ( ) 0 Display as dissipation
tan ( ) = = =
C ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) factor or complex
capacitance or complex
10 moisture of
Dissipation factor

cellulose, permittivity
aging
1
high Interpretation
high
low Slope  oil conductivity
0,1
low
moisture of

Hump  insulation
insulation
geometry
and aging
cellulose

0,01 geometry
oil high
conductivity Low frequencies
low
0,001  moisture and aging
0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000
 long test duration 
Frequency (Hz)

36
Possible Measurements

Moisture 4%

Moisture 2,5%

Moisture 1%

Moisture 0,2%

Frequency (Hz)

37
 Dielectric Phenomena in FDS
Pressboard Oil
DF DF
10.000000
1pS/m@20C
0.300
1%@20C 1.000000

Complex 0.100
0.100000
Capacitance C
0.010000
0.030

0.001000
0.010

0.000100

Measurement
instrument A ~ Voltage
Source 0.00100 0.01000 0.10000 1.00000 10.00000 100.00000
f/Hz 0.00100 0.01000 0.10000 1.00000 10.00000 100.00000
f/Hz

Guard

Wet / aged Hot, wet, aged

New DF DF
3%, 43pS@50C
10.000
5.000 DF@50Hz=1,5%
DF
1.000 3%, 10pS@20C
DF@50Hz=0,4% 1.000
0.500
0.300
30/15%@20C 0.200

0.100 DF@50Hz=0,23% 0.100

0.100
0.050
0.030
0.020
0.010 0.010 0.010

f/Hz 0.00100 0.01000 0.10000 1.00000 10.00000 100.00000 f/Hz

f/Hz
0.00100 0.01000 0.10000 1.00000 10.00000100.00000 0.00100 0.01000 0.10000 1.00000 10.00000 100.00000

 Discrimination necessary!
38
 Time Domain:
Polarization/ Depolarization Current (PDC)

U, I Uc (t)
ipol (t) I pol (t ) = C0U 0 0 + () (t ) + f (t )
0

I dep (t ) = C0U 0 [ f (t ) f (t + tC )]
t
idep (t)
TC
Time domain current during
charging and discharging
1000
Current ( nA)

moisture of Interpretation
high cellulose
100 and aging Short times  oil conductivity
low Middle  insulation geometry
conductivity

10 Long times  moisture, aging

insulation
geometry

I pol
byproducts
1 I dep high
oil

low
0,1
1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (s)
39
 Time Domain:
Polarization/ Depolarization Current (PDC)

Sample
Electrometer

40
 Limitation of PDC and FDS methods

 PDC Method:

Measurement is possible only up to 1Hz

 FDS Method:

Measurement at very low frequencies are time

consuming (over 10 hours)

41
Time Save by PDC and FDS Combination

Frequency Range / Hz
12 100

Time Need / h
10 10
8 1
6 0,1
4 0,01
2 0,001
0 0,0001
FDS PDC DIRANA
Measurement duration for data down to 100 Hz

6-12 h for frequency domain spectroscopy

5,5 h for polarisation + depolarisation currents,
but no data for frequencies above 1 Hz (e.g. 50 Hz)

2,8 h for combined PDC and FDS within DIRANA
while providing the full frequency range!

42
 Combination of PDC and FDS methods

 The measured values in time domain (PDC) can be

transformed in frequency domain (FDS) and vice
versa.

 Both methods (PDC and FDS) can so be combined.

The values of times over 1 second are measured with
PDC-Method i.e 1 Hz.

The values at frequencies higher than 1 Hz are

measured with FDS-Method

43
 Combination of Time and Frequency Domain

100 1
DIRANA's technique

Dissipation factor
Current [nA]

1. f > 0.1 Hz
 frequency domain,
1 0,001
1 1000 0,1 1000 2. f < 0.1 Hz
Time [s] Frequency [Hz]
 time domain
1
3. Transformation of time
Dissipation factor

Trans- data to frequency

formation domain
22 min for range of
1 kHz - 1 mHz
0,001
0,001 Frequency [Hz] 1000

44
 Comparison of PDC and FDS methods

10

ID A 2 0 0
1

b e re c h n e t vo n P D C
0 .1
tan

0 .0 1

TD 1

0 .0 0 1
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 100 100 0
F re q u e n z ( H z )

45
 Connection of DIRANA to the Transformer

Voltage source Current sense 1

= A
Instrument

Instrument
Current sense 1 Voltage source
A =
Current sense 2
A A

Guard Guard

CL CHL CH CT CLT CHL

LV HV LV MV HV

Two or three winding transformer

 DIRANA provides two input channels for
additional time saving!
46
 How Long to measure ?
high
1 Typical:
Dissipation factor

moisture,
aging of
low cellulose Dry transformer or low
high
temperature
0,1
low  0,1 mHz, 2:50 hours
aging of cellulose

Moderate wetness /
moisture and

high
0,01 temperature  1 mHz, 22 min
insulation
geometry

Wet transformer or hot

oil temperature  0,1 Hz, 5 min
0,001 conductivity low
0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency / Hz

Dissipation factor
Dissipation factor
Dissipation factor

5 5 5
Moderate
2 2 2
1
44C Heavily aged
New 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.05 0.05 0.05
0.02 0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.005 0.005 0.005
0.002 0.002 0.002
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 Freq/Hz 1000 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 1000 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 1000
Freq/Hz Freq/Hz

47
Moisture Analysis Based on Comparison

Measurement Data base

Temperature

Oil XY-model Y

Oil Spacers

Barriers

Comparison X

10
Tangent Delta

moisture content,
oil conductivity
0,1

0,01
0,0001 0,01 Frequency [Hz] 100

48
 Assessment Settings

Check box:
Variable calculated by software

Required:
Oil temperature

Optional:
Geometry XY

Optional:
Oil conductivity

49
 Moisture Assessment

Observe fitting
left of the hump

Result:
Moisture content

50
 Field of application

Transformers
Analysis of moisture content
Monitoring of drying

Bushings and CT
Moisture at ambient wet
temperature

dried
Cables, generators, motor
insulations

RIP bushings stored under wet

conditions and then dried

51
 Advantages of Dielectric methods

 The dielectric methods allow for an

elementary localization of wet areas in the
insulation.

 Contrary to this the moisture content in

cellulose as derived from oil samples gives an
average value.

52
 Moisture Distribution
Example:
150 MVA, 7 t cellulose,
70 t Mineral oil,
Temperature 40C
125/95C 1,4/2,1% 270/420

cellulose W = 3 %
 210 kg water

85/65C 2,4/2,9% 441/1105 T+ T

Temp. Moisture DP Oil 16 ppm
[Ryzhenko, V. Sokolov, V.: Effect of Moisture on Dielectric Withstand Strength of Winding
 1,1 kg H2O
Insulations in Power Transformers. Electrical Stations (Electric Power Plants) No. 9, 1981]
 Important to know how
wet the paper/
pressboard is, rather
than the oil!
53
Oven Drying

Application
Manufacture of new
transformers
Refurbishment of
aged units

Evaluation
Very effective
Expensive
disassembly and
transportation to
workshop

54
Case 1 Drying of Transformer

Technical data

Manufactured in 1967
Rated power 133 MVA
230/115/48 kV
Cooling: Oil forced/air
forced

Drying required?

55
FDS/PDC Measurement 2006

56
 FDS/PDC Measurement
Moisture Content Distribution
Moisture in cellulose [%]
5

2 Tertiary not in use Average

0
FDS HV-LV FDS LV- FDS Oil sample Oilsample
Tertiary Tertiary- RS Karl Fischer
Tank mg/kg
(Oommen
FDS equilibrium)
1mHz-1kHz

57
FDS/PDC Measurement on a 130MVA Transformer
(2008)

58
FDS/PDC Measurement on a 130MVA Transformer
(2006 & 2008)

59
 Case 2 Heavily Aged Transformer

Dielectric methods
Moisture in cellulose from
dielectric
properties (PDC, FDS, Dirana)
Moisture content / %

6 Oil sampling
Moisture in cellulose derived
5 from oil
4
3 Proved by paper samples
2 Moisture in cellulose by KF
1 titration

0
 Contradictory results
Oil RS

KFT
Oil ppm
FDS
DIRANA
PDC

60
 Practical Applications : Dielectric Methods

Dissipation factor
2.000 Manufactured in 1950
1.000
0.500
Oil: Shell K6SX from 1965,
0.200 acidity 0,5 mg KOH / g oil,
0.100
0.050 conductivity 1300pS/m @
0.020 21C
0.010
0.005
0.001 0.01 0.1 1. 10. 100 f/Hz

Moisture content
6
5
4
Dielectric methods 3
Tangent delta at 25C 2
aging byproducts appear as water 1
 Dirana gives 2,9% instead of 3,8/4% 0

KFT
Oil ppm

Oil RS
DIRANA
FDS
PDC

61
 Conductive Aging By-products

10
Conductive aging by-products
Dissipation factor

2,1% aged
1,2% aged behave similar to water
1 2,0% new (HIGH TAN DELTA)
0,8% new
 Overestimated moisture
0,1
content without compensation

0,01

DIRANA
0,001
Compensates for this influence
1E-04 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency / Hz

62
Demonstration
Dielectric Response Analysis Measurement

16 March 2012