UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

THERMOFLUID LABORATORY
CGE 536

NAME : 1. MUZAFFAR BIN ABDULLAH

(2015441912)
2. NOR ADILAH BINTI MUHAMMAD SOFFIAN WONG
(2015666848)
3. NURUL IZATY BINTI AWANG KECHIK (2015218242)
4. IDHAM ARIF ALAUDIN BIN SUDIN
(2015218706)
EXPERIMENT : EXPERIMENT 5: PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT/ PVT
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 11 OCTOBER 2016
SEMESTER :3
PROGRAMME
NO : EH 243: BACHELOR (HONS)
TITLE OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING
ALLOCATED MARKS
GROUP : EH 243 3B MARKS (%)
1. ABSTRACT / SUMMARY 5

2. INTRODUCTION 5

3. AIMS / OBJECTIVES 5

4. THEORY 5

5. APPARATUS 5

6. PROCEDURES 10

7. RESULT 10

8. CALCULATIONS 10

9. DISCUSSION 20

10. CONCLUSIONS 10
11. RECOMMENDATIONS 5
12. REFERENCES 5
13. APPENDICES 5
 TOTAL 100

REMARKS:

CHECKED BY:
TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. TITLE PAGES

1 Abstract/Summary 3

2 Introduction 4-5

3 Aims/Objectives 5

4 Theory 6-13

5 Apparatus 14

6 Procedures
I. General Operating Procedures
6.1 Experiment 1: Boyles Law Equipment
6.2 Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac Law Experiment
6.3 Experiment 3: Isentropic Expansion Process
6.4 Experiment 4: Stepwise Depressurization
6.5 Experiment 5: Brief Depressurization 15-18
6.6 Experiment 6: Determination of ratio of volume
6.7 Experiment 7: Determination of ratio of heat capacity

7 Results 19-22

8 Calculations 22-26

9 Discussion 27-29

10 Conclusion 30-31

11 Recommendations 31

2
 12 References 32

13 Appendices 33-34

1.0 ABSTRACT/ SUMMARY

First of all, this experiment (Properties Measurement or PVT) consists of 7 parts. The
parts are Boyles Law, Gay-Lussacs Law, isentropic expansion, stepwise depressurization, brief
depressurization, determination of ratio of volume and determination of ratio of heat capacity.
All of these parts of experiment were successfully done by using The Perfect Gas Expansion
Apparatus. Laws involved were also proven through the experiment.

In experiment 1 and 2, the Boyles Law and Gay-Lussacs Law were proven. In
experiment 1 which is Boyles Law, the compressive is turned on to allow the pressure increase
to 150 kPa. Then, switch it off and monitored until it stabilize to get the reading of pressure for
both chambers before expansion. For after expansion, V 02 is fully open to allow air flows to
chamber and record the reading. This experiment involves reading pressurised chamber to
atmospheric chamber, atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber and pressurised chamber to
vacuum chamber. Experiment 2 is about Gay Lussac Law, which is to record the temperature for
every increment of 10 kPa (pressurised) and stop the pump when it reach 160 kPa. Then, for
slightly open V 01 is to records the temperature reading for every decrement of 10 kPa
(depressurised) and stop when it reaches atmospheric pressure. Repeat the experiment 3 times
and get the average reading.

While in experiment 3, the isentropic expansion can be determined by turned on the

pump and allow the pressure to increase 160 kPa. After that, record the reading of PT 1 and TT 1
before and after expansion. Experiment 4 which is stepwise depressurisation required four times
of expansion and experiment 5 which is brief depressurization required only once and the step is
just the same. They differs in terms of depressurization time gap. Experiment 6 and 7 focused on
finding ratio between before and after expansion in terms of volume and heat capacity
respectively. All results for these experiments were tabulated and presented in the results part.

3
2.0 INTRODUCTION

Properties measurement or PVT is the crucial indication in engineering field especially in

oil and gas industries. This is because this field involved directly with the element or substance
changes physically or chemically. For an example the gas or formation fluid will blowout at the
surface from the subsurface if they expose to the different temperature and pressure. This
experiment is mostly related to the ideal gas law or equation PV = nRT. The different law has
different approach using this equation.

The Perfect Gas Law Apparatus is customarily designed and developed to provide a
comprehensive understanding of First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of
Thermodynamics and relationship between P, V and T. The Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus
helps to make a good understanding in energy conservation law and the direction in which the
processes proceed.

The Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus comes with one pressure vessel and one vacuum
vessel. Both vessels are made of glass tube. The vessels are interconnected with a set of piping
and valves. A large diameter pipe provides gradual or instant change. Air pump is provided to
pressurize or evacuate air inside the vessels with the valves configured appropriately. The
pressure and temperature inside the vessels are monitored with pressure and temperature sensors
and clearly displayed by digital indicator on the control panel.

4
 The expansion and compression of gases is one of the most important topics in
thermodynamics, because of its relevance to combustion engines, refrigerators, heat pumps, hot
air balloons, gas storage, fire extinguishers, and a host of other practical applications. It is also
one of the problems that very nicely link the macroscopic reasoning of thermodynamics to the
microscopic picture of the kinetic molecular theory.

By considering an apparatus that consists of two bulbs connected by a stopcock, on one

side, initially, there is an ideal gas and on the other side there is a vacuum. The apparatus is also
in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings, meaning that the temperature is the same inside and
out. When the stopcock is opened, gas molecules will rush from the left side to the right, until the
pressure, the number of moles of gas, and temperature are the same on both sides. It is also
known that the ideal gas law (PV = nRT) will apply before, during and after the expansion, and
that the volume V will double during the process.

3.0 AIMS/OBJECTIVES

3.1 Experiment 1:

To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas.

To compare the experimental results with the theoretical results.

3.2 Experiment 2:

To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas.

5
3.3 Experiment 3:

To demonstrate the isentropic expansion process.

3.4 Experiment 4:

To study the response of the pressurized vessel following stepwise depressurization.

3.5 Experiment 5:

To study the response of the pressurized vessel following a brief depressurization.

3.6 Experiment 6:

To determine the ratio of volume and compares it to the theoretical value

3.7 Experiment 7:

To determine the ratio of heat capacity

4.0 THEORY

There are several theory that were used in this experiment in order to record data and analyze the
results which are Boyles Law, Gay-Lussac law, Isentropic expansion process, Brief
depressurization and determination of ratio of volume.

4.1 The Perfect Gas

As we know, perfect gas is ideal gas. An ideal gas is defined as one in which all collisions
between atoms or molecules are perfectly elastic and in which there are no intermolecular
attractive forces. An ideal gas is also an imaginary substance that obeys the ideal gas equation of
state.

In 1662, Robert Boyle, an Englishman, discovered in his experiment that the pressure of
gases is inversely proportional to their volume in a vacuum chamber. In 1802, J. Charles and J.
Gay-Lussac, Frenchman, determined that at low pressures the volume of a gas is proportional to
its temperature. That is,

6
 T
P R( )
V
[1]

Where the constant of proportionality R is called the gas constant and is different for each
gas. Equation (1) is called the ideal gas equation of state. Any gas that obeys this law is called an
ideal gas. In ideal gas equation of state, P is the absolute pressure, T is the absolute temperature
and v is the specific volume. The ideal gas equation of state can be written in other form:

V = mv

Thus,

PV = mRT [2]

By writing equation (2) twice for a fixed mass and simplifying, the properties of ideal gas
at two different states are related to each other by:

P1V1 P2V2

T1 T2
[3]

It has been experimentally observed that ideal gas relation closely approximate the P-v-T
behavior of real gases at low density. At low pressure and high temperature, the density of gas
decreases, and the gas behaves as an ideal gas under these conditions.

Besides of ideal gas equation of state, the ideal gas also obeys the following law:

a. Boyles Law

b. Gay-Lussacs Law

4.2 Boyles Law

Boyles law is a special law that describes the inversely proportional relationship between
the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed
system. The mathematical equation for Boyles law is:

7
 PV = k [4]

Where;

P = pressure of the system

V = volume of the gas

k = constant value representative of the pressure and volume of the system

As long as the temperature remains constant at the same value the same amount of energy
given to the system persists throughout its operation and therefore, theoretically, the value of k
will remain constant. By forcing the volume V of the fixed quantity of gas to increase, keeping
the gas at the initially measured temperature, the pressure p must decrease proportionally. On the
contrary, reducing the volume of the gas will increase the pressure.

The Boyles law is used to predict the result of introducing a change, in volume and pressure
only, to the initial state of a fixed quantity of gas. The equation below is used to relate the
volumes and pressure of the fixed amount of gas before and after expansion process, where the
temperature before and after the process are the same.

p1V1 = p2V2 [5]

4.3 Gay-Lussacs Law

8
 Gay-Lussacs law states that the pressure of a fixed quantity of gas at constant temperature
is directly proportional to its temperature in Kelvin. The formula is:

P
k
T
[6]

Where;

P = pressure of the gas

T = temperature of the gas (measured in Kelvin)

k = constant

The temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance; as the kinetic
energy of a gas increases, its particle collide with the container walls more rapidly, and therefore
exerting increased pressure. In order to compare the same substance fewer than two different sets
of condition, the law can be written as:

P1 P2

T1 T2
[7]

4.4 Isentropic Expansion Process.

Next, isentropic expansion process is heat capacity of an ideal gas at constant pressure and
volume. It can be expressed as:

pVk = constant

p2V2k = p2V2k

k
P2 v1

P1 s const v2
c p const P1v1k P2 v2k
or [8]

9
Effect on temperature:

1 1
v1 P k T k 1
2 2
v2 P1 T1

k 1
T2 P k
2
T1 s const
c p const
P1

[9]

4.5 Specific Heats

The specific heat is defined as the energy required raising the temperature of a unit mass of
a substance by one degree. The energy depends on how the process is executed. Normally in
thermodynamics, two kinds of specific heats are broadly used, which is specific heat at constant
volume (Cv) and specific heat at constant pressure (Cp). The specific heat capacity at constant
volume is defined as the energy required raising the temperature of the unit mass of a substance
by one degree as the volume is maintained constant. The specific heat capacity at constant
pressure is the energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one
degree as the pressure is maintained constant. The Cp is always larger than Cv as at constant
pressure the system is allowed to expand and the energy for expansion work must be supplied to
the system. The defining equations for Cv and Cp are as follow:

u
Cv
T v
[10]

10
 h
Cp
T p
[11]

From the equation, it shows that the Cv is a measure of the variation of internal energy of a
substance with temperature, and Cp is a measure of the variation of enthalpy of a substance with
temperature.

4.6 Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of ideal gases

Joule has demonstrated in his classical experiment that the internal energy is a function of
the temperature only. In his experiment, two tanks connected with a pipe and valve was
submerged in a water bath. Initially, one tank contained air at high pressure and the other tank
was evacuated. After thermal equilibrium was attained, he opened the valve to let air pass from
one tank to the other until pressure equalized. From the observation, temperature of water bath
remains constant and assumed no heat transfer. Since there is also no work done, he concluded
that the internal energy of the air did not change even though the volume and the pressure
changed. Internal energy is a function of temperature only. By using the definition of enthalpy
and the equation of state of an ideal gas,

h = u +Pv

and;

Pv = RT

By combining both equations,

h = u + RT [12]

Since R is a constant and u= u (T), the enthalpy of an ideal gas is also a function of
temperature only,

h = h (T)

11
 Therefore, at a given temperature for an ideal gas, u, h, Cv and Cp will have fixed values
regardless of the specific volume or pressure. Thus the differential changes in the internal energy
and enthalpy of an ideal gas can be expressed as:

du = Cv(T)dT [13]

dh = Cp(T)Dt [14]

4.7 Specific heat relations of ideal gas

A special relationship between Cp and Cv for ideal gases can be obtained by

differentiating the relation h = u +RT, which yields

dh = du + RT [15]

by replacing dh by CPdT and du by CvdT and dividing the resulting expression by dT, the
equation becomes

Cp = C v + R [16]

Another ideal gas property called the specific heat ratio k, defined as

Cp
k
Cv
[17]

4.8 Determination of the Heat Capacity Ratio

The heat capacity ratio, k, given by equation [17] can be determined for air near standard
pressure and temperature which is determined by a two-step process:

1) An adiabatic reversible expansion from initial pressure, Pi, to an intermediate

pressure Pm.

2) A return of the temperature to its original value, To, at constant volume, attaining
a final pressure, Pf

12
 Cp
k
Cv

Where Cp is the molar heat capacity at constant pressure and Cv is the molar heat capacity at
constant volume.

For a perfect gas, the following is true:

Cp = C v + R

For a non-ideal gas, such as a reversible adiabatic expansion, dq = 0. According to first law of
thermodynamics:

dU = dq + dW

During the expansion process:

dU = dW

dU = -PdV [18]

The heat capacity related the change in temperature to the change in internal energy when the
volume is held constant, shown as follow:

dU = CvdT

substituting CvdT into equation (24) and the equation becomes:

CvdT = -PdV [19]

Substituting into the ideal gas law, followed by integration yields equation [20]

Pm V V
C v (ln ln m ) R ln m
Pi Vi Vi
[20]

Rearranging and substituting from equation (22):

13
 Pm C p Vm
ln ln
Pi C v Vi
[21]

During the return of the temperature to its initial value, the following relationship is known:

Vm P
i
Vi Pf
[22]

4.8 Stepwise Depressurization.

Depressurization is a condition that occurs when the air pressure inside a structure is
lower than the air pressure outdoors. It can occur when household appliances such as fireplaces
or furnaces, that consume or exhaust house air, are not supplied with enough makeup air.

In stepwise depressurization, at least two valves are controllably opened and closed in
a sequence to release a predetermined amount of pressure from the high-pressure chamber. At
least some of the pressurized fluid release from the high-pressure chamber is stored, at least
temporarily, in a second pressure chamber. The second pressure chamber is located between the
two controllable valves. A control system controls the valves in response to a signal from at least
one pressure sensor coupled to the high-pressure chamber.

5.0 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

5.1 Apparatus

14
 The Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus

1. Pressure Transmitter
2. Pressure Relief Valve
3. Temperature Sensor
4. Big glass
5. Small glass
6. Vacuum pump
7. Electrode
5.2 Materials

1. Gas Pressure

6.0 PROCEDURE

General Operating Procedures

I. General Start-up Procedures

15
 1. The equipment was connected to single phase power supply and then switched
on the unit.
2. All valves were fully opened and checked the pressure reading on the panel.
This was to make sure that the chambers were under atmospheric pressure.
3. Then, all the valves were closed.
4. The pipe was connected from compressive port of the pump to pressurized
chamber or connected the pipe from vacuum port of the pump to vacuum
chamber.
5. Now, the unit is ready for used.

II. General Shut-down Procedures

1. The pump was switch off and removed both pipes from the chambers.
2. The valves were fully opened to release the air inside the chambers.
3. The main switch and power supply was switch off.

6.1 Experiment 1: Boyles Law Equipment

1. The general start up procedures was performed in section 6.1. Make sure all
valves were fully closed.
2. The compressive pump was switch on and allowed the pressure inside chamber to
increase up to about 150kPa. Then, the pump was switch off and the hose was
removed from the chamber.
3. The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilized.
4. The pressure reading was recorded for both chambers after expansion.
5. Valve V 02 was fully opened and allowed the pressurized air flows into
atmospheric chamber.
6. The pressure reading for both chambers before expansion was recorded.
7. The experimental procedures can be repeated for the following conditions:
From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber.
From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber.
8. The PV value was calculated and Boyles Law was proved.

6.2 Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac Law Experiment

1. The general start up procedures was performed in section 6.1. Make sure all
valves were fully closed.
2. The hose from compressive pump to pressurized chamber was connected.
3. The compressive pump was switch on and the temperature was recorded for every
increment of 10kPa in the chamber. The pump was stopped when the pressure
PT1 was reached about 160kPa.

16
 4. Then, valve V1 was slightly opened and allowed the pressurized air to fly out.
The temperature reading was recorded for every decrement of 10kPa.
5. The experiment was stopped when the pressure reached atmospheric pressure.
6. The experiment was repeated for three times and the average value was got.
7. Graph of pressure versus temperature was plotted.

6.3 Experiment 3: Isentropic Expansion Process

1. The general start up procedures was performed in section 6.1. Make sure all
valves were fully closed.
2. The hose from compressive pump was connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump was switch on and allowed the pressure inside chamber to
increase until about 160kPa. Then, the pump was switch off and removed the hose
from the chamber.
4. The pressure reading was monitored inside the chamber until it stabilized. The
pressure reading PT 1 and temperature TT 1 was recorded.
5. Then, valve V 01 was slightly opened and allowed the air flow out slowly until it
reached atmospheric pressure.
6. The pressure reading and temperature reading was recorded after the expansion
process.
7. The isentropic expansion process was discussed.

6.4 Experiment 4: Stepwise Depressurization

1. The general start up procedures was performed in section 6.1. Make sure all
valves were fully closed.
2. The hose from compressive pump was connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump was switch on and allowed the pressure inside chamber to
increase until about 160kPa. Then, the pump was switch off and removed the hose
from the chamber.
4. The pressure reading was monitored inside the chamber until it stabilized. The
pressure reading PT 1 was recorded.
5. Then, valve V 01 was fully opened and was brought it back to the closed position
instantly.
6. The pressure reading PT 1 is monitored and recorded until it becomes stable
7. The pressure reading is displayed on the graph and is discussed about it.

17
6.5 Experiment 5: Brief Depressurization
1. The general start up procedures was performed in section 6.1. Make sure all
valves were fully closed.
2. The hose from compressive pump was connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump was switch on and allowed the pressure inside chamber to
increase until about 160kPa. Then, the pump was switch off and removed the hose
from the chamber.
4. The pressure reading was monitored inside the chamber until it stabilized. The
pressure reading PT 1 was recorded.
5. Then, valve V 01 was fully opened and is brought it back to the closed position
after a few seconds.
6. The pressure reading PT 1 is monitored and recorded until it becomes stable.
7. The pressure reading is displayed on a graph and is discussed about it.

6.6 Experiment 6: Determination of ratio of volume

1. The general start up was performed procedures in section 6.1. Make sure all valves
are fully closed.
2. The compressive pump is connected and allowed the pressure inside chamber to
increase up to about 150kPa. Then, the pump is switched and removed the hose
from the chamber.
3. The pressure reading is monitored inside the chamber until it stabilizes.
4. The pressure reading was recorded for both chambers before expansion.
5. V 02 was opened and allowed the pressurized air flows into the atmospheric
chamber slowly.
6. The pressure reading was recorded for both chambers after expansion.
7. The experimental procedures can be repeated for the following conditions:
From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber and From atmospheric chamber to
vacuum chamber.
8 The ratio of volume was calculated and compared it with the theoretical value.

6.7 Experiment 7: Determination of ratio of heat capacity

1. The general start up procedures was performed in section 6.1. Make sure all
valves were fully closed.
2. The hose from compressive pump was connected to pressurized chamber.

18
 3. The compressive pump was switch on and allowed the pressure inside chamber to
increase until about 160kPa. Then, the pump was switch off and removed the hose
from the chamber.
4. The pressure reading was monitored inside the chamber until it stabilized. The
pressure reading PT 1 and temperature TT 1 was recorded.
5. Then, valve V 01 was fully opened and was brought back to the closed position
after a few seconds.
6. The pressure reading PT 1 and temperature TT 1 reading was recorded until it
becomes stable.
7. The ratio of heat capacity was determined and compared it with the theoretical
values.
7.0 RESULTS

7.1 EXPERIMENT 1: BOYLES LAW EXPERIMENT

Table 1: Pressurized chamber to atmospheric chamber

Chamber Pressure before expansion Pressure after expansion

(kPa) (kPa)
Pressure 1 157.2 137.8
Pressure 2 102.6 136.6

Table 2: Atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber

Chamber Pressure before expansion Pressure after expansion

(kPa) (kPa)
Pressure 1 105.4 92.8
Pressure 2 67.4 92.2

Table 3: Pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber

Chamber Pressure before expansion Pressure after expansion

(kPa) (kPa)
Pressure 1 163.4 129.0
Pressure 2 59.5 128.0

19
 7.2 EXPERIMENT 2: GAY LUSSAC LAW

Pressure Temperature (C)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 average
pressurized depressurized pressurized depressurized pressurized depressurized pressurized depressurized

110 29.8 29.7 28.1 28.5 29.1 28.4 29.0 28.9

120 29.8 30.9 28.5 29.4 29.2 29.4 29.2 29.9
130 30.0 31.9 29.2 30.1 29.5 30.6 29.6 30.9
140 30.7 32.6 30.0 30.6 30.2 31.6 30.3 31.6
150 31.3 33.0 31.0 31.0 31.0 32.4 31.1 32.1
160 32.0 33.2 31.9 31.3 32.0 33.2 32.0 32.6

7.3 EXPERIMENT 3: ISENTROPIC EXPENSION PROCESS

Chamber Pressure before expansion Pressure after expansion

(kPa) (kPa)
Pressure 156.7 103.5
Temperature 32.8 28.0

7.4 EXPERIMENT 4: STEPWISE DEPRESSURIZATION

PTI (kPa abs)

Initial First Second Third Forth
159.0 144.5 134.2 121.5 117.1
144.5 134.4 121.8 117.3
145.0 134.7 122.3 117.4
145.8 134.8 122.7 117.7
146.0 134.9 123.1 117.9
146.1 135.0 123.3 118.1
146.0 135.4 123.5 118.2

20
7.5 EXPERIMENT 5: BRIEF DEPRESSURIZATION

PTI (kPa abs)

Before expansion After expansion
158.0 104.5
106.5
107.5
108.1
109.0
109.6
110.1

7.6 EXPERIMENT 6: DETERMINATION OF RATIO OF VOLUME

Table 4: Pressurized chamber to atmospheric chamber

Chamber Before expansion After expansion

PT1 (kPa) 149.0 141.1
PT2 (kPa) 103.4 113.2

Table 5: Atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber

Chamber Before expansion After expansion

PT1 (kPa) 103.6 121.8
PT2 (kPa) 66.4 120.6

Table 6: Pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber

Chamber Before expansion After expansion

PT1 (kPa) 148.8 121.8
PT2 (kPa) 66.4 120.6
7.7 EXPERIMENT 7: DETERMINATION OF RATIO OF HEAT CAPASITY

Chamber Initial Intermediate Final

PT1 (kPa) 160 104.0 29.3
TTI (C) 29.3 29.1 28.2

21
8.0 CALCULATION

8.1 Experiment 1: Boyles Law

V1=0.025m3

V2=0.01237m3

By using Boyles Law,

P1 V1=P2 V2

(P1 V1+P2 V2)before=(P1 V1+P2 V2)after

For (exp. a): (157.2)(0.025) + (0.01237)(102.6) = (137.8)(0.025) + (136.6)(0.01237)

5.199162=5.134742

The difference = 0.06442

For (exp. b): (105.4)(0.025) + (67.4)(0.01237) = (92.8)(0.025) + (92.2)(0.01237)

3.468738=3.460514

The difference = 0.008224

For (exp. c): (163.4)(0.025) + (59.5)(0.01237) = (129.0)(0.025) + (128.0)(0.01237)

4.821015=4.80836

The difference = 0.012655

8.2 Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac Law

22
 pressure against temperature
33

32

31

30

29

28

27
110 120 130 140 150 160

pressurized Column1

8.3 Experiment 3: Isentropic Expansion Process

T2/T1 =P2^(((k-1)/k))/P1

28/32.8=103.5^((k-1)/k)/156.7

ln 0.8537=(k-1)/k ln 0.6605

k = 1.6165

23
8.4 Experiment 4: Stepwise Depressurization

pressure reading

144.5 144.5 145 145.8 146 146.1 146

134.2 134.4 134.7 134.8 134.9 135 135.4
121.5 121.8 122.3 122.7 123.1 123.3 123.5
117.1 117.3 117.4 117.7 117.9 118.1 118.2

159
first second third forth

8.5 Experiment 5: Brief Depressurization

Brief depressurization after and before expansion

180

160
158
140

120
110.1
100

80

60

40

20

0
before expension after expension

Column2

24
8.6 Experiment 6: Determination of ratio of volume

V1=0.025m3

V2=0.01237m3

Ratio equation, V1/V2 =(P2,i) - P(2,f))/(P(1,f) - P(1,i) )

For experiment (a): 0.025/0.01237= (103.4-113.2)/(141.1-149.0)

2.021=1.367

The difference = 0.654

Percentage error = (0.654/2.021) x 100

= 32.4%

For experiment (b): 0.025/0.01237=(65.5-90.8)/(121.8-148.8)

2.021=0.937

The difference = 0.014

Percentage error = (0.014/2.021) x 100

= 0.69 %

For experiment (c): 0.025/0.01237=(66.4-120.6)/(121.8-148.8)

2.021=2.007

The difference = 0.014

Percentage error = (0.014/2.021) x 100

= 0.69 %

25
8.7 Experiment 7: Determination of ratio of heat capacity

(Cv/R) ln (T2/T1) = - ln (V2/V1)

:- where V2/V1 = (P1T1)/(P2T2)

(Cv/8.314)ln ( 0.6982) = -ln (5.4807)

Cv = 39.37

Cp = Cv +R

= 39.37 + 8.314

= 46.684 (L.kPa/K.mol)

Ratio

Cp/ Cv = 39.37 / 46.684

= 1.19

The theoretical value of Cp/Cv is 1.4

Percentage error = (1.4-1.19) / 1.4 x 100%

= 15%

26
9.0 DISCUSSION

From data obtained from experiment 1, which is Boyles Law experiment, it can be said that
pressure is inversely proportional to the volume. Boyles Law state that volume and pressure is
inversely proportional to each other. As the pressure increase the volume will decrease and vice
versa. When volume decrease, the collision between the particles will be more frequent and
larger amount of particle will hit the wall. So, this will increase the pressure inside the chamber.
It is different when volume increases. The particle will not collide frequently as the space inside
the chamber is bigger. So, the pressure will be lesser since the fewer particles will which each
other and exert the pressure. The Boyles Law theory can be proven from calculation of the data
obtained which is P1V1= P2V2 for all three condition. The difference between before and after
condition is calculated to proven Boyle Law. For experiment a, the difference is 0.06442 while
experiment b is 0.008224. Finally, the difference for experiment c is 0.012655. From all of this
calculation, the different are really small. Therefore, the Boyles law is proven.

For experiment 2, which is Gay-Lussacs Law, the law relate the relationship between
temperature and pressure as the volume is kept constant. From the result obtained from this
experiment, it can be said that as the pressure increase, the temperature will also increase. When
the temperature increases, the particle will gain more energy and collide faster. This will create
larger momentum which as the result will increase the pressure. The graph of pressure against
temperature is plotted to prove the law. As expected, when the pressure increases, the
temperature also increases. Therefore, the Gay-Lussacs Law is proven.

For experiment 3, which is isentropic expansion process, this experiment is conducted to

analysed and studied about the isentropic expansion process. Isentropic is a reversible adiabatic
process. It is related to the Second Law of Thermodynamic which relate the amount of energy
the system gains by heating, the temperature of the system, and the change in entropy. For an
isentropic process, which by definition is reversible, there is no transfer of energy as heat
because the process is adiabatic. The entropy of a given mass does not change during a process
that is internally reversible and adiabatic. For this experiment, the value of k is calculated which

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is k =1.6165. From the data obtained, the pressure and temperature before expansion is higher
than after expansion.
For experiment 4 which is Stepwise Depressurization, it is conducted to study the
response of the pressurized vessel following stepwise depressurization. In this experiment, the
valve was opened for four times. It can be observed that, the pressure is decrease as the valve is
open for the first until forth time which is initially from 159kpa to 118kpa. This is because the
air particle inside the chamber will be decrease when the valve is open. When the particle
decreases, the number of collision between the particles will also decreases. Therefore, the
pressure will also decrease. The graph of the pressure reading is plotted based on the data
obtained. It can be seen that the pressure is decreasing as the valve open from first time to forth
time.

For experiment 5, which is Brief Depressurized experiment, it is conducted to study the

response of the pressurized vessel following a brief depressurization. From the data obtained, it
show that the pressure decrease from 158kpa to 110.1kpa. The valve is open for brief moment
which allowed some air particle to flow out of the chamber. Therefore, the pressure will
decrease. The graph plotted show that the pressure decreased slowly until the pressure is
constant.

For experiment 6 which is determination of ratio volume, it is conducted to determine

the ratio of volume and compares it to the theoretical value. For this experiment, it same as at
experiment 1 which is need to do for 3 conditions. These conditions are from pressured vessel to
atmospheric pressure, from atmospheric vessel to vacuum vessel and the last one is from
pressured vessel to vacuum vessel. The ratio of the volume is calculated by using Boyles Law
equation which is P1V1= P2V2. After rearranging the equation, the ratio of the volume can be
calculated by using P1/P2 = V2/V1. The ratio volume for the experiment a, b and c are 1.392,
0.937 and 2.007 respectively. The volume ratio is slightly difference for difference condition.
The ratio volume calculated are compare with the theoretical value which is 2.021. The
percentage error calculated is between 0.69% - 32.4%. There must be some mistake that has been
done that causes the error. For example, the valve are not closed properly that allowed some gas
to flow out of the chamber and this will affect the pressure reading.

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 For the last experiment which is determination of ratio of heat capacity, the pressure and
temperature of the initial, intermediate and final is taken. From the data obtained the pressure
and temperature for initial is higher compare to final. From this data, the specific heat capacity
for constant pressure, cp and constant volume, cv is is calculated which is respectively. From this,
the ratio of heat capacity is calculated by using cp/cv . The ratio of the heat capacity is 1.19. By
comparing the theoretical value which is 1.4 with the value calculated, the percentage error is
15%. There is some error while conducting this experiment that lead to his percentage difference.
For example, the pressure is taken when pressure still not reach it stable state. Besides, the valve
is not closed properly cause some gas to leak. So this will affect the reading of the pressure.

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10.0 CONCLUSION

For the first experiment, the objective of this experiment is to determine the relationship
between pressure and volume of an ideal gas. From the data obtained, it shows that the pressure
is inversely proportional to the volume. As the pressure increase the volume decrease and vice
versa. The difference for experiment a, b and c are 0.06442, 0.008224 and 0.012655 respectively
which are very small. This verified the Boyles Law which relate the relationship between
pressure and volume of an ideal gas by stated that the pressure is inversely proportional to the
volume.

For the second experiment, the objective of this experiment is to determine the relationship
between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas. From data obtained, it shows that the pressure
increase as the temperature increase for an ideal gas law from the data obtained and the graph
plotted. Therefore, it verified the Gay-Lussac Law which state that the pressure is directly
proportional to the temperature. For the third experiment, the objective of this experiment is to
demonstrate the isentropic expansion process. The result show that the pressure and temperature
before is higher than pressure and temperature after the expansion.

For the fourth experiment, the objectives of this experiment are to study the response of
the pressurized vessel following stepwise depressurization. The pressure is observed for the
stepwise depressurized experiment. From the data and graph plotted, it can be conclude that, the
pressure decrease as the number of time the valve open is increase. For the fifth experiment, the
objective of this experiment is to study the response of the pressurized vessel following a brief
depressurization. From the data obtained and the plotted graph, it can be seen that the pressure is
decreasing after the valve is open for brief time.

For the sixth experiment, the objectives of this experiment are to determine the ratio of
volume and compare it to the theoretical value. The ratio of the volume from all 3 condition
which are from pressured vessel to atmospheric pressure, from atmospheric vessel to vacuum
vessel and the last one is from pressured vessel to vacuum vessel are slightly difference from

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each other. The ratio volume for condition 1, 2 and 3 are 1.392, 0.937 and 2.007 respectively.
The percentage error for all three conditions when comparing to theoretical value are between
0.69%-32.4%. For the seventh experiment, the objectives of this experiment are to determine the
ratio of heat capacity. From the data obtained and the calculation of the ratio of heat capacity is
1.19. By comparing the calculated ratio of heat capacity with the theoretical value, the
percentage difference is 15%. Overall, it can be conclude that the experiment was successful and
all the objectives from first experiment to seventh experiment were achieved.

11.0 RECOMMENDATION

1. Wear a complete Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to avoid injuries during the
experiment.
2. Make sure the pump pressure level should not exceed 180-200 kPa as excessive pressure
may cause the cylinder glass breaking.
3. Repeat the experiment at least three times to obtain the more accurate results.
4. Ensure correct connection the input hose (compression and vacuum) as the reading will
be different if the hose are wrongly connected.
5. The apparatus should be used based on correct procedure and in detail precaution to
avoid any misread and error.

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12.0 REFERENCES

12.1 Books:

1. Nelson, J. Roy (2000). Physics of impregnation, Microscopy Today, pg 481-515

2. Yusus A. Cengel, M. A. (2011). second low of thermodynamics. In Thermodynamics an

engineering apploach (pp. 274-309). New York: Mc Graw Hill

12.2 Internet:

1. Ideal Gas Law. Retrieved May 15, 2014, from

2. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/idegas.html

3. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/compression-expansion-gases-d_605.html

4. http://www.caslab.com/Depressurization_Meaning/

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13.0 APPENDICES

Figure 13.1 Full view of apparatus Figure 13.2 Pressure and

temperature observation panel

Figure 13.3 Compression hose (left) and vacuum hose (right)

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