Design of openings

What do we want to do?

maximize daylighting, but avoid glare
maximize solar gains in winter, protection from solar gains in the
summer and fall
How do we do it?
solar protections (fixed and mobile)
types of glazing
 Solar protections
3 different periods

12 H
o
70 21 June

11
H

H
10

13
o
60 H 21 May 21 July H
14
9H
50o 21 April 21 Aug H
15
8H 21 Mar 21 Sept
40o H
16
Height

7H 21 Feb 21 Oct
30o H
21 Jan 21 Nov 17
6H
20o H
21 Dec 18
10o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
East South West

Figure by MIT OCW.

 Solar protections
Fixed protections
outside
no control management, low maintenance
no adaptation to seasons or time of day
integral element of the faades design
 Solar protections
Fixed protections
Horizontal elements

30o

maximise gains in winter 10 0 10

20 20
30 30
40 40
50 50
70o
60 40 60
50
70 70
60
70
80 80
80

total protection in summer 90 90

Figure by MIT OCW.

 Solar protections
Fixed protections
Vertical elements
d1 d2

d3 d4

10 0 10
20 20
30 30
40 d3 10
40
20 d4
50 50
d1 30
d2
60 60
40

70 50 70
60
80 70 80
80
90 90

Figure by MIT OCW.

 Solar protections
Fixed protections
Combined elements
3

350

10
A

340

20
33
32

30
0
0 10

40
31 20
0
50
30 30
0 F F
A 40 60
E G
290 50
70
60
3
6
B 280 D 18 H
70 80
80
W 8
C 16 E
I
14 10
B 100
260 J

250 110
A
240 120
3
0 13
23 L 0
0
22

14
0
+d

15
0
21

200

0
160
190

170
S
-d

Figure by MIT OCW.

 Solar protections
Fixed protections
type vs. shading effect
 Solar protections
Fixed protections
Mobile protections
adaptable, manual or automated
combined with fixed or mobile only

Figure by MIT OCW.

 Solar protections
Fixed protections S

0.8
Mobile protections
1 1
0.7
dependence on orientation
2
0.6

2 3
0.5
3
0.4 4

0.3 5
5
4 6
0.2 6

7
0.1
7

0
N W S E N
Figure by MIT OCW.
 Solar protections
Fixed protections
Mobile protections
dependence on orientation
inside for glare only !
outside for heat protection

Figure by MIT OCW.

 Solar protections
Fixed protections
Mobile protections
65o
dependence on orientation
inside for glare only !
outside for heat protection

40 - 50o

20 - 30o

Figure by MIT OCW.

 Solar protections
Fixed protections
Mobile protections
dependence on orientation
inside for glare only !
outside for heat protection
ventilation of outside blind
 Glazing
Window functions

Function Goal Risk

View Outside contact Loss of privacy

Ventilation Fresh air Heating / cooling losses

Light Daylighting Glare

Heat gains Solar gains Overheat

 Glazing
Solar gains: SHGC or g-value (-) through glazing
sol dir + q (different from luminous vis)

+ Heat transfer due to T difference Figure by MIT OCW.

U value [W/m2K], impact T (+ air infiltr.), U = 1/R, account surface film

 Glazing
Solar gains: SHGC or g-value (-) through glazing
sol dir + q (different from luminous vis)

100
o o
1 : 30 1 : 30
80
100
100
Reflection
12.5 76 60 Transmission

Percent
8 11.5
80 66 Absorption ext
12
10
40 Absorption int

o
1 : 60
20
100 68

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
o
Incidence [ ]
68
20 12 11
57

Figures by MIT OCW.

 Glazing
Solar gains: SHGC or g-value (-) through glazing
sol dir + q (different from luminous vis)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Super Window

Translucent Insulated Composite

Panel, 10% Light Transmittance

Quadruple Glazing With Low-E

Quadruple Glazing

Triple Glazing With One Low-E Coating

Triple Glazing

Double Glazing With Low-E Coating

Double Glazing Or Storm Window

Glass Block

Single Glazing

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
R-VALUE

Figure by MIT OCW.

 Glazing

Solar gains: SHGC or g-value (-) through glazing

sol dir + q (different from luminous vis)

2
3
4

Figure by MIT OCW.

 Types of glazing
Clear glazing
transparent in visible & near IR
absorbing in far IR

good for illumination, color rendering

high solar gains

Figure by MIT OCW.

 Types of glazing
Clear glazing
Low-transmission glazing
tinted (grey, bronze, green),
metallic, mirrored or heat-
absorbing glazing E
D LAR
AN (SO
)

transmission in visible & near IR

D
SIB RE
VI FRA
IN
VE 0%
A 10
T-W
OR
SH
%
25
%
5% 70
REFLECTING COATING

bad for daylight, color rendering INDOORS

VE
-WA AT)
NG D (HE
100%

non adaptive
L E
AR
I NFR

low solar gains in winter

%
20% 10%

70
overheat in summer

Figure by MIT OCW.

 Types of glazing
Clear glazing
Low-transmission glazing fra
red(
sol
ar)
10
0%

Coating
in
ave
rt-w
sho

Coated glazing
INDOORS nd
ible a
Vis

GLASS

IR reflective coating
80%

Low-E
Lon
g-w
ave
infr
ared Glass

translucent coating
(hea

t) 10
0%

low-e(missivity) coating 80%

protective glazing
Figure by MIT OCW.

Spectrally selective
low-e coating
good solar gains control, adaptive Low-E Low-E
placement for placement for
poor/acceptable color rendering warm climates cold climates
 Types of glazing
Clear glazing
Low-transmission glazing
Coated glazing
Plastic glazings
acrylic (good visible transmittance, soft)
polycarbonate ( more resistant)
insulated (Kalwall: dble layer + insulation)
PVB plastic interlaver
 Types of glazing
Clear glazing
Low-transmission glazing
Coated glazing
Plastic glazings
Gas fills and vacuums
inert gases
seals critical
 Types of glazing
Clear glazing
Low-transmission glazing
Coated glazing
Plastic glazings
PRISMATIC

Gas fills and vacuums

Directionally selective materials
location dependent (sun course) ANGLE SELECTIVE

optimize day/sun light distribution

based on
reflection/refraction/diffraction
HOLOGRAPHIC

Figure by MIT OCW.

 Types of glazing
Clear glazing
Low-transmission glazing
Coated glazing
Plastic glazings 20o
Thermochromic
80o

Gas fills and vacuums

Directionally selective materials
Dynamic glazing Photochromic

smart windows
adjust to conditions
combine with electric Electrochromic

lighting Figure by MIT OCW.

 Human comfort considerations
Cold drafts
glazing colder, cold air heavier

Radiant energy exchange when T

body window
"feel" the cold

Direct sunlight Direct Sunlight

Thermal Discomfort
Radiant Energy
Exchange

thermal discomfort Direct

Sunlight Glare
glare
Cold Drafts

Figure by MIT OCW.