Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CATEDRA DE FISIOPATOLOGIA
ESCUELA LUIS RAZETTI - FACULTAD DE MEDICINA - UCV
I) DEFINICIONES / CARACTERISTICAS / TIPOS
II) EPIDEMIOLOGIA
V) METASTASIS
- Bases Moleculares
- Etapas
VI) ANGIOGENESIS
Diagnstico
Tratamiento
Optimizacion y Desarrollo de sistemas de diagnstico
DESARROLLOS
Desarrollo de sistemas para diagnstico.
Produccin de medicamentos
Cncer Metstasis
NEOPLASIA TUMOR CANCER
1. Differentiation vs Anaplasia
Differentiation Extent to resemble (morphologycally + functional)
normal cells (Well differentiated maturation or
specialization of undiferentated cells) Benign or
Malignant Tumors
Anaplasia Undifferentiated cells (Lack of differentation)
Malignant Tumors
Displasia Disordered growth Loss in the uniformity of the
individual cells + architecture
CMP
HSC
CLP
PLURIPOTENTE
MKEP
GMP
TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENTS
PATHWAYS OF SPREAD:
Japn
Diseases associated with cancer
Japoneses
Incidence
inmigrantes
a California
Hijos de
Age Japoneses
(USA 1994)
< 15inmigrantes 15-34 35-54 Estmago
55-74 > 75
Blancos
Leukemia Leukemia Lung+Bronchus Lung+Bronchus Lung+Bronchus
Californianos
Brain+ONS NH Lymphoma Hgado Colon+REctum
Colon+Rectum Prostate
5. Heredity
1 Syndromes
- Inherited Cancer 2
1 3 4 5
(Autosomal 6 Dominant)
7
- Familial Cancers: Occur sporadically,
Tasa Mortalidad early
compararada con la deage at onser, 2 or more close
Blancos Californianos
relative of the index case, multiple or bilateral tumors
e.g., BRAC-1, BRAC-2.
- Autosomal recessive syndromes of Defective DNA Repair
7.9
7.6
7.9
7.7
Hgado y VB Estmago
7.4 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.9 7.5
7.2
6.5 6.3 6.4 6.3
7.6 7.5 7.5 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.0
7.3 6.8 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.2
7.1 7.1
6.9 6.9 6.7 6.8
6.8 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.6 5.9
6.4 6.2 4.7 4.7 5.4
4.5 4.5 4.5 5.2 5.3
4.7 4.9
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Cuello del tero Mama
Estmago Hgado y de las vas biliares intrahepticas
Trquea, de los bronquios y del pulmn
Trquea, de los bronquios y del pulmn Prstata Estmago Leucemia Colon, del recto y del ano
INAGI, 2010
I) DEFINICIONES / CARACTERISTICAS / TIPOS
II) EPIDEMIOLOGIA
P P CA
Shp-1
P P Shp-2
STAT STAT
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS
P
P CA
PROTEIN 1
PROTEIN 2 CA
PROTEIN 2 PROTEIN 3
CA transcription
GENE ACTIVATION P
P
CA
RESPONSE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
BASES MOLECULARES DEL CANCER: Fundamentos Generales
BASES MOLECULARES DEL CANCER: Fundamentos Generales
GENE ACTIVATION
RESPONSE PROTEIN P
P
SYNTHESIS
CANCER
Acquired (environmental)
DNA damaging agents: NORMAL CELL
- chemicals Successful
- radiation Repair
DNA DAMAGE
- viruses Failure of
DNA Repair Inherited mutations in:
MUTATION IN - Genes affecting DNA repair
THE GENOME OF -Genes affecting cell growth or
SOMATIC CELLS apoptosis
Clonal Expansion
Heterogenity
CANCER
BASES MOLECULARES DEL CANCER: Fundamentos Generales
CancerGuerra
resulta de la expansion
Nuclear: clonal
Bomba Atmica en de una celula
Hiroshima progenitora
y Nagasaki (1945) que tiene
alteraciones geneticas (stem cell tumoral / los tumores son monoclonales)
II) EPIDEMIOLOGIA
PROTOONCOGENES: ONCOGENES
Promueven Crecimiento Promueven Cancer
y Diferenciacin NORMAL Presentes en Retrovirus (v-onc) :
Secuencias similares a DNA de clulas normales
ONCOPROTEINAS:
No estn bajo regulacin
Su produccin NO DEPENDE de seales externas
FACTOR
CRECIMIENTO
Rc
MEMBRANA
PLASMATICA
ACTIVACION TK
SENALES
TRANSDUCCION
Factor
Transcripcin Factor
inactivo Transcripcin
activo
NUCLEO
ACTIVACION GEN
DIVISION
CELULAR
Factores de Crecimiento
Sobre-expresin de Rc de FC Autocrino
EGFR EGFR
Sobre-expresion de oncogenes,
e.g., ras activacion de seales
sobreexpresin FC (e.g., TGF-)
FARNESYL
MEMBRANE ANCHOR
Inactivation by
Hydrolysis of GTP
ACTIVATION OF
MAPK PATHWAY
Cell Cycle
Myc protein
Progresion
TK no-asociadas a Rc
e.g., bcr + abl bcr-abl Potente actividad TK CML
ISOPRENYLATION
STATINS
Percentage of control
*
60
40
Percentage of Annexin cells
40
20
+
30
0
20
10
0
1
01
L
00
TR
0.
0.
C
tin
in
ta
at
as
st
v
or
or
At
At
PROTEIN 2
PROTEIN 1
PROTEIN 3
PP
transcription
CA
Proteinas: secuencias /
motivos especificos UNION ADN ACTIVACION O INHIBICION DE
TRANSCRIPCION DE GENES ADYACENTES
Cyclins
cyclin-dependent kinases (CDks) G2
inhibitors
G1
M
G0
BASES MOLECULARES DEL CANCER: Ciclo Celular
Active Kinase Controls
cyclin G1 S transition
D
cdk cyclin Degradated
Phosphorylated D
Rb
P
Rb
cyclin
D S
cdk
Inactive
cdk
G2
cdk
G1
Inactive cdk
M
G0
cyclin
REGULADORES: Inhibidores de CDK
D cdk p21,p27, p57
p15, p16, p18, p19
Rearreglos de cromosomas
Translocaciones NORMAL BURKIT
CHROMOSOMES LYMPHOMA
8 14 8 14
Ig
Increased
Inversiones Ig
gene
myc protein
NORMAL myc gene myc
CML
CHROMOSOMES
(Phy Chrom)
9 22 9 22
bcr
locus
abl- bcr
abl hybrid gene
abl oncogene
oncogene (Tyrosine-kinase)
Amplificacion de genes
Duplicacion de un gen sobrexpresion del gen Activacion del Protooncogen
PROTEIN 2
PROTEIN 1
PROTEIN 3
PP
transcription
Ciclo Transcripcion
Celular Nuclear
PROTEIN 3
M
PP
transcription
CA
S
Hyperphosphorylated Hypophosphorylated
pRb* pRb*
E2F
E2F
DP1
S Phase genes
S Phase genes
PROTEIN 3
PP
transcription
CA
bcl-2 family
- Anti-apoptotics: bcl-2 and bcl-xL
- Proapoptotics: bax, bad, and bcl-xs
- Overexpression humans: B-cell lymphomas of the follicular type
Mice transgenic for bcl-2 B-cell lymphomas
transcription
Inherited disorders (genes that encode proteins involve in DNA repair are defective):
- Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) syndrome:
mismatch repair genes spell chequers, i.e., G with T, instead of A with T
MICROSATELLITES errors in mismatch repair EXPANSIONS AND
CONTRACTIONS of these repeats in tumor cells MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY
is a hallmark of defective mismatch repair THEY DO NOT AFFECT CELL GROWTH
DIRECTLY)
PROTEIN 3
PP
transcription
CA
Telomeres and Cancer
II) EPIDEMIOLOGIA
APARIENCIA CAMBIO
MORFOLOGICA MOLECULAR
Epitelio Normal Adenomas
Perdida o Mutacin de APC APC-KO Multiples
en Colon
Epitelio Hiperproliferativo
Perdida Metilacion de DNA
APC INICIACION
Adenoma Temprano
Mutacion de ras
Perdida de p53
CARCINOMA APC PROGRESION
I) DEFINICIONES / CARACTERISTICAS / TIPOS
II) EPIDEMIOLOGIA
V) AGENTES CARCINOGENICOS
BIOLOGIA DEL CRECIMIENTO TUMORAL
3. Invasion Local
4. Metastasis
BIOLOGIA DEL CRECIMIENTO TUMORAL
Clula
Normal Clula Normal
Clula TRANSFORMACION
Tumoral Clula Tumoral
Variantes de
ClulasTumorales
PROGRESION
30 divisiones
1 gm-109 c
(masa mnima
detectable) VARIANTES
TUMORALES
Metstasis
Microscpica EXPANSION CLONAL
10 divisiones No-Ag
DE VARIANTES TUMORALES
Invasiva
Metastsica
1 Kg-1012 c
(masa mxima Poco dependiente
Compatible con de FC
la vida) MASA TUMORAL
METASTASIS
BIOLOGIA DEL CRECIMIENTO TUMORAL
Clula
Normal
Clula
Alta
Tumoral Fraccin
Proliferativa
QUIMIOTERAPIA
1 Kg-1012 c
(masa mxima
Compatible con
la vida)
METASTASIS
CANCER: ALTERACIONES A NIVEL GENETICO
PROTEIN 2 ONCOGENES
PROTEIN 1
SUPRESORES
PROTEIN 3 APOPTOSIS
PP
REPARADORES DAO DNA
transcription
CA REGULADORES
FACTORES TRANSCRIPC
AGENTES CARCINOGENICOS
Aplicacin del Iniciador
X TUMOR
X TUMOR
X NO TUMOR
NO TUMOR
X NO TUMOR
2. Radiacin
II) EPIDEMIOLOGIA
V) AGENTES CARCINOGENICOS
2. Inflamacin y Cncer
4. Respuesta Inmunitaria
Microambientes Tumorales: Nichos y Prenichos
HEMATOPOIETIC
MICROENVIRONMENTS
MICROAMBIENTES TUMORALES
PRENICHOS TUMORALES
Nature, 2005
Metstasis
-gal BMC + LLC Pulmonar
Pluripotencialidad Proliferacin
Progenitor Comprometido
TUMOR
Clula Diferenciada
Respuesta Inmunitaria contra Tumores: Antgenos Tumorales
CELULA NORMAL CELULA TUMORAL
T-CD8
vs
MAGEN-1
Linfocitos
Infiltrantes Treg
T-CD8 (Supresores)
de Tumor
(TIL)
NK
NK
Inmunoterapia contra Tumores: Celular y Humoral
CD
CD
T-CD8
NK
NK
CT
Treg
X
(Supresores)
I) DEFINICIONES / CARACTERISTICAS / TIPOS
II) EPIDEMIOLOGIA
V) AGENTES CARCINOGENICOS
VII) METASTASIS
- Bases Moleculares
- Etapas
METASTASIS
JOSE CARDIER, MD, PhD
Clula TRANSFORMACION
Tumoral Clula Tumoral
Variantes de
ClulasTumorales
PROGRESION
VARIANTES
TUMORALES
Metstasis
Microscpica EXPANSION CLONAL
DE VARIANTES TUMORALES No-Ag
Invasiva
Metastsica
Poco dependiente
de FC
MASA TUMORAL
METASTASIS
Metastases do no result from random survival of cells
released from the primary tumor but from the selective
growth of specialized subpopulations of highly metastatic
cells endowed with specific properties that benefit them to
complete each step of the metastatic process
Activacin
Migracin
Trans-endotelial
P,L, E SELECTINAS
CD34, MAdCAM-1
ICAM-1, ICAM-2
VCAM-1 PECAM-1
PECAM-1 ICAM-1
E-SELECTINA VCAM-1
TUMOR
PRIMARIO
INVASION A
ESTROMA:
Neovascularizacin
Presin mecnica, Enzimas
Motilidad celular
INTRAVASACION
MIGRACION
Embolos tumorales
Sistema Inmunolgico
ADHESION EXTRAVASACION
ARREST
Proliferacin
Microvasculatura EC
Molculas de Adhesin Celular
Angiogenesis
METASTASIS
CANCER: METASTASIS
CELULAS
ENDOTELIALES
Tumor
primario Metastsis (0.1%)
Metastsis
Tumor primario
Proceso de metastsis
CELULAS
ENDOTELIALES
Adhesin Proliferacin
Extravasacin
Metastsis
Intravasacin
Invasin
Tumor primario
I) DEFINICIONES / CARACTERISTICAS / TIPOS
II) EPIDEMIOLOGIA
V) AGENTES CARCINOGENICOS
VII) METASTASIS
- Bases Moleculares
- Etapas
VIII) ANGIOGENESIS
ANGIOGNESIS
Fisiolgica Patolgica
CSC CSC
Proliferacin
CSC CSC
Proliferacin
1) DIAGNOSTICO CLINICO
2) LABORATORIO
SUERO, FLUIDOS
Ej. CEA, Ag Prost
NECESITAMOS . MEDICOS:
ETICA
HONESTOS
ACTUALIZADOS (QUE ESTUDIEN!!!)
CONCIENCIA SOCIAL
INVESTIGADORES
LUCHADORES