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Fig. 5. A family of transformerless full-bridge NPC inverter topologies. (a) PN-NPC. (b) NP-NPC. (c) DP-NPC. (d) DN-NPC.
Fig. 6. Modulation strategies for DP-NPC. (a) Primary modulation according to the NPCC switching principle. (b) Improved modulation.
C. FB-DCBP Topology Generated Fig. 11. Schematic of gate drive signals with unity power factor.
Fig. 9(a) shows the case where four NPCCs employed as all
of the four switch modules. There are two P-NPCCs in AU A. Operation Mode Analysis
and BU, and two N-NPCCs in AL and BL, respectively.
Grid-tied PV systems usually operate with unity power fac-
According to the analysis in Section III-B, with an improved
tor. The waveforms of the gate drive signals for the proposed
modulation strategy, the potentials of terminals (P1 ) and (P2 ),
topology are shown in Fig. 11.
(N1 ) and (N2 ) are equal, respectively. Thus, (P1 ) and (P2 ),
In Fig. 11, vr is the output signal of inductor current regulator,
(N1 ) and (N2 ) can be connected directly. After the redundant
also named as modulation signal. vgs1 to vgs8 represent the gate
switches are removed, a new topology is obtained, as shown
drive signals of power switches S1 S8 , respectively.
in Fig. 9(b). Where SP 1 and SN 1 are turned ON in the active
There are four operation modes in each period of utility grid,
modes, while SP 1 and SN 1 are turned OFF in the freewheeling
as shown in Fig. 12.
modes. Therefore, disconnection of PV array from utility grid
In Fig. 12, vA N is the voltage between terminal A and terminal
during the freewheeling period is realized. Then, SN22 is turned
N, and vB N the voltage between terminal B and terminal N. vA B
ON during the positive half-period of the utility grid, and SN12
is the differential-mode voltage of the topology, vA B = vA N
is turned ON during the negative half-period of the utility grid.
vB N .
As a result, the potentials of terminals (P), (N), (A), and (B) are
1) Mode I is the active mode in the positive half-period of the
equal during the freewheeling period. If common-mode voltage
utility grid, as shown in Fig. 12(a). S1 , S2 , S5 and S6 are
vCM is higher than that of the terminal (O) in the freewheeling
turned ON, and the other switches are turned OFF. vA N =
modes, the clamping current flows through the antiparalleled
UPV and vB N = 0; thus, vA B = UPV , and the common-
diode of SN 3 and the common-mode voltage vCM is clamped
mode voltage vCM = (vA N + vB N )/2 = 0.5UPV .
to the half of input voltage. On the other hand, the clamping
2) Mode II is the freewheeling mode in the positive half
current flows through the antiparalleled diode of SP 3 when the
period of the utility grid, as shown in Fig. 12(b). S2 and
common-mode voltage vCM lower than that of the terminal (O).
S5 are turned ON, the other switches are turned OFF. The
The common-mode voltage vCM is clamped to the half of input
inductor current flows through the antiparalleled diode of
voltage as well. Then, the switches SP 3 and SN 3 can be replaced
S7 and S8 . vA N = 0.5UPV and vB N = 0.5UPV ; thus,
by two diodes. The FB-DCBP topology is derived, as shown in
vA B = 0, and the common-mode voltage vCM = (vA N +
Fig. 9(c).
vB N )/2 = 0.5UPV .
3) Mode III is the active mode in the negative half-period
of the utility grid, as shown in Fig. 12(c). S3 , S4 , S7 ,
and S8 are turned ON, the other switches are turned OFF.
IV. ANALYSIS ON THE PN-NPC TOPOLOGY AND COMPARISON Although S7 and S8 are turned ON, there is no inductor
WITH OTHER NPC TOPOLOGIES
current flowing through these two switches. vA N = 0 and
To analyze the operation principle, the proposed PN-NPC vB N = UPV ; thus, vA B = UPV , and the common-mode
topology is redrawn in Fig. 10. voltage vCM = (vA N + vB N )/2 = 0.5UPV .
ZHANG et al.: FAMILY OF NEUTRAL POINT CLAMPED FULL-BRIDGE TOPOLOGIES 735
Fig. 12. Equivalent circuits of operation modes (a) Active mode in the positive half period. (b) Freewheeling mode in the positive half period. (c) Active mode
in the negative half period. (d) Freewheeling mode in the negative half period.
TABLE III
PARAMETERS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOTYPE
Fig. 13. Device losses distribution for NPC topologies with 1-kW power
rating.
TABLE I
CALCULATED POWER LOSSES ON DEVICE
Fig. 16. Common-mode voltage and leakage current in PN-NPC topology. (a)
Common-mode voltage. (b) Leakage current.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A universal prototype of the three NPC topologies has been
built up in order to verify the operation principle and com-
pare their performances. The specifications of the NPC inverter
topologies are listed in Table III. The control circuit is imple-
mented based on a DSP chip TMS320F2808. The measure point
of leakage current is shown in Fig. 4.
The common-mode voltage and the leakage current wave-
forms of these three topologies in unified experimental con-
ditions are shown in Figs. 1416, respectively. Where vg
and ig are grid voltage and grid-tied current, respectively.
vA N and vB N are voltages of mid-point A and B to ter-
minal N, respectively. vCM is the common-mode voltage,
which equals to 0.5(vA N + vB N ). iLeakage is the leak-
age current. The tested leakage current of FB-DCBP, oH5,
Fig. 15. Common-mode voltage and leakage current in oH5 topology. and PN-NPC inverter are 3 mA [see Fig. 14(b)], 4.5 mA
(a) Common-mode voltage. (b) Leakage current. [see Fig. 15(b)], and 3 mA [see Fig. 16(b)], respectively.
ZHANG et al.: FAMILY OF NEUTRAL POINT CLAMPED FULL-BRIDGE TOPOLOGIES 737
the topology generation has been proposed. A family of single- specifically from a photovoltaic source of direct current voltage, into a
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(A2), May 13, 2003. Li Zhang (S11) was born in Jiangsu Province,
[15] W. Yu, J. Lai, H. Qian, and C. Hutchens, High-efficiency mosfet inverter China, in 1985. He received the B.S. degree in elec-
with H6-type configuration for photovoltaic nonisolated ac-module appli- trical engineering from Nanjing University of Aero-
cations, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 12531260, nautics and Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing, China,
Apr. 2011. in 2007, where he is currently working toward the
[16] W. Cui, B. Yang, Y. Zhao, W. Li, and X. He, A novel single-phase Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at NUAA.
transformerless grid-connected inverter, in Proc. IEEE IECON, 2011, His main research interests include topology, con-
pp. 10671071. trol of dcac converter and distributed generation
[17] M. Victor, F. Greizer, S. Bremicker, and U. Hubler, Method of converting technology.
a direct current voltage from a source of direct current voltage, more
ZHANG et al.: FAMILY OF NEUTRAL POINT CLAMPED FULL-BRIDGE TOPOLOGIES 739
Kai Sun (M12) received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. Hongfei Wu (S11) was born in Hebei Province,
degrees in electrical engineering all from Tsinghua China, in 1985. He received the B.S. degree in elec-
University, Beijing, China, in 2000, 2002, and 2006, trical engineering from Nanjing University of Aero-
respectively. nautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China, in 2008,
In 2006, he joined the Faculty of Electrical Engi- where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. de-
neering, Tsinghua University, where he is currently gree in electrical engineering.
an Associate Professor. From September 2009 to Au- His research interests include topology and con-
gust 2010, he was a Visiting Scholar of Electrical trol of dcdc converters and soft-switching dcdc
Engineering at Institute of Energy Technology, Aal- converters.
borg University, Denmark. His research interests are
power converters for renewable generation systems
and high performance ac motor drives.