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DesignandImplementationofa10AmpLinearPowerSupply by
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vazerick
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GitHub
(http://instructables/member/vazerick/)

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Bio:Diseadordecorazn,Filosofode
tiempolibreeIngenierodecarrera,

Morebyvazerick:
(/file/F9AO4C0I4SCKPQH/)

Whydoitfor3whenwecandesignfor10?!Atcollegewewereinchargeof (/id/10AmpLinear
designinga3Amppowersupply,butIwasseekingforachallenge,notagrade!
Overcomplicatingthiskindofsimpleprojectscanmakeyourlifeabitharder
butwaymoreexiting,andtherewardsjusthavenoprice,youwillalsolearnway PowerSupply/)

morethandoingasmall3Amppowersupply,fortunatelyIhadagoodand
experiencedmentortoguideme,LopezHernandezJoseAntoniofromthe
InvestigationandTechnologicInnovationCenter(CIITEC)inMexicoCity. Related

Icompletedtheprojectintimethankstosomeadministrativeandeconomic TripleVariableRegulated
planningtechnics,therighttoolsandabitofwillpower PowerSupply(/id/Triple
VariableRegulatedPower
Alinearpowersupplytakesthe120vCA60Hzmainspower,stepsthevoltage Supply/)
(/id/Triple bykamalhyder
downthroughatransformer,rectifies,filters,andregulatesit.It'ssimpleand DIYVariablelinearvoltage
robustthemainproblemisthatit'sinefficient.Youneedabig,heavy powersupplyPart1(/id/DIY
transformertohandlethecurrent,highcurrentdiodes,hugeelectrolytic VariableLinearVoltage
PowerSupplyPart1/)
capacitors,andlotsofthermaldissipationforyourDarlingtonarrays.Itcanalso byASpace25
(/id/DIY
becomeprohibitivelyexpensivetobuildhighpowerlinearsupplies,evenif PowerfulControlWith
Arduino:InterfacingaLinear
they'reeasytodesign.(Thisonewasaround$6,500MXNpesos,around433
Actuator(/id/Powerful
USDconsidering1USD=15MXNpesos) ControlWithArduino
(/id/Powerful InterfacingaLinear/)
HereyouwilllearntodowhatIdidright,andhownottonotcommitthesame Highvoltagepowersupply(0
mistakesImade,mistakesaregoodbecauseyoudolearnfromthem,butonthe 1,500V)(/id/OMHVPSOne
morehighvoltagepower
otherhandyoucansavealotoftimeandmoneybylearningfrommymistakes
supply015KV/)
insteadofdoingyourown. (/id/OMHVPS byabizar(/member/abizar/)
PoweredBreadboard
Needlesstosay,thisismyfirstinstructableandthismyfirstprojectusing Workstation(/id/Powered
coppercladsandmyfirsttimeusingAltiumCADPCBsoftwareandmyfirst BreadboardWorkstation/)
byrobdavinci
linearpowersupplyeverandmyfirsttimedocumentingsomethingin
(/id/Powered (/member/robdavinci/)
English....sotrytonotbesohardonmeonthecommentsection),allthe
feedbackiswelcome.
 Theguideisabitlong,asIsaidpleasebeware,ifyoufindanygrammar,
calculationortechnicalmistakespleaseletmeknow,andIwillreviewthemand
seethemfixedassoonaspossible.
AlongthestartofeachstepIwillbeaddingunderlinedtextwhereIwarnabout
whatIdidwrong,thisboldunderlinedtextcanalsobeanupgradenotetodo
whatIdidinabetterway,withsomeotherwaysIhavelearnedoverthetime
aftercompletingtheproject

EverysinglefileusedtomakethepowersupplyisinmyGitHubRepository
(https://github.com/vazeri/10ALinearPowerSupply)feelfreetouseitatyour
discretion,hopefullyyoucandoitbetter,smaller,cheaper,orwhynoteven
bigger!

Step1:ElectronicComponentSuppliers

(/file/FFP7FF0I4UNPKDE/)

(/file/FBPMN6YI4UNPKD4/)

FormostoftheelectroniccomponentsiusedNewarkElement14,theyship
internationallytoanywhereintheworldin3days,withfreeshipping(itsalready
beingchargedinthecomponentsandyestheyalsochargethetaxes)

Forsourcingsomeothercomponentslikethevoltmettersandammetersthatare
abitwayexpensiveinNewark,eBayisyourfriend,howeveryouneedtobe
reallypatienttogetthecomponentssincetheshippingtimescangoupto2
monthsintheworstcase.

advertisement

Step2:EnclosureDesign
 (/file/FHY9D4OI4SCL3IP/)

(/file/FWM0AE9I4SCKR9K/) (/file/FX46C1TI4SCKWL2/)

Forstartersweneedtosettheobjectiveanddecidewhatwewilldo,wehave
manyquestions
Howmanyoutputswillourpowersupplyhave?
HowwillIturniton/off?
WherewillIgetacustommadetransformer?
HowcanImeasurethevoltagefromtheoutputswithoutusingavoltmeter?
shortcircuitprotection?
Howwillthechassislook?
WellyoucanstartaddressingallthisusingCoreldrawtostartdrawingyour
chassis,Corelallowsyoutoinputmeasurementsincm/insoyoucanprintitout
anddecidewherewillyouputeverythinginthemainpanel,todothisyoumight
wanttouseaVerniertogettheclosestrealvalue,andmeasurethecomponents
youhaveinhand,oryoucanalsousethetechnicaldatasheets,inordertohave
themostaccuratevisualrepresentationofyourfinalproduct
Asyoucanseemyfirstdrafthadananalogammeterand2digitalvoltmeters,
withjust3voltageoutputs,thedesignwasevolvingovertimeassoonasIfound
anewcomponentIliked,Ikeptchangingthedesigninorderforittoshowa
previewofhowshoulditlooklikeintheenclosureandevenafterbuyingand
enclosure,Ihadtoredesignittofitthesizeofthefrontpaneloftheenclosure

NeedlesstosayIendedupchangingtheanalogammeterforadigitalone,print
yourdesignthiswillhelpyoukeepinmindwhatorhowmuchspaceyoumight
needtodoyourpowersupply

Step3:10AmpBoardCalculations
 (/file/F2FXJ09I4SCKY8G/)

(/file/FLK8LRYI4SCKR53/) (/file/FSNIH23I4SCKT31/)

UpgradeNote:Ishouldhaveaskedthetechniciantomakemytransformer
10v+0v+10vinthesecondary,since9visnotenoughforthe12v
RegulatorstoactuallyRegulatethe12voltsmyOPAMPspowersupplycan
barelygetto11.8volts,whichstillcanfeedOPAmpshoweverIcouldnt
haveforeseenthissinceitwasmyfirstprojectofthiskindandwhenI
noticeditwastoolate

Now,wehavetodefinewhichoutputswillbeabletoprovidethe10Amps,i
decidedtomake2boards,
10Aboard,with5vandthevariable0to25vbothwillbeabletooutputupto
10Amp
OPAMPSBoard,withfixed12v,12v,andavariablenegativeoutputs,the3
ofthemlimitedto1Amp
Theselast3willbelimitedtothemaximumoutputcurrentoftheregulator1
Amp,sincethesewillbeusedtofeedmostlyOPAMPs,soitmakeslittlesense
toamplifyitscurrent,eachregulatorcanprovideenoughcurrenttofeedseveral
OPAMPs,
Alltheoutputswillbefeedbyasingle,custommadetransformerthatwillhave3
outputsinthesecondarywinding,9v,0vand9v,thiswillallowustosumupto
18vfromthe9v+9vforoutLM317and0v+9vforalltheotherregulators,sowe
willusethisasourstartingvaluesforourcalculations
EMIFilterFN284606(http://mexico.newark.com/schaffner/fn284606/power
entrymodule/dp/85K8068)
WeneedapassiveelectronicdevicetosuppressconductedinterferenCe
presentonthemains,forthiswewilluseanEMIfilterratedat6Ampssinceour
primarycurrentwontsurpass3Ampsplusthisprovidesdualfuseholderforlive
andneutralconnectionsandthecaseofthefilteritsconnectedtomainsearth
whichwillallowustogroundourenclosurewithlittleeffort
PeakVoltage

18VistheRMSvalue,toobtainourPeakvaluewehavetomultiplyitbysqrt(2)
so:
Vp=18v*(1.414)=25.45Vp
WewillbeusingthisvalueasourVmaxvaluefromnowon
DiodeBridgeGSIB2560(http://mexico.newark.com/vishaygeneral
semiconductor/gsib2560e345/bridgerectifier1ph25a600v/dp/65K2620)
Toselectadiodebridge,weneedthemaximumpowerthatwillflowthroughthe
entryofthecircuitthisisestimatedbythemaximumcurrentplusasurplusof
30%
Pmax=10+0.3(10)=13A
FilteringECOS1JA472CA(http://mexico.newark.com/panasonic/eco
s1ja472ca/capacitoralumelec4700uf63v/dp/01M7489)andECOS1JA682EA
(http://mexico.newark.com/panasonic/ecos1ja682ea/capacitoralumelec
6800uf63v/dp/01M7490?ost=ecos1ja682ea)
Thefilteringcapacitortolowertheriseisgivenbythemaximumcurrent,period
ofthesignalafterthediodebridgedividedbythepeakvoltageminusthe
RegulatorDropoutVoltageof2.5v

C1=(Imax(T))/(VmaxVmin)
C1=(13A(1/120Hz))/(25.45(52.5))=4700uFat63v
Wecouldalsochoosealowervalue43vnoproblem,butsincethecostthe
samewewillgowiththebiggeronesthistime

ChokeInductor7448262510(http://mexico.newark.com/wurth
elektronik/7448262510/choke1mh25a30/dp/08P2917?ost=7448262510)
Toprotectourcircuitagainsttransients,weneedinductorsattheentryandthe
output,thereislittlemathinvolvedintheselectionofthiscomponentsowewill
justpickupa25Ampone
DarlingtonArrayMJ11015
(http://mexico.newark.com/multicomp/mj11015/bipolartransistorpnp120v
to/dp/26M1592)
TocalculatethetransistorsBasecurrentweneedtoselectaDarlingtonarray
transistorfirst,andthendothecalculationsforitusingitshfesowewillgowith
MJ11015,sinceitssupposedtobeabletohold30Amperesofcurrentandwork
upto200degreesC(itdoesntIactuallykilledonebygettingto90C),according
toitsdatasheetithasahfeof1000,then

Ic=Ib(hfe)
Ib=10/1000
Ib=10mA
Ir=Ib+Ireg=10mA+100mA=110mA
R1=Vbe/Ir=3.5/40mA=33Ohmat10watts
ProtectionDiodeRURG5060(http://mexico.newark.com/fairchild
semiconductor/rurg5060/ultrafastdiode50a600vto247/dp/58K2151)

D2isanultrafastrecoverydiode,toprotecttheregulatorfrominversepolarity
andshortcircuitsattheoutput
OutputFilteringECOS1JA472CAandECOS1JA682EA

SamevalueasinputfilteringtoassureacleanDCsignal
VoltageRegulatorsLM7805(http://mexico.newark.com/fairchild
semiconductor/lm7805ct/iclinearvoltreg5vto2203/dp/34C1092?
MER=PPSO_N_C_EverywhereElse_None)andLM317
(http://www.newark.com/onsemiconductor/lm317tg/icadjldoreg12vto37v1
5a/dp/98H0572)
ForthisboardwewillbeusingtheclassicLM7805for5vOutput,andLM317for
ourvariablepositiveoutputthefirstiscapcappedat1AmpmaxCurrentandthe
LM317canoutputupto1.5Amps,howeversinceweareusingaresistortolimit
 thecurrenttheywillhandleverylowcurrentswhiletheDarlingtonmakesthe
hardjobinorderforouroutputstooutput10Amps,whilethevoltageregulators,
areactuallyhandling10mAcurrents

Step4:OPAMPBoardPowerSupplyCalculations

(/file/FVI6KQII4SCKWIH/)

MostoftheentrycircuituptotheDiodebridgecanbereusedforoursecondlow
powerboard,thismeanswewillplugaconnectorinparalleltotheoutputofthe
diodebridge,veryfewvalueswillchange,themaindifferencewillbethesizeof
thecomponents,andcurrentcapabilities
Howeveryouneedtobecarefulwiththepinsofeachregulators,theykeep
changingfrommodeltomodel,somakesureyoucheckthedatasheetsevery
time,alsoanotherthingworthnoticingisthatyouneedtoturnaroundthe
electrolyticcapsforallthenegativevalueregulatorsotherwisetheywilljustblow
up
FilteringECOS1JA472CAandECOS1JA682EA
PeakVoltage
9visourhalfsecondaryRMSvalue,toobtainourPeakvaluewehaveto
multiplyitby1.414orsqrt(2)so:
Vp=9v(sqrt(2)*2)=25.45Vp
WewillbeusingthisvalueasourVmaxvaluefromnowon
C2=(Imax(T))/(VmaxVmin)
C2=(1A(1/120Hz))/(12.72(52.5))=4700uFat63v
Wecouldalsochoosealowervalue43vnoproblem,butsincethecostthe
samewewillgowiththebiggeronesthistimeChokeInductor7448262510

Step5:HeatDissipation
 (/file/F1BUSS2I4SCKY18/)

ThePowerFormulaP=IV
IfacurrentIflowsthroughthroughagivenelementinyourcircuit,losingvoltage
Vintheprocess,thenthepowerdissipatedbecomesheatproductofthat
currentandvoltagetomakesuretheregulatoersanddarlingtonscanhandlethe
power.weneedtoundestrandabitaboutheatdissipation
TO220packageisratedcanusuallydissipateupto1Wbyitselffor1.5A
outputcurrentandupto35Vinputvoltage.Naively,youmightguessthatyou
canhookthisrightupto35Vinput,andexpecttoget1.5Aofoutput,meaning
thattheregulatorwouldberadiating30V*1.5A=45Wofpower.
Buttheshortanswerisno,TO220canthandlethatmuchpower.Ifyoulookin
thedatasheetundertheAbsolutemaximumratingssection,totryandfindhow
muchpoweritcanhandle,allthatitsaysisInternallylimited,whichisntvery
clearonitsown.
Itdoesturnoutthatthereisanactualpowerrating,butitsusuallysomewhat
hiddenwithinthedatasheet.Youcanfigureitoutbylookingatthefollowing
TOP,Operatingjunctiontemperaturerange:40to125C
RthJA,Thermalresistancejunctionambient:50C/W
RthJC,Thermalresistancejunctioncase:5C/W
TheOperatingjunctiontemperaturerange,TOP,specifieshowhotthe
junction,theactivepartoftheregulatorintegratedcircuit,canbeallowedtoget
beforeitgoesintothermalshutdown.(Thethermalshutdownistheinternallimit
thatmakestheregulatorpowerInternallylimited.)Forus,thatsamaximumof
125C.
ThethermalresistancejunctionambientRthJA(OftenwrittenasJA),tells
ushowhotthejunctiongetswhen
Theregulatorisdissipatingagivenamountofpower
Theregulatorissittinginopenair,atagivenambienttemperature.
Supposethatweneedtodesignourregulatortoonlyworkundermodest
commercialconditions,thatwillnotexceed60C.Ifweneedtokeepthe
junctiontemperatureunder125C,thenthemaximumtemperaturerisethatwe
 canallowis65C.IfwehaveRthJAof50C/W,thenthemaximumpower
dissipationthatwecanallowis65/50=1.3W,ifwearetopreventtheregulator
fromgoingintothermalshutdown.Thatswellbelowthe4Wthatwewould
expectwitha1Aloadcurrent.Infact,wecanonlytolerate1.3W/4V=325
mAofaverageoutputcurrentwithoutsendingtheregulatorintothermal
shutdown.This,however,isforthecaseoftheTO220radiatingtoambientair
almostaworstcasesituation.Ifwecanaddaheatsinkorotherwisecoolthe
regulator,wecandomuchbetter.
Thethermalresistancejunctioncase,RthJC.Thisspecifieshowmuch
temperaturedifferenceyoucanexpectbetweenthejunctionandtheoutsideof
theTO220package:only5C/W.Thisistherelevantnumberifyoucanquickly
removeheatfromthepackage,forexampleifyouhaveaverygoodheatsink
hookeduptotheoutsideoftheTO220package.Withabigheatsinkand
perfectcouplingtothatheatsink,at4W,thejunctiontemperaturewouldrise
only20Cabovethetemperatureofyourheatsink.
Youcanthenverifythecouplingsandrelativetemperaturesofeachcomponent
withaspotreadingnoncontactinfraredthermometerotarathermocouple.

Step6:TO3DarlingtonHeatDisippation

(/file/FV4O58SI9JRAGAT/)

(/file/F3T38FII9JRAGAR/)

(/file/FHV8XZHI9JRAJGK/)
 WeneedheatdissipationforourDarlingtons,sincethecurrentsabove500mA
willbeflowingthroughthem,adarglitonarrayhasabase,emitterandcollector,
intheTO3packagethecaseitselfitsthecollector,meaningthecaseitspartof
thecircuit
Wewillneedtobuysomespecific,itemsinordertoinsulatethemfromtheheat
sinkitself,thechassisfromthepinsand,tobeverycarefulofnotshortcircuiting
anythingaroundthem,thisisprobablythemostcomplicatedpart,intheentire
design,sincenotonlywehavetosolderAWG14wiringtoeachpinofour
Darlingtons,wealsoneedtobeabletoinsulatethepinsthatgothroughthe
enclosureboxitself,andwealsoneedtoaddaninsulatortotheTO3case,
hereshowtodoit.
Themetalpackagecanbeattachedtoaheatsink,makingitsuitablefordevices
dissipatingseveralwattsofheat.Thermalcompoundisusedtoimproveheat
transferbetweenthedevicecaseandtheheatsink.

Sincethedevicecaseisoneoftheelectricalconnections,aninsulatoris
requiredtoelectricallyisolatethecomponentfromtheheatsink.
TO3insulatingmica
AllowsustoinsulatetheDarlingtonfromthecaseitself,itmaybemadeofmica
orothermaterialswithgoodthermalconductivityinordertodissipatetheheat
Insulatingwashers

TheseallowustoinsulatethescrewsthatholdtheTO3inplacetotheheatsink
andtothechassisbyusingmetalscrewstheybecomepartofthecollector,by
touchingthecase,analternativeistousenylonscrews,thatwontbe
conductive,howevertheyarenotasstrongasmetalscrews
ThermalCompound

Wecantactuallyseeit,butthereisairandlotsofholesbetweenthemicaand
thechassis,weneedtofillthatairgapbetweenthemica,andthecasewith
thermalcompoundthiswillallowthesystemtohaveabetterthermal
conductivityandtheheatsinkwilltakemostoftheheat

HeatShrink
WewillhavetosoldertheemitterandbasepinstogetheralongaAWG14
cable,thereisalotofstuffgoingoninsidethecase,sotobesurewedontget
anykindofshotcircuitproblemswiththepinswemightaswellinsulatethem
usingheatsrhink

Step7:PrototypingandTesting

(/file/FN1VVFQI4SCKTIG/)
Nowthatyouhavegatheredallyourcomponentsyoumightwanttospendsome
timeinthebreadboardsadlythesizeofthecomponentscanactuallydamage
anddeformtheinternalpinsandtheplasticholes,thismightbeaproblembut
nothingwecantdealwithabitofcreativity,rememberthatthemaximum
currentthatthebreadboardcanhandlegoesaround3A,afterthatitjust
startsmelting
TotesttheDarlingtonsyoumightwanttobuythefollowingresistors
225W
125W
.550W
Thehigherthewattagethehigheritcanholdtogetherathighercurrents
LetshaveanexampleusingtheLM7805thatcanoutput5v
UsingOhmslawweknowthat
V=IR
or
I=V/R

Wecancalculatethetheoricaloutputcurrentusingeveryresistor
I=5v/2=2.5A
I=5v/1=5A
I=5v/.5=10A
TodothistestyoumightwanttouseagoodqualitysiliconBananaAlligator
cablesthickenoughtohandlethecurrentthatwillflowthroughtheresistorand
anammeterinserieswithfusesbigenoughtohandlethemaximumoutput
current,ifyoudonthavethiskindofammeter,thenyoucanjustavoidtesting
the.5resistor.
Justmakesureyoudothemathbeforedoingthis,andbecarefulwiththetime
youleavethempluggedsincethebreadboardcanstartmeltingandtheresistor
canstartgettingtowayhottotouchupto150C
Eventuallysomethingwillstartburning,thecurrentitswaytomuchforthelittle
AWG20wiresiusedandforthebreadboard,soyouwillbarelyhavetimetosee
ifthecircuitisactuallyworkingasintended,youcanstartbytestingtheVreg
onlytomakesureyouhaveallyourconnectionsfine,andthenyouaddthe
Darlingtontotestitusingyourresistorsindividuality,butrememberyouneedto
befastandalwaysreadytodeactivatetheinputpowertoyourbreadboard
Step8:PCBDesign

(/file/F1H38PPI4SCKWIO/)

NowforthedesignIusedAltiumDesigner,youcanuseyourpreferredPCB
Designsoftware,howevernomatterwhatsoftwareyouuse,therearefew
rulestomightwantsticktoforthis10Adesign
FiberGlass1ozcopperclad(Canhandlemoreheat)
40MilsperAmp
10milsbetweentracks
GroundPlane
OnesidePCB
Fromthe1stPCByoucanseethatthetracksarehuge,itmostlydependsofthe
thicknessofyourpcbbutifyoudontknowwhatthicknessdoesyourcopper
cladhavethenitsmostlikelya1ozcopperclad(thethinnest),youcanttrust
theautoroutertodothisjob,youwillliterallyhavetorouteeverysingleline
manually,inorderforittostay1sidePCB,thiswilltakeaconsiderableamount
oftimeinordertogetitright,youmightwanttostartbydrawingyourgroundline
aroundtheareaofyourPCBthiswillallowyoutoquicklygettothegroundno
matterwhereyourcomponentsare,butstilltrytorememberthatPCBdesignis
90%placementand10%routing

IdidmyprintmycircuitboardusingasinglefacePCB,sinceasIsaidatthe
startofthisguidethiswasmy1stPCBIhadeverdone,andIhadthetheory
andinformationtodoadoublesideboardbutIdecidednottoinanattemptto
keepitassimpleaspossibleandlowerthechancesoferror

AsyoucanseefromthepicturesIhadtobridgeusinganAWG12wire,ittook
mearound2daystocometotheconclusionthatitcantbedone,completelyin
onefaceandsoIdecidedtocheatandbrideit,
 Anotherthingyouneedtotakeintoconsiderationisthatyoumightwantdo
measurementsonebyoneyourcomponentsusingeitheraVernierorthe
manufacturersdatasheet,thiswillallowyoutodrawthefootprintsofyour
components,afteryouthinkyouhaveitasitshouldbe,youcanprintitoutuse
thisfoamrubberandstarpluggingyourcomponentsthere,thiswayyoucan
decideifyouhaveenoughspacetosolder,orjustverifyifyouhaveenough
flexibility,thisisquiteuseful,tohaveaphysicalpreviewofyourPCB

Step9:TestingPhase

(/file/FZS2G4QI4SCKWVY/)

Thisisthetimeoftruth,allthetheoryfinallyhasbecomeaphysicalproject,in
orderforyoutotestthecircuitsyouwillendunusingthehighpowerresistors
andyourammeter

TotestyourcircuitsmightwanttouseagoodqualitysiliconBananaAlligator
cablesthickenoughtohandlethecurrentthatwillflowthroughtheresistoranda
multimeterinserieswithfusesbigenoughtohandlethemaximumoutput
current,ifyoudonthavethiskindofammeter,thenyoucanjustavoidtesting
the.5resistor.

Justmakesureyoudothemathbeforedoingthis,andbecarefulwiththetime
youleavethempluggedsincethebreadboardcanstartmeltingandtheresistor
canstartgettingtowayhottotouchupto100C

Eventuallysomethingwillstartburning,thecurrentitswaytomuchforthelittle
AWG20wiresiusedandforthebreadboard,soyouwillbarelyhavetimetosee
ifthecircuitisactuallyworkingasintended,youcanstartbytestingtheVreg
onlytomakesureyouhaveallyourconnectionsfine,andthenyouaddthe
darligntontotestitindividuality

Step10:PreparingtheEnclosure
 (/file/F2Y7XWKI4SCKTL3/)

Weneedtodrilltheenclosure,inmycasethiswasprobablythehardeststep
sinceIwasusingareallybig,andthickmetalenclosure
TostartthedrillingphaseIusedtapetosticktheprintedpredesignedpanel
madeinCoreltothechassis,Ihadtodrillfirstusing1/32Drillbits,todrawthe
contourofthecomponents,slowlyandevery2millimeters,andthenIuseda
drillbitinordertotakethemetalpiececompletelyoff,ifyoufollowmystepsyou
reallyneedtohavealotofpatienceifyouuseametalenclosurelikemine,in
mycaseittookme2entiredaystocompletedrillingtheentirepanel,andmy
armswereendedupinpainsinceimnotusedtodothiskindofwork,

Itmightbeeasierifyouuseanacrylicenclosureoranyotherkindofmaterial,is
uptoyoutothispoint,afterendingthedrillingandsandingthesharpthings,in
ordertotakeoffalltheresiduesofthedrillededges,thiswillisprobablythe
mostdangerouspart,youmightwanttouseprotectionglasses,amaskand
glovestodothis,Iendedupusingasandpaperandsometimesadremel
howeverthedremelhasproblemswithitsowndisposablemetalsandingbits,
theyrunoutreallyfast,soIendedupusingasandpaperformostoftheedges,
ifyouhaveanymagnetsaroundyoucanusethemtopickupthemetalresidue
fromyourworkarea,justmakesureyoudonthaveanykindofelectronicsor
fanswhileyouworkwithmetalsinceitcancausehavocaroundyourworkarea
Step11:PanelDevices

(/file/F6QFKQLI9GWHOVF/)

(/file/FHY9766I9GWHOVG/)

PanelLedIndicator127vAC

HowtomakesurethattheEMIfilterfusesareactuallyok?Wellyoudoitby
addingaPanelLEDindicatorlighttothemainpanel,thisgreenledwillturnon
assoonastheEMIfiltergetsACpowerthisallowsyoutotellthattherearfuses
areokandthatyoucanturnonthepowersupply,rightbelowit,itstheturnon
sptdswitch,thisonealsohasabacklightinordertotellifitsonoroff,
SPDTSwitch120v15A

RightbelowtheLedindicator,inserieswecanfindanrockerswitch,thisone
willhelpustoturnonoroffasfastaspossiblethesupplyincaseofan
emergency(mostlyelectronicsgettingburned),thisonealsohasitsownback
light,youneedtomakesuretherockerswitchcanhandlethe120vACinorder
forittowork,(Ipluggeda12voneatmy1stattempt)

DigitalvoltmeterFourDigit0.36"RedandBlueLEDdigitalvoltmeters
 Wehave5voltageoutputs,butweonlyneedtohavedisplaysfor2,thevariable
positiveandnegativeones,these2wewilluseredvoltmeterforthepositive
voltagesandablueforthenegativeones,asyouwellnowvoltagesare
measuredinparallel,howeverthesevoltmetersalsoneedtobepoweredup,
howdoyoupowerupmeters?Well...foronceyoucanusetheinputsofyour
+12vpowersupplies,
DigitalammeterThreeDigit0.56"Greendigitalvoltmeter

Currentismeasuredinseries,weonlyhave1ammeterandwewilluseitforthe
biggestoutputpowersupply(thepositivevariableoneLM317)
TemperaturemeterYellow3Digit

Inordertomakesurethedarlingontransistorsthatalreadyhaveaheatsinkdo
notdie(Iblewonebyreachingthemaximumtemperature)weneedsomekind
ofmeterhangingaroundbacktherewithourheasink,thiswillworkasawarning
whenthetemperaturegoestohigh,andwecaneithershutdownthesupplyor
letitgoon,theprobeneedstobebetweentheheatsinkandtheDarlington,to
havethebestpossiblemeasurementoftemperature,butkeepitsafeandusea
10%toleranceinthemeasurementyousee,itwillupdateinrealtimebutthe
DarlingtonarrayIkilleddiedwhenthemeterhada79init,(soitprobablygotto
100C)

Mostofthemetersarebeingfeedbythe5vpowersupply,sinceitcanalso
handle10amps,someotherneedmorevoltagesotheyarebeingfeedbythe
12vpowersupply

MultiturnpotentiometersBourns15Turns
Thisoneisamustforanykindofvariablepowersupply,themultiturn
potentiometerswillallowustosetanyvoltagetobothvariablevoltageregulators
in15turns,andthismeanswecanhaveexactlythevaluewewantwith
minimumeffortsavingtimeandenergy,
MultiturnpotentiometersknobsH226aBourns015

Ifwehavespentallthatmoneyinthecircuit,webettergetfancywiththe
potentiometers,thesecapsalsoallowtheusertosetthepresitionoftheturnby
makingthemeasierorhardertoturn,youcanalsosetthemtoalockedposition,
andtheyhaveatinylittleindicatorfortheturnnumber

Step12:FuseBlownIndicatorCircuit

(/file/FW5IZEXI9ISX4U2/)
 (/file/FPS8IYOI9ISX4U6/)

Weneedprotectionsforouroutputs,aswellasindicatorstotelluswhensuch
protectionshavebeenactivatedtypicallyashortcircuitwilldestroyourfuses,in
orderforittoprotectourloadandourpowersupply,andpreventittoget
damaged(orburned)
Youmightbethinkingaboutusingapolyfusewhichisaresettablefuse(Idid)
howevertheresponseintimeoftheresettablefusesisnotasgoodasasimple
fastactingglassfuse,andtheyalsodecayovertime
Inshort,sticktothefuseholderandourtrustyglassfuse,itmightbeannoying
tochangethemconstantlyifrequiredbutitsprobablythebestprotectiontostop
somethingascatastrophicasashortcircuit,

Youhave2optionshere,SimpleindicatorandMOSFETindicator,whatever
youchosewillhaveitsfuseholderinthechasisanyway
1.Simpleindicator.theeasiestofthefuseblownindicatorcircuits,inthis
circuit,whenthefuseblowsthecurrentneededtoturnonthecircuitflows
throughtheload,meaningthatifyouunplugtheloadfromyourpowersupply
itwillturnoff,itwillalsobeasbrightdependingontheimpedanceoftheload
2.MosfetIndicatorInthemosfetcircuityoudontneedanactualLOADforthe
ledtoturnon,assoonasyourfuseblows,youwillseetheledonwithor
withoutloadatmaximumbrightnessassumingyoucalculatetheresistorright
usingohmslaw,aboutthemosfetbasicallygetsactivatedbyavoltageabove
2.5vbetweenSourceandgate,thisallowsthecurrenttoflowfromSourceto
Draininthecircuit,usingthePMOSforpositivevoltageandNMOSfor
negativevoltage,thezenerdiodesaretheretoprotectthegatefromanykind
oftransientthatcankillthegate,intheNMOStheledgoesflipedsinceim
usingnegativevoltagesfromthesource

Step13:TunningItUp
 (/file/FBNG1ZLI4SCKWNP/)

(/file/FHLZ5ETI4SCKXHA/)

Ourcircuitworks,itsprotected,howeveritsmissingabitofart,Iwasgettingall
kindofjokesaboutburningthebuildingdownwiththepowersupplysoidecided
tomakeitsymbolicalandaddflamestotheenclosure,usingadobeillustratori
designedacouplevectors,printedtheoutlinesandjustusedscissorsto
carefullycutthemasintendedandfinallypastethemtotheenclosurealongwith
mycollegelogotypeatthetopofit

LLamas.ai
Download(https://cdn.instructables.com/ORIG/F0Y/PZM1/I4UNH5L1/F0YPZM1I4UNH5L1.ai)
(https://cdn.instructables.com/ORIG/F0Y/PZM1/I4UNH5L1/F0YPZM1I4UNH5L1.ai)

Download(https://cdn.instructables.com/ORIG/F42/QKWW/I4UNH5MQ/F42QKWWI4UNH5MQ.ai)
Download(https://cdn.instructables.com/ORIG/F42/QKWW/I4UNH5MQ/F42QKWWI4UNH5MQ.ai)
Palomita.ai

(https://cdn.instructables.com/ORIG/F42/QKWW/I4UNH5MQ/F42QKWWI4UNH5MQ.ai)

Step14:Conclusion
Ifyougottothisstepcongratulations,youhavealotofpatienceandalotof
staminatokeepreadinguptothispoint,hopefullyyoumightlearnsomething
fromthisguideanddoanevenbiggeramperagepowersupply,maybea
25Amp,itwillbealotofworkandsacrificebuttherewardisjustasbigifnot
evenbigger,apowersupplyisoneoftheprojectsthatyouhavetodo,because
itwillteachyouthebasisofelectronicdesignandifyoukeepgoinginthe
electronicswayitwillbeuseful,iwillkeepupreadingthecommentsand
updatingthisguidegoingintodeepdetailofeverythingthatihaventexplained
yetslowlyeveryweekendnewcontentshouldarrive,untileverysinglethingin
thisguidecanbereplicatedorupgraded

Step15:Costs,MistakesandSomethingMore

(/file/FN7LFISI4SCKXM0/)

Luckyfewmistakesweremade,manyhadsomethingtodowithfans,besureto
addaprotectiontothefanssonoonecanputafingerinthereandbreaka
wing!
 Wehaveabenicecommentpolicy.
Pleasebepositiveandconstructive. wIMadeit! AddImages PostComment

| LeeWilkerson(/member/LeeWilkerson) 2yearsago Reply

Awesomejob.Beautifullybuilt!Welldoneandbravo!

Comments(constructivecriticismfrommyownmistakes):

WhenIbuildpowersupplies,Ialwaysdesignfor100%overkill.ThismeansifI
want200Woutput,Idesignfor400W.
Alsoifoursuppliedvoltagesags34voltsandweendupwithonly3voltsVce
onpasstransistors,regulatedvoltagesuffers.

Usemuchlargerheatsinksonpasstransistors,too.Each10degrees
Centigradecollectorjunctionincreasecutsthelifeexpectancyofthetransistor
by50%.

Outputsshouldalwaysbeminimallyloaded(around.5Watt)andaround.1Mfd.
discceramics.

ALLgroundsshouldbeconnectedtoONEPOINTwithshortestpossiblewires
topreventparasiticoscillation.

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . LeeWilkerson(/member/LeeWilkerson)
8
2yearsago Reply
Thanksforsharingyourexperience,iwaskindof
usingthatoverkillruleprobablynot100%butyesIwashandlinga50to
80%tolerance,youcannoticeinthecomponentselectionthatwhatever
valueIcalculatedwasusedasareferencetogettheNEXThighcommon
commercialvalue,(sometimesthedouble)thecustommadetransformer
itsactuallya15Amperone,howeverthedesignwasmadeconsideringit
canhold10Amps,

TheheatsinkfortheDarlingtonswasthebiggestIcouldfindatthe
moment,Ialsohadtoremovetheblackpaintingfromthecasetousethe
entirerearoftheenclosureasheatsink,Iaddedsomethermalpasteto
jointheenclosurewiththeheatsink
AnotherthingworthmentioningisthatIaddedthathugefantoblowtothe
2cardsinsidetheenclosurewhenIshouldhavehadsetupafanforthe
Darlingtontransistorsinsteadalongtheheatsink,Ididntthinkaboutit
then,butIwillmakesuretoaddasectionaboutthisinthenextdays

Thegroundingwasdoneattheentryofthecircuits(rightbeforethediode
bridge),alsoworthmentioning,theEMIfiltercasehasagroundearth
connection,thismeanstheentireenclosurehasbeengroundedtrough
thescrewsthatholdtheEMIfilterinplace,providinggroundfault
protectionintheentireenclosure,thiscanalsobedangeroussinceabad
connectioncanshortouttheentiredeviceandblowyourhomefuseortrip
thethermomagneticswitch,butitsaprotectionworthhaving

Thankyousirforyourcommentandinterestinsharingit

MarioS168(/member/MarioS168) amonthago Reply

HiVazerik,IamalsograduatedfromtheESIME,Ijusthaveaquestionbased
onthesquematic:Looksthatthelowestvoltagethispowersupplycongois
actually1.25V,andnot0V,doIamcorrect?

RodrigoV30(/member/RodrigoV30) ayearago Reply

hola...veoqueeresdeESIME..yosoydeESIMECulhuacan...unapregunta..
dondecomprasteesemodelodebornerasbananadecolores..porquenolas
ehconseguido?.
 MauricioV17(/member/MauricioV17) ayearago Reply

Felicidades!Tuproyectoestmuuuybienhecho,andoahoritahaciendouna
fuente(TambinparaelectrnicalinealdelaESIME)yestoydndomedetopes
conunpardecuestionesdeprdidasdevoltaje.Leerafondotodoloque
escribisteyestoysegurodequemeayudarmucho.Saludosygracias!

| LeeWilkerson(/member/LeeWilkerson) 2yearsago Reply

P.S.Youmayfindmuchlessexpensivecomponentsatmcmelectronics.com.
ThisiswhereIpurchasemostofmycomponents.

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . LeeWilkerson(/member/LeeWilkerson)
8
2yearsago Reply
Youcanalsouseoctopart.comitindexesmostofthe
electroniccomponentssuppliersaviable(includingMCMElectronics)and
showsyouthesamecomponentinallthesitesgivingprioritytothelowest
pricefirst

| LeeWilkerson(/member/LeeWilkerson) . vazerick(/member/vazerick) Reply

ayearago
Thankyouforthattip,sir.

DinoD5(/member/DinoD5) 2yearsago Reply

Thatisincrediblework!Iamnewtoinstructablesandwaslookingforawayto
makeabenchsupplyfromapcpowersupplywhenIstumbleduponyoubuild.
ThisisWAYbeyondme(atleastfornow).I'masoftwareguywhosetryingto
teachhimselfabitoftheelectronicsside.Justgettingstartedandamazedthat
youdidthatincollege.

Greatwork!

vguerrao(/member/vguerrao) 2yearsago Reply

Congratulations,greatjob.

obsessio(/member/obsessio) 2yearsago Reply

Awesomejob,thanksforthebuilt.

HarveyS1(/member/HarveyS1) 2yearsago Reply

Verynicelydone,anditisclearthatyouputalotofthoughtintothedesign.The
onlythingthatIfailtounderstandiswhyyouwouldchoosetousealinear
regulatorforahighcurrentsupply.Switchmodesuppliesarenothardtodesign
andthedifferenceinefficiencyisenormous.

Wastedenergyisimportanteveninourhobbies.

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . HarveyS1(/member/HarveyS1) Reply

8
2yearsago
AsIsaidinstepone,thiswasmyfirsttimedoingsomething
likethis(aPCB),thiswasaprojectfor1ofthecoursesatmycollege,
called"LinearElectronics",Ijustwantedtodoitasbigaspossible,Iam
currentlydesigninga45Amperswitchingpowersupply,andyes,theyare
moreefficientbuttheyhaveproblemswith,Harmonicsandpowerfactor,
whichitsnotpresentinlinearregulators,myguessisthattherestillhave
 tobeamethodtocreatepowersupplieswithoutwastingenergyand
withouthavingelectricalharmonics,Iwonderifwewillevergettoseethat
day

kindach(/member/kindach) 2yearsago Reply

Awesomeinstructible!Thanksalotforsharing!Frommypointofviewitisvery
detailedandcomplete,yetnottoomuch.Ihavethefeelinguhaveaprofound
understandingofthetopic,butdon'tlooseyourselfingimics!
Refreshingtoreadandthanksfortheinsightsofhowuwork!Iloveit!

X tim_n(/member/tim_n) 2yearsago Reply

|
8 Topjob,welldone!Isuspectyou'repleasedandtheotherstudentsarejealous!

RogerioO(/member/RogerioO) 2yearsago Reply

Hello.WhereyouabletosourcethemetalenclosureinMexico?Anyleadsyou
cangiveme?Thanks!

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . RogerioO(/member/RogerioO) Reply

8
2yearsago
TheresabusinesscallednamedCASATORThereatMexicos
citydowntown,https://goo.gl/maps/aE0cJtheyarespecializedinmaking
allkindsofenclosures,theyevenmakesteelones,Iwentthereinpicked
upasmallerversionofthisone,Inoticeditwasntbigenough,soldittoa
classmateandthenwenttobuyanotheroneofthesamemodelbut
bigger

RogerioO(/member/RogerioO) . vazerick(/member/vazerick) Reply

2yearsago
Thankyou!TheirwebpageisdownbutI'lltrycallingthem.

jpahlomebah(/member/jpahlomebah) 2yearsago Reply

Iabsolutelylovethisproject.ItisarguablyoneofmyfavoriteinstructablesI
haveseen.Icanbarelybelieveenglishisnotyourfirstlanguage!
Iwascuriousastowhereyougotthatenclosure.Ilikeitalot.Doyouknow
whattypeitis,orwhereIcouldfindit?

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . jpahlomebah(/member/jpahlomebah)
8
2yearsago Reply
Thanksforyoursupport,imstillupdatingthechapters
andiplantoaddatleast3more,sobesuretocheckthemoutinthenear
future,abouttheenclosure,theresabusinesscallednamedCASATORT
hereatMexicoscitydowntown,https://goo.gl/maps/aE0cJtheyare
specializedinmakingallkindsofenclosures,theyevenmakesteelones.

stefanodel(/member/stefanodel) 2yearsago Reply

TheinductorsL1,L2andL3areofcommonmodechokes,theseinductorswork
withafluxpracticallyzerointheircore.Ifyouusethemasasingleinductor(the
twowindingsareinparallel)inDC,thecoreoftheseinductorssaturatesand
theinductancefallsdown.It'slikehavinganinductorofafewcoilswrappedin
air.IfyouwanttohaveanDCinductoryoushouldusecoreswithairgaporiron
powdercoreslikeKoolMumanufacturedbyMagnetics.

Iappreciateyourcommitmenttomakethecircuit.
 Stefano

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . stefanodel(/member/stefanodel) Reply

8
2yearsago
thanksalot,tobehonestatthetimeihadtodesignthePCB,
whenigottheseinductorsihadnoideahowtousethemthisactuallyi
wasreallyconfusedandonlyuntilyourcomment,asyoucanseeinthe
followinglink,
http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/170156/howtouse
commonmodechokeinductorsdifferentialvscommonmode,todayim
stilltryingtofigureouttheexactdifferencebetwencommonmodeand
differentialmode,iwillreallydigintoyourcommentinorderforafuture
revision2ofthecircuit

| grayl(/member/grayl) 2yearsago Reply

vaserick:Step4,severallinesdown,sqrt(2)=1.414not0.707whichisthe
inverse!

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . grayl(/member/grayl) 2yearsago Reply

8
Gotit,,youareright,justeditedthatpart

Lee73(/member/Lee73) 2yearsago Reply

It'saworkofart....Welldone.
Nowyou'llneedtobuildagood,robustdummyloadtotestit,insteadofusing
resistors....:)

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . Lee73(/member/Lee73) Reply

8
2yearsago
NowthisisinterestingIneverheardaboutthisdummyload,I
willgetintoitasap,atfirstglanceitlookslikeitsjustabunchofpower
resistorsinparallelIhavesuccessfullytestedthepowersupplyupto
9.9Ampswithasingleresistor,butIhaveyettotestitusingabunchof
resistorsinparallel,theeffectshouldbethesameduetoresistorsin
parallelhavinganequivalentimpedance,withthemaindifferienceofthe
darlingtonsheatingupwaymorequicklythantheentireresitorsarray...i
mightneedabiggerheatsinkforthis,butstillIwillreadmoreaboutthis
topicintheweekend,andmightattempttodoitjusttoverify,ifIendup
doingit,Iwilladdachapterabouttesting,andhowdiditworkout,thanks
forthecommentlee

supersilve(/member/supersilve) . vazerick(/member/vazerick) Reply

2yearsago
Hivazerick,congratulationsonyourprojectanditlooksreally
cool.Iamalsobuildingapowersupplyminebeingamixofswitchingand
lineartype.Amstillworkingonitandwillpostitherewhenifinishit.I
uploadedanelectronicdcloadcapableof10ampshereonInstuctablesif
interestsyou.https://www.instructables.com/id/A200wattElectronic
DCLoad/Youcanalsouseusedcarheadlampsasload,igetminefrom
thelocalcarelectricianforfreeasitellhimtosavethemformeinsteadof
trowingthemaway.Iamreferringfortheoneswithonebrokenfilament
buttheotherwillstillbeofsomeuse.hooktheminparallelseriesetc.

X t.rohner(/member/t.rohner) 2yearsago Reply

|
8 NiceProject
 Ididsomethingsimilarduringmyeducation.(Wealsohadtobuildthe
transformerandthecasefromscratch...)
Whatimissinthisproject,thevariablevoltagedoesn'tgodowntozeroand
thereisnovariablecurrentlimit(alsodowntozero).Thiswouldrequirea
negativevoltageofcourse,makingthedesignabitmorecomplicated.Butfora
Lab/Benchsupply,i'ddoit.

Wheniremembercorrectly,weusedaLM723and2or3parallelpower
transistorsintheoutputstage,withadarlingtonstagetodrivethem.(33years
ago)

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . t.rohner(/member/t.rohner) Reply

8
2yearsago
Duringdevelopment(aroundstep3)itwascontemplatedto
haveapotentiometertolimitthecurrentoutputhoweverduetotime
constraints(ithadtobedonein23monthsmax),thelackofspaceinthe
frontpanelforanotherpotentiometer,andtheamountofcomponents
insideoftheenclosure(Iwilladdpicturesandachapteraboutthisonthe
weekend),Iendedupnotimplementingit,Idohaveaschematicaround
abouthowtolimitthecurrent,Ifeverdoasecondrevisionofthispower
supplyIwillmakesuretofixallthemistakesmadeinthisoneandIwill
makesuretoaddthecurrentlimitingfeaturealongwithmanyother
featuresthatIkeepuppillingonmylist,andwhynot?,Imightevenstart
workingfromtheschematicyoujustpostedseemslikefun,thanksfor
sharing

X t.rohner(/member/t.rohner) . t.rohner(/member/t.rohner) 2yearsago Reply

|
8
Circuitdiagramofaeasyway,togenerateanegativevoltageforsucha
application.
ThepartunderthegroundlinecouldbeusedforaLM317circuitaswell.

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FDI/8J4B/I9LZCYB8/FDI8J4BI9LZCYB8.LARGE.jpg)

jmolina17(/member/jmolina17) 2yearsago Reply

Felicidadesentumanejodelingls!.Elproyectoesinteresante

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . jmolina17(/member/jmolina17) Reply

8
2yearsago
Muchasgraciasestoyalpendientedeloquesetengaque
corregirymaejorar,siencuentraalgundetallequecorregirnodudeen
hacermelollegarporestemedio,loatenderealabrevedadposible

chrisk33(/member/chrisk33) 2yearsago Reply

Hi,whereyousay"lime"thewordinEnglishisfile.

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . chrisk33(/member/chrisk33) Reply

8
2yearsago
Thankyou,ApparentlyIwrotethatwordwithoutthinking,Ifixed
theentireparagraph,thewordIwaslookingforwasactually"sanding
sheet"notlime,BTWIlovelemons,Iwasprobablythinkingaboutthem
 chrisk33(/member/chrisk33) . vazerick(/member/vazerick) 2yearsago Reply

Ok?Iknow"lima"meansfile(themetalraspkind)inSpanishandalso
lime,thefruit.Thecommonwordfor"sandingsheet"(papeldelija)is
sandpaper.YourEnglishisreallyterrific!

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . chrisk33(/member/chrisk33) Reply

8
2yearsago
doubleedit,thanksalot

asadjani856(/member/asadjani856) 2yearsago Reply

welldone..andkeepitup..ifyouneedanykindofhelp..Iwillbewithyou..

Trippme(/member/Trippme) 2yearsago Reply

WOW,soawesome.Verynicelydoneandwrittenup.Notonlyistheproject
interestingyougavedetails,informationandlearningsthatisgreatforpeople
liketomebetterunderstandinsteadofjustfollowingarecipe.Iwantoneof
thesebutIthinkitisoutofmyrealmofskillsatthispoint.

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . Trippme(/member/Trippme) Reply

8
2yearsago
ThatsexactlywhatithoughtwhenIstartedworkingonit,that
thiswasoutofmyrealmofskills,IassureyouthatifIcouldmakethis,
youcandoittoo,andyoucanprobablydoitevenbetterthanme,like
mostofthethingsinthisworld,youjustneedtowanttodoit!

Trippme(/member/Trippme) . vazerick(/member/vazerick) 2yearsago Reply

Whatwasyourtruecosttobuildthisonyourown?

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . Trippme(/member/Trippme) Reply

8
2yearsago
Around430USD+another50USDtomendupmistakes,3
monthsofdailywork,Ihadtoaskmymentorhowtodosomestuffusing
WhatsAppandphysicallyshowhimsomeotherstuff,thenhewouldgive
meadviceabouthowtodoit,Ialsousedonlinealot,googleand
electronics.stackexchange.com/formoreelectrical/electronicrelated
questions,sometimesIwouldreplicatethequestionintheEEVBLOG,the
ideawasthatifoneIcouldntdosomethingbecauseIdidntknowhowto
doit,Iwouldjustaskhowwasitdoneonlineandalmostalwaysinthe
nextmorningIalreadyhadananswerfromsomeoneintheinternet,
somethingelsetonoteaboutthecostsisthatNewark,chargesaround
20%moreineverycomponenttomakeupfortheshippingandtaxesto
mycountrysointheoryifyouliveintheUnitedStatesyoushouldcut
around20%toeachcomponentfromNewarkelement14,Imainlyused
newarkbecause,theyshipinternationallyin3days,andtheyhaveno
minimumamountoforder,youcanbuy1resistorthatcosts.05centsand
theywillshipittoyouin3days,howeverIdoknowthereareotherssites
thatarelessexpensive,likemouser,digikey,mcmelectronics,iknow
someofthemhaveaminimumorderof50USDtoshipitforfreewhile
newarkalreadychargestheshippingandtaxesinthepriceofthe
products,youcanalsouseoctoparttolookforbetterpricesinthesame
components,Ijustusednewarkfortheconvenienceandtheshipping
times

X throbscottle(/member/throbscottle)
| Reallynicebuild.Welldone:) 2yearsago Reply
8

MichaelAP(/member/MichaelAP) 2yearsago Reply

Nicejob,Ilikeyourblownfuseindicatordiscussionandenjoyedreadingabout
yourproject.Thecompletedcaselooksfantastic.ThanksVazerick.

vasudevan.nambudiri.56(/member/vasudevan.nambudiri.56) 2yearsago Reply

:Agoodpracticalcircuit..Thefollowinglinemaypleasebecorrected.

18VistheRMSvalue,toobtainourPeakvaluewehavetomultiplyitby0.707
orsqrt(2)so:......
(X1.414)

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . vasudevan.nambudiri.56
8
(/member/vasudevan.nambudiri.56) 2yearsago Reply

Imonit,thanksforyourtimetoreaditandverify

8 EToft(/member/EToft) 2yearsago Reply

Ihavetosay,yourEnglishisbetterthanmostwebblogs.Greatwork.Thanks.

seb_bd(/member/seb_bd) 2yearsago Reply

Hey,greatproject!Ithinktheremightbeamistakeinstep3,whencalculating
peakvoltage.Youneedtomultiplybysqrt(2)ordivideby0.707,notmultiply!

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . seb_bd(/member/seb_bd) Reply

8
2yearsago
illcheckitoutandgetitfixed,thanks

X nqtronix(/member/nqtronix) 2yearsago Reply

|
8 "Theguideisabitlong,asisaidpleasebeware,Englishismy2nd
lenguage,ifyoufindanygrammar,calculationortechnicalmistakes
pleaseletmeknow,andIwillreviewitandseethemfixedasssoonas
possible."
Ironiclythere'samistakeinthisparagraph.Itshouldbe"assoonaspossible")

X vazerick(/member/vazerick)(author) . nqtronix(/member/nqtronix) Reply

8
2yearsago
Damnthatoneitsquiteembarrassing:)

I MoreComments

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