Michael Jackson - Wikipedia

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MichaelJackson
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
MichaelJosephJackson[1][2](August29,1958June25,
2009)wasanAmericansinger,songwriter,recordproducer, MichaelJackson
dancer,actor,andphilanthropist.[3][4][5]Calledthe"Kingof
Pop",[6][7][8][9]hiscontributionstomusic,dance,and
fashion[10][11][12]alongwithhispublicizedpersonallife
madehimaglobalfigureinpopularcultureforoverfour
decades.
TheeighthchildoftheJacksonfamily,Michaelmadehis
professionaldebutin1964withhiselderbrothersJackie,
Tito,Jermaine,andMarlonasamemberoftheJackson5.He
beganhissolocareerin1971.Intheearly1980s,Jackson
becameadominantfigureinpopularmusic.Hismusic
videos,includingthoseof"BeatIt","BillieJean",and
"Thriller"fromhis1982albumThriller,arecreditedwith
breakingracialbarriersandtransformingthemediumintoan
artformandpromotionaltool.Thepopularityofthesevideos
helpedbringthetelevisionchannelMTVtofame.Jackson's
1987albumBadspawnedtheU.S.BillboardHot100
numberonesingles"IJustCan'tStopLovingYou","Bad",
"TheWayYouMakeMeFeel","ManintheMirror",and
"DirtyDiana",becomingthefirstalbumtohavefive
numberonesinglesontheBillboardHot100.Hecontinued JacksonperforminginVienna,AustriainJune1988
toinnovatewithvideossuchas"BlackorWhite"and
Born MichaelJosephJackson
"Scream"throughoutthe1990s,andforgedareputationasa
August29,1958
touringsoloartist.Throughstageandvideoperformances,
Jacksonpopularizedanumberofcomplicateddance Gary,Indiana,U.S.
techniques,suchastherobotandthemoonwalk,towhichhe Died June25,2009(aged50)
gavethename.Hisdistinctivesoundandstylehasinfluenced LosAngeles,California,U.S.
numerousartistsofvariousmusicgenres.
Causeofdeath Cardiacarrestinducedbypropofol
Thrilleristhebestsellingalbumofalltime,withestimated andbenzodiazepineintoxication
salesof65millioncopiesworldwide.Jackson'sother Restingplace Glendale,California,U.S.
albums,includingOfftheWall(1979),Bad(1987),
Occupation Singersongwriterdancer
Dangerous(1991),andHIStory(1995),alsorankamongthe
actorrecordproducer
world'sbestsellingalbums.HeisrecognizedastheMost
SuccessfulEntertainerofAllTimebyGuinnessWorld businessmanphilanthropist
Records.[13][14]Jacksonisoneofthefewartiststohavebeen Spouse(s) LisaMariePresley

inductedintotheRockandRollHallofFametwice,andwas (m.1994div.1996)
alsoinductedintotheSongwritersHallofFameandthe DebbieRowe
DanceHallofFameastheonlydancerfrompopandrock (m.1996div.1999)
music.HisotherachievementsincludemultipleGuinness
Children 3
WorldRecords,13GrammyAwards,theGrammyLegend
Award,theGrammyLifetimeAchievementAward,26 Parent(s) JoeJackson
AmericanMusicAwardsmorethananyotherartist KatherineJackson
includingthe"ArtistoftheCentury"and"Artistofthe Relatives SeeJacksonfamily
1980s",13numberonesinglesintheUnitedStatesduring
hissolocareermorethananyothermaleartistintheHot Website michaeljackson.com(http://michae
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson 1/45
100eraandestimatedsalesofover350millionrecords ljackson.com)
worldwide.[Note1]Jacksonwonhundredsofawards,making Musicalcareer
himthemostawardedrecordingartistinthehistoryof
Genres Popsoulrhythmandblues
popularmusic.[15]Hebecamethefirstartistinhistoryto
funkrockdiscopostdisco
haveatoptensingleintheBillboardHot100infive
differentdecadeswhen"LoveNeverFeltSoGood"reached dancepopnewjackswing
numbernineonMay21,2014.[16]Jacksontraveledtheworld Instruments Vocals

attendingeventshonoringhishumanitarianism,and,in2000, Yearsactive 19642009
theGuinnessWorldRecordsrecognizedhimforsupporting
Labels SteeltownMotownEpic
39charities,morethananyotherentertainer.[17]
LegacySonyMJJProductions
AspectsofJackson'spersonallife,includinghischanging Associatedacts TheJackson5
appearance,personalrelationships,andbehavior,generated Signature
controversy.In1993,hewasaccusedofchildsexualabuse,
butthecivilcasewassettledoutofcourtforanundisclosed
amountandnoformalchargeswerebrought.[18]In2005,he
wastriedandacquittedoffurtherchildsexualabuse
allegationsandseveralotherchargesafterthejuryfoundhim
notguiltyonallcounts.Whilepreparingforhiscomeback
concertseries,ThisIsIt,Jacksondiedofacutepropofoland
benzodiazepineintoxicationonJune25,2009,aftersuffering
fromcardiacarrest.TheLosAngelesCountyCoronerruled
hisdeathahomicide,andhispersonalphysician,Conrad
Murray,wasconvictedofinvoluntarymanslaughter.Jackson'sdeathtriggeredaglobaloutpouringofgrief,and
alivebroadcastofhispublicmemorialservicewasviewedaroundtheworld.[19]ForbesranksJacksonthetop
earningdeadcelebrity,withearningsof$825millionin2016,thehighestyearlyamounteverrecordedbythe
publication.[20]
Contents
1 Lifeandcareer
1.1 19581975:EarlylifeandtheJackson5
1.2 19751981:MovetoEpicandOfftheWall
1.3 19821983:ThrillerandMotown25:Yesterday,Today,Forever
1.4 19841985:Pepsi,"WeAretheWorld",andbusinesscareer
1.5 19861990:Changingappearance,tabloids,Bad,films,autobiography,andNeverland
1.6 19911993:Dangerous,HealtheWorldFoundation,andSuperBowlXXVII
1.7 19931994:Firstchildsexualabuseallegationsandfirstmarriage
1.8 19951997:HIStory,secondmarriage,andfatherhood
1.9 19972002:LabeldisputeandInvincible
1.10 20022005:Secondchildsexualabuseallegationsandacquittal
1.11 20062009:ClosureofNeverland,finalyears,andThisIsIt
2 Deathandmemorial
2.1 Aftermath
3 Artistry
3.1 Influences
3.2 Musicalthemesandgenres
3.3 Vocalstyle
3.4 Musicvideosandchoreography
4 Legacyandinfluence
5 Honorsandawards
6 Earningsandwealth
6.1 NetworthduringJackson'slife
6.2 NetworthattimeofdeathU.S.federalestatetaxproblems
6.3 Earningsafterdeath
7 Discography
8 Filmography
9 Tours
10 Seealso
11 Notes
12 References
12.1 Bibliography
13 Externallinks
Lifeandcareer
19581975:EarlylifeandtheJackson5
MichaelJosephJacksonwasbornonAugust29,1958.Hewasthe
eighthoftenchildrenintheJacksonfamily,aworkingclassAfrican
AmericanfamilylivinginatwobedroomhouseonJacksonStreetin
Gary,Indiana,anindustrialcityintheChicagometropolitanarea.[21][22]
Hismother,KatherineEstherScruse,wasadevoutJehovah'sWitness.
Sheplayedclarinetandpianoandonceaspiredtobeacountryand
westernperformer,butworkedparttimeatSearstosupportthe
family.[23]Michael'sfather,JosephWalter"Joe"Jackson,aformer
boxer,wasasteelworkeratU.S.Steel.Joeperformedonguitarwitha
localrhythmandbluesband,theFalcons,tosupplementthefamily's Jackson'schildhoodhomeinGary,
income.[24]Michaelgrewupwiththreesisters(Rebbie,LaToya,and Indiana,withfloraltributesafterhis
Janet)andfivebrothers(Jackie,Tito,Jermaine,Marlon,andRandy).[25] death.
Asixthbrother,Marlon'stwinBrandon,diedshortlyafterbirth.[26]
Jacksonhadatroubledrelationshipwithhisfather.[27][28]In2003,Joeacknowledgedthatheregularlywhipped
himasaboy.[29]Joewasalsosaidtohaveverballyabusedhisson,oftensayingthathehada"fatnose".[30]
Jacksonstatedthathewasphysicallyandemotionallyabusedduringincessantrehearsals,thoughhecredited
hisfather'sstrictdisciplinewithplayingalargeroleinhissuccess.[27]InaninterviewwithMartinBashirfor
the2003documentaryLivingwithMichaelJackson,JacksonrecalledthatJoeoftensatinachairwithabeltin
hishandasheandhissiblingsrehearsed,andthat"ifyoudidn'tdoittherightway,hewouldtearyouup,really
getyou."[31][32]Jackson'sparentshavedisputedthelongstandingallegationsofabuse,withKatherinestating
thatwhilewhippingisconsideredabusetoday,itwasacommonwaytodisciplinechildrenatthe
time.[33][34][35]Jackie,Tito,JermaineandMarlonhavealsosaidthattheirfatherwasnotabusiveandthatthe
whippings,whichwereharderonMichaelbecausehewasyounger,keptthemdisciplinedandoutoftrouble.[36]
SpeakingopenlyabouthischildhoodinaninterviewwithOprahWinfreybroadcastinFebruary1993,Jackson
acknowledgedthathisyouthhadbeenlonelyandisolating.[37]Hisdeepdissatisfactionwithhisappearance,his
nightmaresandchronicsleepproblems,histendencytoremainhypercompliant,especiallywithhisfather,and
toremainchildlikeinadulthoodareconsistentwiththeeffectsofthemaltreatmentheenduredasachild.[38]
In1964,MichaelandMarlonjoinedtheJacksonBrothersabandformedbytheirfatherwhichincluded
brothersJackie,Tito,andJermaineasbackupmusiciansplayingcongasandtambourine.[39]In1965,Michael
begansharingleadvocalswithhisolderbrotherJermaine,andthegroup'snamewaschangedtotheJackson
5.[25]Thefollowingyear,thegroupwonamajorlocaltalentshowwithJacksonperformingthedancetoRobert
Parker's1965hit"Barefootin'".[40]From1966to1968theytouredtheMidwest,frequentlyperformingata
stringofblackclubsknownasthe"chitlin'circuit"astheopeningactforartistssuchasSam&Dave,the
O'Jays,GladysKnight,andEttaJames.TheJackson5alsoperformedat
clubsandcocktaillounges,wherestripteaseshowsandotheradultacts
werefeatured,andatlocalauditoriumsandhighschooldances.[41][42]In
August1967,whiletouringtheEastcoast,thegroupwonaweekly
amateurnightconcertattheApolloTheaterinHarlem.[43]
TheJackson5recordedseveralsongs,includingtheirfirstsingle"Big
Boy"(1968),forSteeltownRecords,aGaryrecordlabel,[44]before
signingwithMotownin1969.[25]TheyleftGaryin1969andrelocated
Jackson(center)asamemberofthe toLosAngeles,wheretheycontinuedtorecordmusicforMotown.[45]
Jackson5in1972. RollingStonelaterdescribedtheyoungMichaelas"aprodigy"with
"overwhelmingmusicalgifts"who"quicklyemergedasthemaindraw
andleadsinger."[46]Thegroupsetachartrecordwhenitsfirstfour
singles"IWantYouBack"(1969),"ABC"(1970),"TheLoveYouSave"(1970),and"I'llBeThere"(1970)
peakedatnumberoneontheBillboardHot100.[25]InMay1971,theJacksonfamilymovedintoalargehome
ontwoacreestateinEncino,California.[47]Duringthisperiod,Michaelevolvedfromchildperformerintoa
teenidol.[48]AsJacksonbegantoemergeasasoloperformerintheearly1970s,hemaintainedtiestothe
Jackson5andMotown.Between1972and1975,MichaelreleasedfoursolostudioalbumswithMotown:Got
toBeThere(1972),Ben(1972),Music&Me(1973),andForever,Michael(1975).[49]"GottoBeThere"and
"Ben",thetitletracksfromhisfirsttwosoloalbums,becamesuccessfulsingles,asdidacoverofBobbyDay's
"Rockin'Robin".[50]
TheJackson5werelaterdescribedas"acuttingedgeexampleofblackcrossoverartists."[51]Althoughthe
group'ssalesbegantodeclinein1973,andthememberschafedunderMotown'srefusaltoallowthemcreative
input,theyachievedseveraltop40hits,includingthetopfivesingle"DancingMachine"(1974),beforeleaving
Motownin1975.[52]
19751981:MovetoEpicandOfftheWall
InJune1975,theJackson5signedwithEpicRecords,asubsidiaryofCBSRecords,[52]andrenamed
themselvestheJacksons.YoungerbrotherRandyformallyjoinedthebandaroundthistime,whileJermaine
chosetostaywithMotownandpursueasolocareer.[53]TheJacksonscontinuedtotourinternationally,and
releasedsixmorealbumsbetween1976and1984.Michael,thegroup'sleadsongwriterduringthistime,wrote
hitssuchas"ShakeYourBody(DowntotheGround)"(1979),"ThisPlaceHotel"(1980),and"CanYouFeel
It"(1980).[39]
Jackson'sworkinfilmbeganin1978,whenhemovedtoNewYorkCitytostarastheScarecrowinTheWiz,a
musicaldirectedbySidneyLumet.ItcostarredDianaRoss,NipseyRussell,andTedRoss.[54]Thefilmwasa
boxofficefailure.[55]ItsscorewasarrangedbyQuincyJones,whomJacksonhadpreviouslymetwhenhewas
12atSammyDavisJr.'shouse.[56]JonesagreedtoproduceJackson'snextsoloalbum.[57]Duringhistimein
NewYork,JacksonfrequentedtheStudio54nightclubandwasexposedtoearlyhiphop,influencinghis
beatboxingonfuturetrackssuchas"WorkingDayandNight".[58]In1979,Jacksonbrokehisnoseduringa
complexdanceroutine.Hissubsequentrhinoplastywasnotacompletesuccesshecomplainedofbreathing
difficultiesthatwouldaffecthiscareer.HewasreferredtoDr.StevenHoefflin,whoperformedJackson's
secondrhinoplastyandsubsequentoperations.[59]
Jackson'sfifthsoloalbum,OfftheWall(1979),coproducedbyJacksonandJones,establishedJacksonasa
soloperformer.ThealbumhelpedJacksontransitionfromthebubblegumpopofhisyouthtothemorecomplex
soundshewouldcreateasanadult.[48]SongwritersforthealbumincludedJackson,RodTemperton,Stevie
Wonder,andPaulMcCartney.OfftheWallwasthefirstsoloalbumtogeneratefourtop10hitsintheUnited
States:"OfftheWall","She'sOutofMyLife",andthecharttopping
singles"Don'tStop'TilYouGetEnough"and"RockwithYou".[60][61]
ThealbumreachednumberthreeontheBillboard200andeventually
soldover20millioncopiesworldwide.[62]In1980,Jacksonwonthree
awardsattheAmericanMusicAwardsforhissoloefforts:Favorite
Soul/R&BAlbum,FavoriteSoul/R&BMaleArtist,andFavorite
Soul/R&BSinglefor"Don'tStop'TilYouGetEnough".[63][64]Healso
wonBillboardYearEndawardsforTopBlackArtistandTopBlack
Album,andaGrammyAwardforBestMaleR&BVocalPerformance
for1979with"Don'tStop'TilYouGetEnough".[65]In1981Jackson
wastheAmericanMusicAwardswinnerforFavoriteSoul/R&BAlbum
andFavoriteSoul/R&BMaleArtist.[66]Despiteitscommercialsuccess,
JacksonfeltOfftheWallshouldhavemadeabiggerimpact,andwas
determinedtoexceedexpectationswithhisnextrelease.[67]In1980,he
securedthehighestroyaltyrateinthemusicindustry:37percentof
wholesalealbumprofit.[68]
JacksonrecordedwithQueensingerFreddieMercuryfrom1981to
1983,includingademoof"StateofShock","Victory"and"ThereMust Fromleft,backrow:JackieJackson,
BeMoretoLifeThanThis".[69]Therecordingswereintendedforan MichaelJackson,TitoJackson,
albumofduetsbut,accordingtoQueen'sthenmanagerJimBeach,the MarlonJackson.Middlerow:Randy
relationshipbetweenthesingerssouredwhenJacksoninsistedon Jackson,LaToyaJackson,Rebbie
Jackson.Frontrow:JanetJackson
bringingallamaintotherecordingstudio.[70]Thecollaborationswere
(1977)
notofficiallyreleaseduntil2014.[71]Jacksonwentontorecordthe
single"StateofShock"withMickJaggerfortheJacksons'album
Victory(1984).[72]Mercuryincludedthesoloversionof"ThereMustBeMoreToLifeThanThis"onhisMr.
BadGuyalbum(1985).[73]In1982,Jacksoncombinedhisinterestsinsongwritingandfilmwhenhe
contributedthesong"SomeoneintheDark"tothestorybookforthefilmE.T.theExtraTerrestrial.Thesong,
withJonesasitsproducer,wonaGrammyforBestRecordingforChildrenfor1983.[74]
19821983:ThrillerandMotown25:Yesterday,Today,Forever
MoresuccesscamewithJackson'ssixthalbum,Thriller,releasedinlate1982.ThealbumearnedJacksonseven
moreGrammys[74]andeightAmericanMusicAwards,includingtheAwardofMerit,theyoungestartisttowin
it.[75]Itwasthebestsellingalbumworldwidein1983,[76][77]andbecamethebestsellingalbumofalltimein
theUnitedStates[78]andthebestsellingalbumofalltimeworldwide,sellinganestimated65million
copies.[79]IttoppedtheBillboard200chartfor37weeksandwasinthetop10ofthe200for80consecutive
weeks.ItwasthefirstalbumtohavesevenBillboardHot100top10singles,including"BillieJean","BeatIt",
and"WannaBeStartin'Somethin'".[80]InDecember2015,Thrillerwascertifiedfor30millionshipmentsby
theRIAA,makingittheonlyalbumtoachievethatfeatintheUnitedStates.[81]ThrillerwonJacksonand
QuincyJonestheGrammyawardforProduceroftheYear(NonClassical)for1983.ItalsowonAlbumofthe
Year,withJacksonasthealbum'sartistandJonesasitscoproducer,andaBestPopVocalPerformance,Male,
awardforJackson."BeatIt"wonRecordoftheYear,withJacksonasartistandJonesascoproducer,anda
BestRockVocalPerformance,Male,awardforJackson."BillieJean"wonJacksontwoGrammyawards,Best
R&BSong,withJacksonasitssongwriter,andBestR&BVocalPerformance,Male,asitsartist.[74]Thriller
alsowonanotherGrammyforBestEngineeredRecordingNonClassicalin1984,awardingBruceSwedien
forhisworkonthealbum.[82]TheAMAAwardsfor1984providedJacksonwithanAwardofMeritandAMAs
forFavoriteMaleArtist,Soul/R&B,andFavoriteMaleArtist,Pop/Rock."BeatIt"wonJacksonAMAsfor
FavoriteVideo,Soul/R&B,FavoriteVideo,Pop/Rock,andFavoriteSingle,Pop/Rock.ThrillerwonhimAMAs
forFavoriteAlbum,Soul/R&B,andFavoriteAlbum,Pop/Rock.[75][83]
Inadditiontothealbum,Jacksonreleased"Thriller",a14minutemusicvideodirectedbyJohnLandis,in
1983.[84]Thezombiethemedvideo"definedmusicvideosandbrokeracialbarriers"ontheMusicTelevision
Channel(MTV),afledglingentertainmenttelevisionchannelatthetime.[48]InDecember2009,theLibraryof
Congressselectedthe"Thriller"musicvideoforinclusionintheNationalFilmRegistry.Itwasoneof25films
namedthatyearas"worksofenduringimportancetoAmericanculture"thatwouldbe"preservedforall
time."[85][86]Asof2009,"Thriller"istheonlymusicvideotohavebeeninductedintotheregistry.[84][86][87]
Jacksonhadthehighestroyaltyrateinthemusicindustryatthatpoint,
approximately$2foreveryalbumsold,andwasmakingrecord
breakingprofitsfromsalesofhisrecordings.Thevideocassetteofthe
documentaryTheMakingofMichaelJackson'sThrillersoldover
350,000copiesinafewmonths.Theerasawthearrivalofnovelties
suchasdollsmodeledafterJackson,whichappearedinstoresinMay
1984atapriceof$12.[88]BiographerJ.RandyTaraborrelliwritesthat
"Thrillerstoppedsellinglikealeisureitemlikeamagazine,atoy,
ticketstoahitmovieandstartedsellinglikeahouseholdstaple."[89]
In1985,TheMakingofMichaelJackson'sThrillerwonaGrammyfor
BestMusicVideo,Longform.[74]TimedescribedJackson'sinfluenceat
thatpointas"starofrecords,radio,rockvideo.Aonemanrescueteam
forthemusicbusiness.Asongwriterwhosetsthebeatforadecade.A
dancerwiththefanciestfeetonthestreet.Asingerwhocutsacrossall
boundariesoftasteandstyleandcolortoo".[88]TheNewYorkTimes
wrotethat"intheworldofpopmusic,thereisMichaelJacksonand
Thejacketandwhitesequinedgloves
thereiseverybodyelse".[90] wornbyJacksonatMotown25:
Yesterday,Today,Forever,oneof
OnMarch25,1983,Jacksonreunitedwithhisbrothersfora Jackson'smostfamoussignaturelooks
performancetapedatthePasadenaCivicAuditoriumforMotown25:
Yesterday,Today,Forever,anNBCtelevisionspecial.Theshowaired
onMay16,1983,toanestimatedaudienceof47million,andfeaturedtheJacksonsandotherMotownstars.[91]
ItisbestrememberedforJackson'ssoloperformanceof"BillieJean",whichearnedJacksonhisfirstEmmy
nomination.[92]Wearingadistinctiveblacksequinedjacketandagolfglovedecoratedwithrhinestones,he
debutedhissignaturedancemove,themoonwalk,whichformerSoulTraindancerandShalamarmember
JeffreyDanielhadtaughthimthreeyearsearlier.[93]Jacksonhadoriginallyturneddowntheinvitationto
performattheshow,believinghehadbeendoingtoomuchtelevisionatthetimeattherequestofMotown
founderBerryGordy,heagreedtoperforminexchangefortimetodoasoloperformance.[94]Accordingto
RollingStonereporterMikalGilmore,"Therearetimeswhenyouknowyouarehearingorseeingsomething
extraordinary...thatcamethatnight."[48]Jackson'sperformancedrewcomparisonstoElvisPresley'sandthe
Beatles'appearancesonTheEdSullivanShow.[95]AnnaKisselgoffofTheNewYorkTimeswrotein1988:"The
moonwalkthathemadefamousisanaptmetaphorforhisdancestyle.Howdoeshedoit?Asatechnician,he
isagreatillusionist,agenuinemime.Hisabilitytokeeponelegstraightasheglideswhiletheotherbendsand
seemstowalkrequiresperfecttiming."[96]Gordysaidoftheperformance:"Fromthefirstbeatof'BillieJean',I
wasmesmerized,andwhenhedidhisiconicmoonwalk,Iwasshocked,itwasmagic,MichaelJacksonwent
intoorbit,andnevercamedown."[97]
19841985:Pepsi,"WeAretheWorld",andbusinesscareer
InNovember1983JacksonandhisbrotherspartneredwithPepsiCoina$5millionpromotionaldealthatbroke
recordsforacelebrityendorsement.ThefirstPepsiColacampaign,whichranintheUnitedStatesfrom1983
to1984andlauncheditsiconic"NewGeneration"theme,includedtoursponsorship,publicrelationsevents,
andinstoredisplays.Jackson,whowasinvolvedincreatingtheadvertisement,suggestedusinghissong
"BillieJean"asitsjinglewithrevisedlyrics.[98]AccordingtoaBillboardreportin2009,BrianJ.Murphy,
executiveVPofbrandedmanagementatTBAGlobal,said:"Youcouldn'tseparatethetourfromthe
endorsementfromthelicensingofthemusic,andthentheintegrationofthemusicintothePepsifabric."[98]
OnJanuary27,1984,MichaelandothermembersoftheJacksonsfilmedaPepsicommercialoverseenby
executivePhilDusenberry,[99]aBBDOadagencyexecutive,andAlanPottasch,Pepsi'sWorldwideCreative
Director,attheShrineAuditoriuminLosAngeles.Duringasimulatedconcertbeforeafullhouseoffans,
pyrotechnicsaccidentallysetJackson'shaironfire,causingseconddegreeburnstohisscalp.Jackson
underwenttreatmenttohidethescarsandhadhisthirdrhinoplastyshortlythereafter.[59]Pepsisettledoutof
court,andJacksondonatedthe$1.5millionsettlementtotheBrotmanMedicalCenterinCulverCity,
CaliforniaitsMichaelJacksonBurnCenterisnamedinhishonor.[100]Dusenberryrecountedtheepisodeinhis
memoir,ThenWeSetHisHaironFire:InsightsandAccidentsfromaHallofFameCareerinAdvertising.
JacksonsignedasecondagreementwithPepsiinthelate1980sforareported$10million.Thesecond
campaignhadaglobalreachofmorethan20countriesandwouldprovidefinancialsupportforJackson'sBad
albumand198788worldtour.[98]AlthoughJacksonhadendorsementsandadvertisingdealswithother
companies,suchasLAGear,Suzuki,andSony,nonewereassignificantashisdealswithPepsi,whichlater
signedothermusicstarssuchasBritneySpearsandBeyonctopromoteitsproducts.[98][101]
Jackson'shumanitarianworkwasrecognizedonMay14,1984,whenhe
wasinvitedtotheWhiteHousetoreceiveanawardfromPresident
RonaldReaganforhissupportofcharitiesthathelpedpeopleovercome
alcoholanddrugabuse,[102]andinrecognitionofhissupportfortheAd
Council'sandtheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration's
DrunkDrivingPreventioncampaign.Jacksondonatedtheuseof"Beat
It"forthecampaign'spublicserviceannouncements.[103]
JacksonattheWhiteHousebeing Unlikelateralbums,Thrillerdidnothaveanofficialtour,butthe
presentedwithanawardbyPresident VictoryTourof1984headlinedtheJacksonsandshowcasedmuchof
RonaldReaganandfirstladyNancy Jackson'snewsolomaterialtomorethantwomillionAmericans.Itwas
Reagan,1984. thelasttourhewoulddowithhisbrothers.[104]Followingcontroversy
overtheconcert'sticketsales,Jacksonheldapressconferenceand
announcedthathewoulddonatehisshareoftheproceeds,anestimated$3to5million,tocharity.[105][106]His
charitableworkandhumanitarianawardscontinuedwiththereleaseof"WeAretheWorld"(1985),cowritten
withLionelRichie.[107]ThesongwasrecordedonJanuary28,1985[108]andreleasedworldwideinMarch1985
toaidthepoorintheUnitedStatesandAfrica.[109]Thesongearned$63millionforfaminerelief,[109]and
becameoneofthebestsellingsinglesofalltime,with20millioncopiessold.[110]ItwonfourGrammysfor
1985,includingSongoftheYearforJacksonandRichieasitswriters.[107]AlthoughtheAmericanMusic
Awarddirectorsremovedthecharitysongfromthecompetitionbecausetheyfeltitwouldbeinappropriate,the
AMAshowin1986concludedwithatributetothesonginhonorofitsfirstanniversary.Theproject'screators
receivedtwospecialAMAhonors:oneforthecreationofthesongandanotherfortheUSAforAfricaidea.
Jackson,Jones,andentertainmentpromoterKenKraganreceivedspecialawardsfortheirrolesinthesong's
creation.[107][108][111][112]
Jackson'sfinancialinterestsinthemusicpublishingbusinessgrewafterhecollaboratedwithPaulMcCartney
intheearly1980sandlearnedthatMcCartneywasmakingapproximately$40millionayearfromother
people'ssongs.[109]By1983,Jacksonhadbeguninvestinginpublishingrightstosongsthatothershadwritten,
buthewascarefulwithhisacquisitions,onlybiddingonafewofthedozensthatwereofferedtohim.Jackson's
earlyacquisitionsofmusiccatalogsandsongcopyrightssuchastheSlyStonecollectionincluded"Everyday
People"(1968),LenBarry's"123"(1965),andDionDiMucci's"TheWanderer"(1961)and"RunaroundSue"
(1961)however,hismostsignificantpurchasecamein1985,whenheacquiredthepublishingrightstoATV
MusicPublishingaftermonthsofnegotiation.[109]ATVhadacquiredthepublishingrightstonearly4000
songs,includingtheNorthernSongscatalogthatcontainedthemajorityoftheLennonMcCartney
compositionsrecordedbytheBeatles.[113]
In1984RobertHolmesCourt,thewealthyAustralianinvestorwhoownedATVMusicPublishing,
announcedhewasputtingtheATVcatalogupforsale.[113]In1981,McCartneywasofferedtheATVmusic
catalogfor20million($40million).[109][114][115]AccordingtoMcCartney,hecontactedYokoOnoabout
makingajointpurchasebysplittingthecostat10millioneach,butOnothoughttheycouldbuyitfor5
millioneach.[109][115]Whentheywereunabletomakeajointpurchase,McCartney,whodidnotwanttobethe
soleowneroftheBeatles'songs,didnotpursueanofferonhisown.[114][115]Accordingtoanegotiatorfor
HolmesCourtinthe1984sale,McCartneywasgivenfirstrightofrefusalanddeclinedtopurchase.[116]
Jacksonwasinformedofthesalebyhisattorney,JohnBranca,inSeptember1984.[113]Anattorneyfor
McCartneyalsoassuredBrancathatMcCartneywasnotinterestedinbidding.McCartneyreportedlyfeltitwas
tooexpensive,[109][114]butseveralothercompaniesandinvestorswereinterestedinbidding.Jacksonsubmitted
abidof$46milliononNovember20,1984.[113]Hisagentsthoughttheyhadadealseveraltimes,but
encounterednewbiddersornewareasofdebate.InMay1985,Jackson'steamlefttalksafterhavingspentmore
than$1millionandfourmonthsofduediligenceworkonthenegotiations.[113]InJune1985,Jacksonand
BrancalearnedthatCharlesKoppelman'sandMartyBandier'sTheEntertainmentCompanyhadmadea
tentativeagreementwithHolmesCourttobuyATVMusicfor$50millionhowever,inearlyAugust,Holmes
Court'steamcontactedJacksonandtalksresumed.Jacksonraisedhisbidto$47.5million,whichwas
acceptedbecausehecouldclosethedealmorequickly,havingalreadycompletedduediligenceofATV
Music.[113]JacksonalsoagreedtovisitHolmesCourtinAustralia,wherehewouldappearontheChannel
SevenPerthTelethon.[116]Jackson'spurchaseofATVMusicwasfinalizedonAugust10,1985.[113]
19861990:Changingappearance,tabloids,Bad,films,autobiography,andNeverland
Jackson'sskinhadbeenamediumbrowncolorduringhisyouth,butfromthemid1980sgraduallygrewpaler.
Thechangegainedwidespreadmediacoverage,includingrumorsthathemighthavebeenbleachinghis
skin.[117][118][119]AccordingtoJ.RandyTaraborrelli'sbiography,Jacksonwasdiagnosedwithvitiligoin1984
vitiligoresultsinwhitepatchesontheskin.AlthoughJacksonwasdiagnosedwithvitiligo,Taraborrellistated
thatJacksonhadbeenskinbleaching.HesaidthatJacksonwasdiagnosedwithlupus,andthatwhilethe
vitiligopartiallylightenedJackson'sskin,thelupuswasinremission.BothillnessesmadeJackson'sskin
sensitivetosunlight.ThetreatmentsJacksonusedforhisconditionfurtherlightenedhisskin,and,withthe
applicationofpancakemakeuptoevenoutblotcheshecouldappearpale.[120]Jacksonstatedthatalthoughhe
usedmakeuptocontrolthepatchyappearanceofhisskin,heneverpurposelybleachedhisskin.Hesaidofhis
vitiligo:"ItissomethingIcannothelp.WhenpeoplemakeupstoriesthatIdon'twanttobewhoIam,ithurts
me.It'saproblemforme.Ican'tcontrolit."[121]Jacksonwasalsodiagnosedwithvitiligoinhisautopsy,though
notlupus.[122]
Jacksonclaimedhehadhadonlytworhinoplastiesandnootherfacialsurgery,althoughatonepointmentioned
havinghadadimplecreatedinhischin.Helostweightintheearly1980sbecauseofachangeindietanda
desirefor"adancer'sbody".[123]Witnessesreportedthathewasoftendizzy,andspeculatedhewassuffering
fromanorexianervosa.Periodsofweightlosswouldbecomearecurringproblemlaterinlife.[124]Duringthe
courseofhistreatment,Jacksonmadetwoclosefriends:hisdermatologist,Dr.ArnoldKlein,andKlein'snurse
DebbieRowe.RoweeventuallybecameJackson'ssecondwifeandthemotherofhistwoeldestchildren.He
alsoreliedheavilyonKleinformedicalandbusinessadvice.[125]
Jacksonbecamethesubjectofincreasinglysensationalreports.In1986,thetabloidsranastoryclaimingthat
hesleptinahyperbaricoxygenchambertoslowtheagingprocesshewaspicturedlyinginaglassbox.
Althoughtheclaimwasuntrue,accordingtotabloidreportsthatarewidelycited,Jacksondisseminatedthe
fabricatedstoryhimself.[126]WhenJacksonboughtachimpanzeenamedBubblesfromalaboratory,hewas
reportedtobeincreasinglydetachedfromreality.[127]ItwasreportedthatJacksonhadofferedtobuythebones
ofJosephMerrick(the"ElephantMan")and,althoughuntrue,Jacksondidnotdenythestory.[128]Althoughhe
initiallysawthesestoriesasopportunitiesforpublicity,hestoppedleakinguntruthstothepressastheybecame
moresensational.Consequently,themediabeganfabricatingstories.[126][129][130]Thesereportsbecame
embeddedinthepublicconsciousness,inspiringthenickname"WackoJacko",whichJacksoncameto
despise.[2][131]Respondingtothegossip,JacksonremarkedtoTaraborrelli:
WhynotjusttellpeopleI'manalienfromMars?TellthemIeatlivechickensanddoavoodoo
danceatmidnight.They'llbelieveanythingyousay,becauseyou'reareporter.ButifI,Michael
Jackson,weretosay,"I'manalienfromMarsandIeatlivechickensanddoavoodoodanceat
midnight,"peoplewouldsay,"Oh,man,thatMichaelJacksonisnuts.He'scrackedup.Youcan't
believeasinglewordthatcomesoutofhismouth."[132]
JacksoncollaboratedwithfilmmakersGeorgeLucasandFrancisFordCoppola
onthe17minute3DfilmCaptainEO,whichdebutedinSeptember1986at
boththeoriginalDisneylandandatEpcotinFlorida,andinMarch1987at
TokyoDisneyland.The$30millionmoviewasapopularattractionatallthree
parks.ACaptainEOattractionwaslaterfeaturedatEuroDisneylandafterthat
parkopenedin1992.Allfourparks'CaptainEOinstallationsstayedopenwell
intothe1990s:theParisinstallationwasthelasttoclose,in1998.[133]The
attractionwouldlaterreturntoDisneylandin2010afterJackson'sdeath.[134]In
1987,JacksondisassociatedhimselffromtheJehovah'sWitnesses,inresponse
totheirdisapprovaloftheThrillervideo.[135][136]
Jacksonworeagoldplated
Withtheindustryexpectinganothermajorhit,
militarystylejacketwithbelt
Jackson'sfirstalbuminfiveyears,Bad(1987),
duringtheBadera.
washighlyanticipated.[137]Thealbumproduced
ninesingleswithsevenchartingintheU.S.Five
ofthesesingles("IJustCan'tStopLovingYou","Bad","TheWayYouMake
MeFeel","ManintheMirror",and"DirtyDiana")reachednumberoneonthe
BillboardHot100,arecordformostnumberoneHot100singlesfromanyone
album,includingThriller.[138]By2012,thealbumhadsoldbetween30and45
millioncopiesworldwide.[139][140][141][142]BruceSwedienandHumbertoGatica
wononeGrammyin1988forBestEngineeredRecordingNonClassicaland
MichaelJacksonwononeGrammyforBestMusicVideo,ShortFormfor
"LeaveMeAlone"in1989.[74][82]Inthesameyear,JacksonwonanAwardof
AchievementattheAmericanMusicAwardsafterBadbecamethefirstalbum
togeneratefivenumberonesinglesintheU.S.,thefirstalbumtotopin25
countries,andthebestsellingalbumworldwidein1987and
1988.[143][144][145][146]In1988,"Bad"wonanAmericanMusicAwardfor
FavoriteSoul/R&BSingle.[147]
Jacksonperformingin1988.
TheBadWorldTourbeganonSeptember12thatyear,finishingonJanuary14,
1989.[148]InJapanalone,thetourhad14selloutsanddrew570,000people,
nearlytriplingthepreviousrecordof200,000inasingletour.[149]JacksonbrokeaGuinnessWorldRecord
when504,000peopleattendedsevensoldoutshowsatWembleyStadium.[150]Heperformedatotalof123
concertstoanaudienceof4.4millionpeople.[151]
In1988,Jacksonreleasedhisonlyautobiography,Moonwalk,whichtookfouryearstocompleteandsold
200,000copies.[152]Hewroteabouthischildhood,theJackson5,andtheabusehehadsuffered.[153]Healso
wroteabouthischangingfacialappearance,attributingittopuberty,weightloss,astrictvegetariandiet,a
changeinhairstyle,andstagelighting.[123]MoonwalkreachedthetoppositiononTheNewYorkTimesbest
sellers'list.[154]Jacksonreleasedafilm,Moonwalker,whichfeaturedlivefootageandshortfilmsstarring
JacksonandJoePesci.Duetofinancialissues,thefilmwasonlyreleasedtheatricallyinGermanyinother
marketsitwasreleaseddirecttovideo.ItdebutedatthetopoftheBillboardTopMusicVideoCassettechart,
stayingtherefor22weeks.ItwaseventuallyknockedoffthetopspotbyMichaelJackson:TheLegend
Continues.[155]
InMarch1988,JacksonpurchasedlandnearSantaYnez,California,tobuildNeverlandRanchatacostof$17
million.[156]Heinstalledseveralcarnivalridesonthe2,700acre(11km2)property,includingaFerriswheel,
carousel,menagerie,movietheaterandzoo.[156][157][158]Asecuritystaffof40patrolledthegrounds.[157]In
2003,itwasvaluedatapproximately$100million.[159]In1989,Jackson'sannualearningsfromalbumsales,
endorsements,andconcertswereestimatedat$125millionforthatyearalone.[160]Shortlyafterwards,he
becamethefirstWesternertoappearinatelevisionadintheSovietUnion.[155]
Jackson'ssuccessearnedhimthenicknamethe"KingofPop".[6][7][8]ItwaspopularizedbyElizabethTaylor
whenshepresentedhimwiththeSoulTrainHeritageAwardin1989,proclaiminghim"thetruekingofpop,
rockandsoul."[161]PresidentGeorgeH.W.BushdesignatedhimtheWhiteHouse's"ArtistoftheDecade".[162]
From1985to1990,hedonated$455,000totheUnitedNegroCollegeFund,[163]andallprofitsfromhissingle
"ManintheMirror"wenttocharity.[164]Jackson'sliverenditionof"YouWereThere"atSammyDavisJr.'s
60thbirthdaycelebrationwonJacksonasecondEmmynomination.[92][155]
19911993:Dangerous,HealtheWorldFoundation,andSuperBowlXXVII
InMarch1991,JacksonrenewedhiscontractwithSonyfor$65million,arecordbreakingdealatthetime,[165]
displacingNeilDiamond'srenewalcontractwithColumbiaRecords.[166]In1991,hereleasedhiseighthalbum,
Dangerous,coproducedwithTeddyRiley.[167]DangerouswascertifiedseventimesplatinumintheU.S.,and
by2008hadsoldapproximately30millioncopiesworldwide.[168][169]IntheUnitedStates,thealbum'sfirst
single"BlackorWhite"wasitsbiggesthit,reachingnumberoneontheBillboardHot100andremainingthere
forsevenweeks,withsimilarchartperformancesworldwide.[170]Thesecondsingle,"RemembertheTime",
spenteightweeksinthetopfiveintheUnitedStates,peakingatnumberthreeontheBillboardHot100singles
chart.[171]Attheendof1992,Dangerouswasawardedthebestsellingalbumoftheyearworldwideand"Black
orWhite"wasawardedbestsellingsingleoftheyearworldwideattheBillboardMusicAwards.Jacksonalso
wonanawardasbestsellingartistofthe1980s.[172]In1993,heperformedthesongattheSoulTrainMusic
Awardsinachair,sayinghehadsufferedaninjuryinrehearsals.[173]IntheUKandotherpartsofEurope,
"HealtheWorld"wasthealbum'smostsuccessfulsongitsold450,000copiesintheUKandspentfiveweeks
atnumbertwoin1992.[171]
JacksonfoundedtheHealtheWorldFoundationin1992.Thecharitybroughtunderprivilegedchildrento
Jackson'sranchtoenjoytheproperty'sthemeparkrides,andsentmillionsofdollarsaroundtheglobetohelp
childrenthreatenedbywar,poverty,anddisease.Inthesameyear,Jacksonpublishedhissecondbook,Dancing
theDream,acollectionofpoetry,revealingamoreintimateside.Whileitwasacommercialsuccess,it
receivedmostlynegativereviews.In2009,thebookwasrepublishedbyDoubledayandwasmorepositively
receivedbysomecriticsinthewakeofJackson'sdeath.TheDangerousWorldTourbeganonJune27,1992,
andfinishedonNovember11,1993,havinggrossed$100millionJacksonperformedto3.5millionpeoplein
70concerts.[171][174]HesoldthebroadcastrightstohisDangerousworldtourtoHBOfor$20million,a
recordbreakingdealthatstillstands.[175]
FollowingtheillnessanddeathofAIDSspokespersonRyanWhite,Jacksonhelpeddrawpublicattentionto
HIV/AIDS,somethingthatwascontroversialatthetime.HepubliclypleadedwiththeClintonAdministration
atBillClinton'sInauguralGalatogivemoremoneytoHIV/AIDScharitiesandresearch.[176][177]Inahigh
profilevisittoAfrica,JacksonvisitedcountriesincludingGabonandEgypt.[178]HisfirststoptoGabonwas
greetedwithanenthusiasticreceptionofmorethan100,000people,someofthemcarryingsignsthatread
"WelcomeHomeMichael."[178]InhistriptoIvoryCoast,Jacksonwascrowned"KingSani"byatribal
chief.[178]HethankedthedignitariesinFrenchandEnglish,signedofficialdocumentsformalizinghiskingship,
andsatonagoldenthronewhilepresidingoverceremonialdances.[178]
InJanuary1993,JacksonperformedattheSuperBowlXXVIIhalftimeshowinPasadena,California.Because
ofadwindlinginterestduringhalftimeintheprecedingyearsaspecialliveepisodeofInLivingColor
erodedtheprevioushalftimeshow'saudienceby10ratingspointstheNFLdecidedtoseekbignametalent
thatwouldkeepratingshigh,withJacksonselectedforhisuniversalappeal.[179][180]ItwasthefirstSuperBowl
whosehalftimeperformancedrewgreateraudiencefiguresthanthegameitself.Theperformancebeganwith
Jacksoncatapultingontothestageasfireworkswentoffbehindhim,followedbyfoursongs:"Jam","Billie
Jean","BlackorWhite",and"HealtheWorld".Jackson'sDangerousalbumrose90placesinthealbumchart
aftertheperformance.[117]
Jacksongavea90minuteinterviewtoOprahWinfreyonFebruary10,1993,hissecondtelevisioninterview
since1979.Hegrimacedwhenspeakingofhischildhoodabuseatthehandsofhisfatherhebelievedhehad
missedoutonmuchofhischildhoodyears,admittingthatheoftencriedfromloneliness.Hedeniedtabloid
rumorsthathehadboughtthebonesoftheElephantMan,sleptinahyperbaricoxygenchamber,orbleached
hisskin,andstatedforthefirsttimethathehadvitiligo.Dangerousreenteredthealbumchartinthetop10,
morethanayearafteritsoriginalrelease.[32][117][171]
InFebruary1993,Jacksonwasgiventhe"LivingLegendAward"atthe35thAnnualGrammyAwardsinLos
Angeles."BlackorWhite"wasGrammynominatedforbestvocalperformance."Jam"gainedtwo
nominations:BestR&BVocalPerformanceandBestR&BSong.[171]TheDangerousalbumwonaGrammy
forBestEngineeredNonClassical,awardingtheworkofBruceSwedienandTeddyRiley.[82]Inthesame
year,MichaelJacksonwonthreeAmericanMusicAwardsforFavoritePop/RockAlbum(Dangerous),Favorite
Soul/R&BSingle("RemembertheTime"),andwasthefirsttowintheInternationalArtistAwardof
Excellence,forhisglobalperformancesandhumanitarianconcerns.[181][182]
JacksonagreedtoproducethesoundtrackforSega's1994videogameSonictheHedgehog3withcollaborators
BradBuxer,BobbyBrooks,DarrylRoss,GeoffGrace,DougGrigsby,andCiroccoJones.[183][184][185]Jackson
lefttheprojectbeforecompletionandwasneverofficiallycreditedsomesourcesstateJacksonwasdissatisfied
withtheSegaGenesisconsole'saudiochip,whileotherssuggestSegadistanceditselffromJacksonfollowing
thefirstallegationsofchildsexualabuseagainsthim.[186][187][188]
19931994:Firstchildsexualabuseallegationsandfirstmarriage
Inthe1993,Jacksonwasaccusedofchildsexualabusebya13yearoldboy,JordanChandler,andhisfather,
EvanChandler,adentist.[189][190][191]TheChandlerfamilydemandedpaymentfromJackson,whichherefused.
JordanChandlereventuallytoldthepolicethatJacksonhadsexuallyabusedhim.[128][192]Jordan'smotherwas,
however,adamantthattherehadbeennowrongdoingonJackson'spart.[191]Evanwasrecordeddiscussinghis
intentiontopursuecharges,saying,"IfIgothroughwiththis,Iwinbigtime.There'snowayIlose.Iwillget
everythingIwantandtheywillbedestroyedforever.....Michael'scareerwillbeover."[191]Jacksonusedthe
recordingtoarguethathewasthevictimofajealousfatherwhoseonlygoalwastoextortmoney.[191]In
January1994,afteraninvestigation,deputyLosAngelesCountydistrictattorneyMichaelJ.Montagnastated
thatChandlerwouldnotbechargedwithextortion,duetolackofcooperationfromJackson'spartyandits
willingnesstonegotiatewithChandlerforseveralweeks,amongotherreasons.[193]
InAugust1993,policeraidedJackson'shomeand,accordingtocourtdocuments,foundbooksandphotographs
inhisbedroomfeaturingyoungboyswithlittleornoclothing.[194]Sincethebookswerelegaltopurchaseand
own,thejurydecidednottoindictJackson.[195]JordanChandlergavepoliceadescriptionofJackson'sintimate
partsastripsearchrevealedthatJordanhadcorrectlyclaimedJacksonhadpatchycoloredbuttocks,short
pubichair,andpinkandbrownmarkedtesticles.[196]Reportedly,Jordanhadalsodrawnaccuratepicturesofa
darkspotonJackson'spenisonlyvisiblewhenhispeniswaslifted.[197]Despitedifferinginitialinternalreports
fromprosecutorsandinvestigators,[198]withreportsofjurorsfeelingthatthephotosdidnotmatchthe
description,[199]theDAstatedhisbeliefinaswornaffidavitthatthedescriptionwasaccurate,[200]alongwith
thesheriff'sphotographerstatingthedescriptionwasaccurate.[201]A2004motionfiledbyJackson'sdefense
assertedthatJacksonwasnevercriminallyindictedbyanygrandjuryandthathissettlementadmittedno
wrongdoingandcontainednoevidenceofcriminalmisconduct.[202]
Theinvestigationwasinconclusiveandnochargeswerefiled.[199]Jacksondescribedthesearchinanemotional
publicstatement,andproclaimedhisinnocence.[189][196][203]OnJanuary1,1994,Jacksonsettledwiththe
Chandlersoutofcourtfor$22million.ASantaBarbaraCountygrandjuryandaLosAngelesCountygrand
jurydisbandedonMay2,1994,withoutindictingJackson.[204]TheChandlersstoppedcooperatingwiththe
criminalinvestigationaroundJuly6,1994.[202][205][206]Theoutofcourtsettlement'sdocumentationstated
JacksonadmittednowrongdoingandnoliabilitytheChandlersandtheirfamilylawyerLarryFeldmansigned
itwithoutcontest.[207]Feldmanstated"nobodyboughtanybody'ssilence".[208]
Adecadeafterthefact,duringthesecondroundofchildabuseallegations,Jackson'slawyerswouldfilea
memostatingthatthe1994settlementwasmadewithouthisconsent.[202]AlaterdisclosurebytheFBIof
investigationdocumentscompiledovernearly20yearsledJackson'sattorneytosuggestthatnoevidenceof
molestationorsexualimproprietyfromJacksontowardminorsexisted.[209]Accordingtoreports,the
DepartmentofChildrenandFamilyServices(LosAngelesCounty)investigatedJacksonbeginningin1993
withtheChandlerallegationandagainin2003.ReportsshowtheLAPDandDCFSdidnotfindcredible
evidenceofabuseorsexualmisconduct.[210][211][212]
InMay1994,JacksonmarriedLisaMariePresley,thedaughterofElvisandPriscillaPresley.Theyhadmetin
1975,whenasevenyearoldPresleyattendedoneofJackson'sfamilyengagementsattheMGMGrandHotel
andCasino,andreconnectedthroughamutualfriend.[213]AccordingtoafriendofPresley's,"theiradult
friendshipbeganinNovember1992inL.A."[214]Theystayedincontacteverydayoverthetelephone.Asthe
childmolestationaccusationsbecamepublic,JacksonbecamedependentonPresleyforemotionalsupportshe
wasconcernedabouthisfalteringhealthandaddictiontodrugs.[215]Presleysaid:"Ibelievedhedidn'tdo
anythingwrongandthathewaswronglyaccusedandyesIstartedfallingforhim.Iwantedtosavehim.Ifelt
thatIcoulddoit."[216]Sheeventuallypersuadedhimtosettlethecivilcaseoutofcourtandgointo
rehabilitationtorecover.[215]
JacksonproposedtoPresleyoverthetelephonetowardsthefallof1993,saying:"IfIaskedyoutomarryme,
wouldyoudoit?"[215]TheymarriedintheDominicanRepublicinsecrecy,denyingitfornearlytwomonths
afterwards.[217]Themarriagewas,inherwords,"amarriedcouple'slife...thatwassexuallyactive."[218]The
tabloidmediaspeculatedthattheweddingwasaploytopropupJackson'spublicimage.[217]Themarriage
endedlessthantwoyearslaterwithanamicabledivorcesettlement.[219]Ina2010interviewwithOprah,
Presleyadmittedthattheyhadspentfourmoreyearsafterthedivorce"gettingbacktogetherandbreakingup"
untilshedecidedtostop.[220]
19951997:HIStory,secondmarriage,andfatherhood
InJune1995,JacksonreleasedthedoublealbumHIStory:Past,PresentandFuture,BookI.Thefirstdisc,
HIStoryBegins,isa15trackgreatesthitsalbum(laterreissuedasGreatestHits:HIStory,VolumeIin2001)
theseconddisc,HIStoryContinues,contains13originalsongsandtwocoverversions.Thealbumdebutedat
numberoneonthechartsandhasbeencertifiedforsevenmillionshipmentsintheUS.[221]Itisthebestselling
multiplediscalbumofalltime,with20millioncopies(40millionunits)soldworldwide.[170][222]HIStory
receivedaGrammynominationforAlbumoftheYear.[223]
ThefirstsinglereleasedHIStorywas"Scream/Childhood"."Scream",aduetwithJackson'syoungestsister
Janet,proteststhemedia,particularlyitstreatmentofhimduringthe1993childabuseallegations.Thesingle
hadthehighestdebutontheBillboardHot100atnumberfive,andreceivedaGrammynominationfor"Best
PopCollaborationwithVocals".[223]"YouAreNotAlone"wasthesecondsinglereleasedfromHIStoryit
holdstheGuinnessWorldRecordforthefirstsongevertodebutatnumberoneontheBillboardHot100
chart.[160]Itwasseenasamajorartisticandcommercialsuccess,receivingaGrammynominationfor"Best
PopVocalPerformance".[223]
Inlate1995,Jacksonwasrushedtoahospitalaftercollapsingduringrehearsals
foratelevisedperformance,causedbyastressrelatedpanicattack.[224]In
November,JacksonmergedhisATVMusiccatalogwithSony'smusic
publishingdivision,creatingSony/ATVMusicPublishing.Heretained
ownershipofhalfthecompany,earning$95millionupfrontaswellasthe
rightstomoresongs.[225][226]"EarthSong"wasthethirdsinglereleasedfrom
HIStory,andtoppedtheUKSinglesChartforsixweeksoverChristmas1995it
soldamillioncopies,makingitJackson'smostsuccessfulsingleintheUK.[223]
Thetrack"TheyDon'tCareAboutUs"becamecontroversialwhentheAnti
DefamationLeagueandothergroupscriticizeditsallegedlyantisemiticlyrics.
Jacksonquicklyreleasedarevisedversionofthesongwithouttheoffending
lyrics.[227]In1996,JacksonwonaGrammyforBestMusicVideo,ShortForm
for"Scream"andanAmericanMusicAwardforFavoritePop/RockMale MichaelJacksonatthe1997
Artist.[74][228] CannesFilmFestivalforthe
Ghostsmusicvideo
HIStorywaspromotedwiththesuccessfulHIStoryWorldTour,beginningon premiere.
September7,1996,andendingonOctober15,1997.Jacksonperformed82
concertsinfivecontinents,35countriesand58citiestoover4.5millionfans,
andgrossedatotalof$165million,becomingJackson'smostsuccessfultourintermsofaudiencefigures.[148]
Duringthetour,JacksonmarriedhislongtimefriendDeborahJeanneRowe,adermatologynurse,inan
impromptuceremonyinSydney,Australia.Rowewasapproximatelysixmonthspregnantwiththecouple's
firstchildatthetime.Originally,RoweandJacksonhadnoplanstomarry,butJackson'smotherKatherine
persuadedthemtodoso.[229]MichaelJosephJacksonJr(commonlyknownasPrince)wasbornonFebruary
13,1997hissisterParisMichaelKatherineJacksonwasbornayearlateronApril3,1998.[219][230]Thecouple
divorcedin1999,andJacksonreceivedfullcustodyofthechildren.Thedivorcewasrelativelyamicable,buta
subsequentcustodysuitwasnotsettleduntil2006.[231][232]
In1997,JacksonreleasedBloodontheDanceFloor:HIStoryintheMix,whichcontainedremixesofhit
singlesfromHIStoryandfivenewsongs.Worldwidesalesstandat6millioncopies,makingitthebestselling
remixalbumofalltime.[233]ItreachednumberoneintheUK,asdidthetitletrack.[233][234]IntheUS,the
albumwascertifiedplatinum,butonlyreachednumber24.[168][223]ForbesplacedJackson'sannualincomeat
$35millionin1996and$20millionin1997.[159]
19972002:LabeldisputeandInvincible
FromOctober1997toSeptember2001,JacksonworkedwithcollaboratorsincludingTeddyRileyandRodney
Jerkinstoproducewhatwouldbehistenthsoloalbum,Invincible.Thealbumcost$30milliontorecord,not
includingpromotionalexpenditures.[235]ThroughoutJune1999,Jacksonwasinvolvedinanumberof
charitableevents.HejoinedLucianoPavarottiforabenefitconcertinModena,Italy.Theshowwasinsupport
ofthenonprofitorganizationWarChild,andraisedamilliondollarsfortherefugeesofKosovo,FR
Yugoslavia,andadditionalfundsforthechildrenofGuatemala.[236]Laterthatmonth,Jacksonorganizeda
seriesof"MichaelJackson&Friends"benefitconcertsinGermanyandKorea.Otherartistsinvolvedincluded
Slash,TheScorpions,BoyzIIMen,LutherVandross,MariahCarey,A.R.Rahman,PrabhuDevaSundaram,
Shobana,AndreaBocelli,andLucianoPavarotti.TheproceedswenttotheNelsonMandelaChildren'sFund,
theRedCrossandUNESCO.[237]FromAugust1999through2000,helivedinNewYorkCityat4East74th
Street.[238]Attheturnofthecentury,JacksonwonanAmericanMusicAwardasArtistofthe1980s.[239]
InSeptember2001,two30thAnniversaryconcertswereheldatMadisonSquareGardentomarkJackson's
30thyearasasoloartist.Jacksonappearedonstagealongsidehisbrothersforthefirsttimesince1984.The
showalsofeaturedperformancesbyartistsincludingMa,Usher,WhitneyHouston,NSYNC,Destiny'sChild,
Monica,LutherVandross,andSlash.[240]ThesecondshowtookplacethenightbeforetheSeptember11,2001,
terroristattacks.[241]After9/11,JacksonhelpedorganizetheUnitedWeStand:WhatMoreCanIGivebenefit
concertatRFKStadiuminWashington,D.C.TheconcerttookplaceonOctober21,2001,andincluded
performancesfromdozensofmajorartists,includingJackson,whoperformedhissong"WhatMoreCanI
Give"asthefinale.[242]Duetocontractualissuesrelatedtotheearlier30thAnniversaryconcerts,lateredited
intoatwohourTVspecialtitledMichaelJackson:30thAnniversaryCelebrationbroadcastinNovember2001,
Jackson'ssoloperformanceswereomittedfromthetelevisedbenefitconcert,althoughhecouldstillbeseen
singingbackingvocals.
ThereleaseofInvinciblewasprecededbyadisputebetweenJacksonandhisrecordlabel,SonyMusic
Entertainment.Jacksonhadexpectedthelicensestothemastersofhisalbumstoreverttohimsometimeinthe
early2000s,afterwhichhewouldbeabletopromotethematerialhoweverhepleasedandkeeptheprofits
however,clausesinthecontractsettherevertdateyearsintothefuture.Jacksondiscoveredthattheattorney
whohadrepresentedhiminthedealhadalsobeenrepresentingSony.[234]Hewasalsoconcernedthatforyears
SonyhadbeenpressuringhimtosellhisshareinitsmusiccatalogventurehefearedthatSonymighthavehad
aconflictofinterest,sinceifJackson'scareerfailed,hewouldhavehadtosellhisshareofthecatalogatalow
price.[242]Jacksonsoughtanearlyexitfromhiscontract.[234]
InvinciblewasreleasedonOctober30,2001tomuchanticipation.ItwasJackson'sfirstfulllengthalbuminsix
years,andthelastalbumoforiginalmaterialhereleasedinhislifetime.[234]Itdebutedatnumberonein13
countriesandwentontosellapproximately13millioncopiesworldwide.Itreceiveddoubleplatinum
certificationintheU.S.[168][170]However,salesforInvinciblewerelowerthanJackson'spreviousreleases,due
inparttotherecordlabeldisputeandthelackofpromotionortour,anditsreleaseatabadtime[243]forthe
musicindustryingeneral.[242]Invinciblespawnedthreesingles,"YouRockMyWorld","Cry",and
"Butterflies",thelatterwithoutamusicvideo.
OnJanuary22,2002,Jacksonwonhis22ndAmericanMusicAwardforArtistoftheCentury.[244]OnFebruary
22ofthesameyear,histhirdchild,PrinceMichaelJacksonII(nicknamed"Blanket")wasborn.[245]The
mother'sidentitywasnotannounced,butJacksonsaidPrincewastheresultofartificialinseminationfroma
surrogatemotherandhisownsperm.[231]JacksonallegedinJuly2002thatthethenSonyMusicchairman
TommyMottolawasa"devil"and"racist"whodidnotsupporthisAfricanAmericanartists,usingthem
merelyforhisowngain.[242]HechargedthatMottolahadcalledhiscolleagueIrvGottia"fatnigger".[246]Sony
refusedtorenewJackson'scontract,andclaimedthata$25millionpromotionalcampaignhadfailedbecause
JacksonrefusedtotourintheUnitedStates.[235]
20022005:Secondchildsexualabuseallegationsandacquittal
BeginninginMay2002,Jacksonallowedadocumentaryfilmcrew,led
byBritishTVpersonalityMartinBashir,tofollowhimaroundnearly
everywherehewent.OnNovember20ofthatyear,Jacksonbroughthis
infantsonPrinceontothebalconyofhisroomattheHotelAdlonin
Berlinasfansstoodbelow,holdinghiminhisrightarmwithacloth
looselydrapedoverPrince'sface.Princewasbrieflyextendedovera
railing,fourstoriesabovegroundlevel,promptingwidespreadcriticism
inthemedia.Jacksonlaterapologizedfortheincident,callingit"a
terriblemistake".[247]Bashir'screwwaswithJacksonduringthis
incidenttheprogramwasbroadcastinMarch2003asLivingwith
MichaelJackson.Inaparticularlycontroversialscene,Jacksonwas
seenholdinghandsanddiscussingsleepingarrangementswithayoung JacksoninLasVegas,2003.
boy.[248]
Assoonasthedocumentaryaired,theSantaBarbaracountyattorney'sofficebeganacriminalinvestigation.
AfteraninitialprobefromtheLAPDandDCFSwasconductedinFebruary2003,theyhadinitiallyconcluded
thatmolestationallegationswere"unfounded"atthetime.[212]Aftertheyoungboyinvolvedinthe
documentaryandhismotherhadtoldinvestigatorsthatJacksonhadbehavedimproperly,Jacksonwasarrested
inNovember2003andchargedwithsevencountsofchildmolestationandtwocountsofadministeringan
intoxicatingagentinrelationtothe13yearoldboyshowninthefilm.[248]Jacksondeniedtheallegations,
sayingthesleepoverswerenotsexualinnature.ThePeoplev.JacksontrialbeganonJanuary31,2005,in
SantaMaria,California,andlasteduntiltheendofMay.OnJune13,2005,Jacksonwasacquittedonall
counts.[249][250][251]Afterthetrial,inahighlypublicizedrelocation,hemovedtothePersianGulfislandof
BahrainasaguestofSheikhAbdullah.[252]UnknowntoJackson,Bahrainwasalsowherethefamilyhad
intendedtosendJacksonifhehadbeenconvicted,accordingtoastatementbyJermaineJacksonprintedinThe
TimesofLondoninSeptember2011.[253]
OnNovember17,2003,threedaysbeforeJackson'sarrest,SonyreleasedNumberOnes,acompilationof
Jackson'shitsonCDandDVD.IntheU.S.,thealbumwascertifiedtripleplatinumbytheRIAAintheUKit
wascertifiedsixtimesplatinumforshipmentsofatleast1.2millionunits.[168][254]
20062009:ClosureofNeverland,finalyears,andThisIsIt
InMarch2006,amidstreportsthatJacksonwashavingfinancialproblems,the
mainhouseatNeverlandRanchwasclosedasacostcuttingmeasure.[255]
Jacksonhadbeendelinquentonhisrepaymentsofa$270millionloansecured
againsthismusicpublishingholdings,eventhoughtheholdingswere
reportedlymakinghimasmuchas$75millionayear.[256]BankofAmerica
soldthedebttoFortressInvestments.Sonyreportedlyproposedarestructuring
dealwhichwouldgivethemafutureoptiontobuyhalfofJackson'sstakein
theirjointlyownedpublishingcompany,leavingJacksonwitha25%stake.[226]
JacksonagreedtoaSonybackedrefinancingdealinApril2006,althoughthe
detailswerenotmadepublic.[257]Jacksondidnothavearecordingcontractat
thetime.Inearly2006,itwasannouncedthatJacksonhadsignedacontract
withaBahrainbasedstartup,TwoSeasRecordsnothingcameofthedeal,and
TwoSeasCEOGuyHolmeslaterstatedthatithadneverbeenfinalized.[258][259]
Throughout2006,Sonyrepackaged20singlesfromthe1980sand1990sasthe
JacksonandhissonBlanket MichaelJackson:Visionaryseries,whichsubsequentlybecameaboxset.Most
inDisneylandParis,2006. ofthesinglesreturnedtothechartsasaresult.InSeptember2006,Jacksonand
hisexwifeDebbieRoweconfirmedreportsthattheyhadsettledtheirlongrunningchildcustodysuit.The
termswerenevermadepublic.Jacksoncontinuedtobethecustodialparentofthecouple'stwochildren.[232]
InOctober2006,FoxNewsentertainmentreporterRogerFriedmansaidthatJacksonhadbeenrecordingata
studioinruralWestmeath,Ireland.ItwasnotknownatthetimewhatJacksonwasworkingon,orwhohadpaid
forthesessions,sincehispublicisthadrecentlyissuedastatementclaimingthathehadleftTwoSeas.[259][260]
InNovember2006,JacksoninvitedanAccessHollywoodcameracrewintothestudioinWestmeath,and
MSNBCreportedthathewasworkingonanewalbum,producedbywill.i.am.[170]Jacksonperformedatthe
WorldMusicAwardsinLondononNovember15,2006,andacceptedaDiamondAwardforsellingover
100millionrecords.[170][261]HereturnedtotheUnitedStatesafterChristmas2006toattendJamesBrown's
funeralinAugusta,Georgia,wherehegaveoneoftheeulogies,sayingthat"JamesBrownismygreatest
inspiration."[262]
In2007,JacksonandSonyboughtanothermusicpublishingcompany,FamousMusicLLC,formerlyownedby
Viacom.ThisdealgavehimtherightstosongsbyEminemandBeck,amongothers.[263][264]InMarch2007,
JacksongaveabriefinterviewtotheAssociatedPressinTokyo,wherehesaid:"I'vebeenintheentertainment
industrysinceIwas6yearsold,andasCharlesDickenswouldsay,'It'sbeenthebestoftimes,theworstof
times.'ButIwouldnotchangemycareer...Whilesomehavemadedeliberateattemptstohurtme,Itakeitin
stridebecauseIhavealovingfamily,astrongfaithandwonderfulfriendsandfanswhohave,andcontinue,to
supportme."[265]Thatmonth,JacksonvisitedaU.S.ArmypostinJapan,CampZama,togreetover3,000U.S.
troopsandtheirfamilies.ThehostspresentedJacksonwithaCertificateofAppreciation.[266]
InSeptember2007,Jacksonwasstillworkingonhisnextalbum,butitwasnevercompleted.[267]In2008,
JacksonandSonyreleasedThriller25tomarkthe25thanniversaryoftheoriginalThriller.Thealbumfeatured
thepreviouslyunreleasedsong"ForAllTime",anouttakefromtheoriginalsessions,aswellasremixesby
youngerartistswhohadbeeninspiredbyJackson'swork.[268]Tworemixeswerereleasedassingleswith
modestsuccess:"TheGirlIsMine2008"(withwill.i.am),basedonanearlydemoversionoftheoriginalsong
withoutPaulMcCartney,and"WannaBeStartin'Somethin'2008"(withAkon).Thealbumwasacommercial
success.[268][269][270][271]InanticipationofJackson's50thbirthday,SonyBMGreleasedaseriesofgreatesthits
albums,KingofPop.Slightlydifferentversionswerereleasedinvariouscountries,basedonpollsoflocal
fans.[272]KingofPopreachedthetop10inmostcountrieswhereitwasissued,andalsosoldwellasanimport
inothercountries(suchastheUnitedStates).[273][274]
Inlate2008,FortressInvestmentsthreatenedtoforecloseonNeverland
Ranch,whichJacksonusedascollateralforloansrunningintomany
tensofmillionsofdollars.However,FortressoptedtosellJackson's
debtstoColonyCapitalLLC.InNovember,Jacksontransferred
NeverlandRanch'stitletoSycamoreValleyRanchCompanyLLC,a
jointventurebetweenJacksonandColonyCapitalLLC.Thedeal
clearedJackson'sdebtandreportedlyearnedhimanadditional
$35million.Atthetimeofhisdeath,Jacksonstillownedastakeof
AnaerialviewofpartofJackson's
unknownsizeinNeverland/SycamoreValley.[275][276]InSeptember
2,800acre(11km2)Neverland 2008,JacksonenterednegotiationswithJulien'sAuctionHouseto
ValleyRanchnearLosOlivos, displayandauctionalargecollectionofmemorabiliaamountingto
California,showingthemanyrides. approximately1,390lots.Theauctionwasscheduledtotakeplace
betweenApril22and25.[277]Anexhibitionofthelotsopenedas
scheduledonApril14,butJacksoneventuallycancelledtheauction.[278]
InMarch2009,JacksonheldapressconferenceatLondon'sO2Arenatoannounceaseriesofcomeback
concertstitledThisIsIt.TheshowswouldhavebeenJackson'sfirstmajorseriesofconcertssincetheHIStory
WorldTourfinishedin1997.Jacksonsuggestedretirementaftertheshows,sayingitwouldbehis"finalcurtain
call".Theinitialplanwasfor10concertsinLondon,followedbyshowsinParis,NewYorkCityandMumbai.
RandyPhillips,presidentandchiefexecutiveofAEGLive,statedthatthefirst10datesalonewouldearnthe
singerapproximately50million.[279]TheLondonresidencywasincreasedto50datesafterrecordbreaking
ticketsales:overonemillionweresoldinlessthantwohours.[280]Theconcertswouldhavecommencedon
July13,2009,andfinishedonMarch6,2010.JacksonrehearsedinLosAngelesintheweeksleadinguptothe
tourunderthedirectionofchoreographerKennyOrtega.MostoftheserehearsalstookplaceattheStaples
Center,ownedbyAEG.[281]LessthanthreeweeksbeforethefirstshowwasduetobegininLondon,withall
concertssoldout,Jacksondiedaftersufferingcardiacarrest.[282]Sometimebeforehisdeath,itwasreported
thathewasstartingaclothinglinewithChristianAudigier.[283][284]
Jackson'sfirstposthumoussongreleasedentirelybyhisestatewas"ThisIsIt",whichhehadcowritteninthe
1980swithPaulAnka.Itwasnotonthesetlistsfortheconcerts,andtherecordingwasbasedonanolddemo
tape.Thesurvivingbrothersreunitedinthestudioforthefirsttimesince1989torecordbackingvocals.On
October28,2009,Sonyreleasedadocumentaryfilmabouttherehearsals,MichaelJackson'sThisIsIt.[285]
Despitealimitedtwoweekengagement,itbecamethehighestgrossingdocumentaryorconcertfilmofall
time,withearningsofmorethan$260millionworldwide.[286]Jackson'sestatereceived90%oftheprofits.[287]
Thefilmwasaccompaniedbyacompilationalbumofthesamename.Twoversionsof"ThisIsIt"appearon
thealbum,whichalsofeaturedoriginalmastersofJackson'shitsintheorderinwhichtheyappearinthefilm,
alongwithabonusdiscwithpreviouslyunreleasedversionsofmoreJacksonhitsandaspokenwordpoem,
"PlanetEarth".[288]Atthe2009AmericanMusicAwards,Jacksonwonfourposthumousawards,twoforhim
andtwoforhisalbumNumberOnes,bringinghistotalAmericanMusicAwardsto26.[289][290]
Deathandmemorial
OnJune25,2009,Jacksonstoppedbreathingwhileattemptingtosleep
underthecareofConradMurray,hispersonalphysician.Murrayhad
reportedlygivenJacksonanarrayofmedicationsinanattempttohelp
himsleepathisrentedmansioninHolmbyHills,LosAngeles.
AttemptsatresuscitatingJacksonwereunsuccessful.[291][292]Los
AngelesFireDepartmentparamedicsreceiveda911callat12:22pm
(PDT,19:22UTC),arrivingthreeminuteslater.[293][294]Jacksonwas
reportedlynotbreathingandCPRwasperformed.[295]Resuscitation
FansflockedtoJackson'sstaronthe effortscontinuedenroutetoRonaldReaganUCLAMedicalCenter,
HollywoodWalkofFame,adorning andformorethananhourafterarrivingthereat1:13pm(20:13UTC).
itwithflowersandnotesontheday Hewaspronounceddeadat2:26pmPacifictime(21:26UTC).[296][297]
ofhisdeath.
Jackson'sdeathtriggeredaglobaloutpouringofgrief.[292]Thenews
spreadquicklyonline,causingwebsitestoslowdownandcrashfromuseroverload,[298]andputting
unprecedentedstrain[299]onservicesandwebsitesincludingGoogle,[300]AOLInstantMessenger,[299]Twitter,
andWikipedia.[300]Overall,webtrafficrangedfrom11%toatleast20%higherthannormal.[301][302]MTVand
BETairedmarathonsofJackson'smusicvideos.[303]Jacksonspecialsairedontelevisionstationsaroundthe
world.[304]MTVbrieflyreturnedtoitsoriginalmusicvideoformat,[305]airinghoursofJackson'smusicvideos,
accompaniedbylivenewsspecialsfeaturingreactionsfromMTVpersonalitiesandothercelebrities.[306]
Jackson'smemorialwasheldonJuly7,2009attheStaplesCenterinLosAngeles,precededbyaprivatefamily
serviceatForestLawnMemorialPark'sHallofLiberty.Ticketstothememorialweredistributedvialottery
over1.6millionfansappliedforticketsduringthetwodayapplicationperiod.8,750namesweredrawnat
random,witheachrecipientreceivingtwoticketseach.[307]Jackson'scasketwaspresentduringthememorial
butnoinformationwasreleasedaboutthefinaldispositionofthebody.Thememorialservicewasoneofthe
mostwatchedeventsinstreaminghistory,[308]withanestimatedU.S.audienceof31.1million,anamount
comparabletotheestimated35.1millionthatwatchedthe2004burial
offormerpresidentRonaldReaganandtheestimated33.1million
Americanswhowatchedthe1997funeralforPrincessDiana.[309]
MariahCarey,StevieWonder,LionelRichie,JohnMayer,Jennifer
Hudson,Usher,JermaineJackson,andShaheenJafargholiperformedat
theevent.BerryGordyandSmokeyRobinsongaveeulogies,while
QueenLatifahread"WeHadHim",apoemwrittenfortheoccasionby
MayaAngelou.[310]TheReverendAlSharptonreceivedastanding
ovationwithcheerswhenhetoldJackson'schildren:"Wasn'tnothing
strangeaboutyourdaddy.Itwasstrangewhatyourdaddyhadtodeal
with.Buthedealtwithitanyway."[311]Jackson's11yearolddaughter
ParisKatherine,speakingpubliclyforthefirsttime,weptasshetoldthe
crowd:"EversinceIwasborn,Daddyhasbeenthebestfatheryou
couldeverimagine...IjustwantedtosayIlovehim...so
much."[312][313]ReverendLuciousSmithprovidedaclosingprayer.[314]
Jackson'stombintheHollyTerrace
Atthetimeofdeath,Jacksonhadbeenadministeredpropofol, oftheGreatMausoleum,Forest
LawnGlendale.
lorazepam,andmidazolam,[315]andtheLosAngelescoronerdecidedto
treatthedeathasahomicide.[316][317]Lawenforcementofficials
conductedamanslaughterinvestigationofhispersonalphysicianConradMurray,andchargedhimwith
involuntarymanslaughterinLosAngelesonFebruary8,2010.[318]Jackson'sbodywasentombedonSeptember
3,2009,atForestLawnMemorialParkinGlendale,California.[319]
OnJune25,2010,thefirstanniversaryofJackson'sdeath,fanstraveled
toLosAngelestopaytribute.TheyvisitedJackson'sstaronthe
HollywoodWalkofFame,hisfamilyhome,andForestLawnMemorial
Park.Manycarriedsunflowersandothertributestoleaveatthesites.
MembersoftheJacksonfamilyandclosefriendsarrivedtopaytheir
respects.[320][321]KatherinereturnedtoGary,Indianatounveilagranite
monumentconstructedinthefrontyardofthefamilyhome.The
memorialcontinuedwithacandlelightvigilandaspecialperformance
of"WeAretheWorld".[322][323] Tributeoffansfromalloverthe
worldintheForestLawnMemorial
OnJune26,fansmarchedinfrontoftheLosAngelesPolice Parkonthefirstanniversaryofhis
Department'sRobberyHomicideDivisionattheoldParkerCenter death.
building,andassembledapetitionwiththousandsofsignatures,
demandingjusticeinthehomicideinvestigation.[324][325]TheJackson
FamilyFoundation,inconjunctionwithVoiceplate,presented"ForeverMichael",aneventbringingtogether
Jacksonfamilymembers,celebrities,fans,supportersandthecommunitytocelebrateandhonorhislegacy.A
portionoftheproceedswerepresentedtosomeofJackson'sfavoritecharities.[326][327][328]
Aftermath
Inthe12monthsafterhisdeath,Jacksonsoldmorethan8.2millionalbumsintheUnitedStatesand35million
albumsworldwide,makinghimthebestsellingalbumsartistof2009.[329][330]Hebecamethefirstartisttosell
onemilliondownloadsinaweekinmusicdownloadhistory,witharecordbreaking2.6milliondownloadsof
hissongs.Threeofhisalbumssoldmorethananynewalbum,thefirsttimeacatalogalbumhaseverscanned
moresalesthananynewalbum.[331]Jacksonalsobecamethefirstartistinhistorytohavefourofthetop20
bestsellingalbumsinasingleyearintheUnitedStates.[329]Followingthissurgeinsales,Sonyextendedits
distributionrightsforJackson'smaterial,whichhadbeenduetoexpirein2015.[332]OnMarch16,2010,Sony
MusicEntertainment,spearheadedbyitsColumbia/EpicLabelGroupdivision,signedanewdealwiththe
Jacksonestatetoextendtheirdistributionrightstohisbackcatalogueuntilatleast2017,andreleasetennew
albumsofpreviouslyunreleasedmaterialandnewcollectionsofreleasedwork.[333]
OnNovember4,2010,Sonyannouncedthefirstposthumousalbum,Michael,releasedonDecember14,with
thepromotionalsingle,"BreakingNews",releasedtoradioonNovember8.[334]SonyMusicpaidtheJackson
estate$250millionforthedeal,plusroyalties,makingitthemostexpensivemusiccontractpertainingtoa
singleartistinhistory.[332][335]VideogamedeveloperUbisoftannouncedadancingandsinginggamefeaturing
MichaelJacksonforthe2010holidayseason,MichaelJackson:TheExperienceitwasamongthefirstgames
touseKinectandPlayStationMove,themotiondetectingcamerasystemsforMicrosoft'sXbox360andSony's
PlayStation3respectively.[336]
OnNovember3,2010,thetheatrecompanyCirqueduSoleilannouncedthatitwouldlaunchMichaelJackson:
TheImmortalWorldTourinOctober2011inMontreal,whileapermanentshowwouldresideinLasVegas.[337]
The90minute$57millionproductioncombinedJackson'smusicandchoreographywiththeCirque'sartistry,
danceandaerialdisplaysinvolving65artists.[338]OnOctober3,2011,acompilationsoundtrackalbum
accompanyingthetour,Immortal,wasannounced.[339]Asecond,largerandmoretheatricalCirqueshow,
MichaelJackson:One,designedforresidencyattheMandalayBayresortinLasVegas,wasannouncedon
February21,2013.ThisshowbeganitsrunonMay23,2013inanewlyrenovatedtheatertocriticaland
commercialsuccess.[340][341][342][343]
InApril2011,billionairebusinessmanMohamedAlFayed,chairmanofFulhamFootballClub,unveileda
statueofMichaelJacksonoutsidetheclub'sstadium,CravenCottage.[344]Fulhamfanswerebemusedbythe
statueandfailedtounderstandtherelevanceofJacksontotheclub.[345]AlFayeddefendedthestatueandtold
thefansto"gotohell"iftheydidnotappreciateit.[344]ThestatuewasremovedinSeptember2013[346]and
movedtotheNationalFootballMuseuminManchesterinMay2014.[347]
In2012,inanattempttoendpublicfamilyfeuding,Jackson'sbrotherJermaineJacksonretractedhissignature
onapubliclettercriticizingexecutorsofMichaelJackson'sestateandhismother'sadvisersconcerningthe
legitimacyofhisbrother'swill.[348]T.J.Jackson,sonofTitoJackson,wasgivencoguardianshipofMichael
Jackson'schildrenafterfalsereportssurfacedofKatherineJacksongoingmissing.[349]
OnMay16,2013,choreographerWadeRobsonallegedonTheTodayShowthatJackson"performedsexual
actsonmeandforcedmetoperformsexualactsonhim"for7years,beginningwhenRobsonwas7years
old.[350]RobsonhadpreviouslytestifiedindefenceofJacksonatthesinger's2005childmolestationtrial.[351]
TheattorneyforJackson'sestatedescribedRobson'sclaimas"outrageousandpathetic".[352]Thedateforthe
hearingwhichwilldeterminewhetherRobsoncansueJackson'sestatewasscheduledforJune2,2014.[353]In
February2014,theInternalRevenueServicereportedthatJackson'sestateowed$702million,including$505
millionintaxes,plus$197millioninpenaltiesaftertheestatehadundervaluedJackson'sfortune.[354]
OnMarch31,2014,EpicRecordsannouncedXscape,analbumofeightsongsofunreleasedmaterial.[355]It
wasreleasedonMay13,2014.[356]OnMay12,2014,anotherman,JimmySafechuck,suedJackson'sestate,
claimingJacksonsexuallyabusedhim"fromtheageof10toabout14or15"inthe1980s.[357]Duringthe2014
BillboardMusicAwardsonMay18,a"Pepper'sghost"likenessofJacksonappeared,dancingto"Slavetothe
Rhythm",oneofthetracksfromXscape.[358]Laterthatyear,QueenreleasedthreeduetsthatFreddieMercury
hadrecordedwithJacksoninthe1980s.[71]
Jackson'searningshaveexponentiallyincreasedfollowinghisdeath.AccordingtoForbes,hehasbeenthetop
earningdeadcelebrityeachyearsincehisdeath,withtripledigitmillionsperannum($825millionin2016).[20]
InDecember2015,ThrillerbecamethefirstalbumintheUnitedStatestosurpass30millionshipments,
certifyingit30platinum.[81]Twomonthslater,thealbumwascertifiedagainat32platinum,surpassing32
millionshipmentsafterSoundscanaddedstreamsandaudiodownloadstoalbumcertifications.[359]
Artistry
Influences
JacksonwasinfluencedbymusiciansincludingLittleRichard,James
Brown,[360]JackieWilson,DianaRoss,FredAstaire,[360]SammyDavisJr.,[360]
GeneKelly,[360][361]DavidRuffin,[362]theIsleyBrothers,andtheBee
Gees.[363]WhileLittleRichardhadasubstantialinfluenceonJackson,[364]
JamesBrownwashisgreatestinspirationhesaid:"EversinceIwasasmall
child,nomorethanlikesixyearsold,mymotherwouldwakemenomatter
whattimeitwas,ifIwassleeping,nomatterwhatIwasdoing,towatchthe
televisiontoseethemasteratwork.AndwhenIsawhimmove,Iwas
mesmerized.IhadneverseenaperformerperformlikeJamesBrown,andright
thenandthereIknewthatwasexactlywhatIwantedtodofortherestofmy
lifebecauseofJamesBrown."[365]
JacksonowedhisvocaltechniqueinlargeparttoDianaRoss,especiallyhisuse
oftheooohinterjection,whichheusedfromayoungageRosshadusedthis
effectonmanyofthesongsrecordedwiththeSupremes.[366]Notonlyamother Oneofmanyidentical
figuretohim,shewasoftenobservedinrehearsalasanaccomplished statues,basedonDiana
performer.[367]Hesaid:"Igottoknowherwell.Shetaughtmesomuch.Iused Walczak'soriginalHIStory
tojustsitinthecornerandwatchthewayshemoved.Shewasartinmotion.I statue,positionedthroughout
studiedthewayshemoved,thewayshesangjustthewayshewas."Hetold EuropetopromoteHIStory.
her:"Iwanttobejustlikeyou,Diana."Shesaid:"Youjustbeyourself."[368]
AccordingtochoreographerDavidWinters,whometandbefriendedJacksonwhilechoreographingthe1971
DianaRossTVspecialDiana!,JacksonwatchedthemusicalWestSideStoryalmosteveryweek,anditwashis
favoritefilmhepaidtributetoitin"BeatIt"andthe"Bad"video.[363][369][370]
Musicalthemesandgenres
Jacksonexploredavarietyofmusicgenres,includingpop,soul,rhythmandblues,funk,rock,disco,post
disco,dancepopandnewjackswing.[2][157][371][372][373][374]Unlikemanyartists,Jacksondidnotwritehis
songsonpaperandinsteaddictatedintoasoundrecorder.[375]Whencomposingmusic,hepreferredtobeatbox
andimitateinstrumentsvocallyratherthanuseinstruments.[376]
AccordingtoSteveHueyofAllMusic,[2]Thrillerrefinedthestrengths
ofOfftheWallthedanceandrocktracksweremoreaggressive,while
thepoptunesandballadsweresofterandmoresoulful.[2]Itstracks
includedtheballads"TheLadyinMyLife","HumanNature",and"The
GirlIsMine",thefunkpieces"BillieJean"and"WannaBeStartin'
Somethin'",andthediscoset"BabyBeMine"and"P.Y.T.(PrettyYoung
Thing)".[2][377][378][379]WithThriller,ChristopherConnellyofRolling
StonecommentedthatJacksondevelopedhislongassociationwiththe
subliminalthemeofparanoiaanddarkerimagery.[379]AllMusic's
Jacksonin1988,inVienna,Austria, StephenThomasErlewinenotedthisisevidentonthesongs"Billie
duringhisBadWorldTour.
Jean"and"WannaBeStartin'Somethin'".[377]In"BillieJean",Jackson
singsaboutanobsessivefanwhoallegeshehasfatheredachildofhers.[2]In"WannaBeStartin'Somethin'"he
arguesagainstgossipandthemedia.[379]"BeatIt"decriedgangviolenceinanhomagetoWestSideStory,and
wasJackson'sfirstsuccessfulrockcrossoverpiece,accordingtoHuey.[2][46]Healsoobservedthatthetitle
track"Thriller"beganJackson'sinterestwiththethemeofthesupernatural,atopicherevisitedinsubsequent
years.[2]In1985,Jacksoncowrotethecharityanthem"WeAretheWorld"humanitarianthemeslaterbecame
arecurringthemeinhislyricsandpublicpersona.[2]
InBad,Jackson'sconceptofthepredatorylovercanbeseen
"Thriller"
ontherocksong"DirtyDiana".[383]Theleadsingle"IJust MENU
0:00
Can'tStopLovingYou"isatraditionalloveballad,while
Jackson'ssong"Thriller",releasedasa
"ManintheMirror"isananthemicballadofconfessionand singlein1984,utilizescinematic
resolution."SmoothCriminal"isanevocationofbloody soundeffects,horrorfilmmotifs,and
assault,rapeandlikelymurder.[137]AllMusic'sStephen vocaltrickerytoconveyasenseof
ThomasErlewinestatesthatDangerouspresentsJacksonas danger. [57]
aparadoxicalindividual.[384]Hecommentsthealbumis "SmoothCriminal"
morediversethanhispreviousBad,asitappealstoan 0:00 MENU
urbanaudiencewhilealsoattractingthemiddleclasswith
AsinglefromthealbumBad,released
anthemslike"HealtheWorld".[384]Thefirsthalfofthe 1988,"SmoothCriminal"features
recordisdedicatedtonewjackswing,includingsongslike digitaldrumsounds,keyboardcreated
basslines,andotherpercussion
"Jam"and"RemembertheTime".[385]Itwasthefirst elementsdesignedtogivethe
Jacksonalbuminwhichsocialillsbecomeaprimarytheme impressionofapulsingheart. [380]
"WhyYouWannaTriponMe",forexample,protestsworld
hunger,AIDS,homelessnessanddrugs.[385]Dangerous "BlackorWhite"
containssexuallychargedsongssuchasthemultifaceted 0:00 MENU
lovesong"IntheCloset".[385]Thetitletrackcontinuesthe TheleadsinglefromDangerous,
"BlackorWhite"isadanceablerock
themeofthepredatoryloverandcompulsivedesire.[385] songwithhardrockelements.Itwas
Thesecondhalfincludesintrospective,popgospelanthems oneofJackson'smostsuccessful
suchas"WillYouBeThere","HealtheWorld"and"Keep recordings. [381][382]
theFaith"thesesongsshowJacksonopeningupabout
variouspersonalstrugglesandworries.[385]Intheballad Problemsplayingthesefiles?Seemediahelp.
"GoneTooSoon",JacksongivestributetohisfriendRyan
WhiteandtheplightofthosewithAIDS.[386]
HIStorycreatesanatmosphereofparanoia.[387]Itscontentfocusesonthehardshipsandpublicstruggles
Jacksonwentthroughpriortoitsproduction.Inthenewjackswingfunkrocktracks"Scream"and"Tabloid
Junkie",andtheR&Bballad"YouAreNotAlone",Jacksonretaliatesagainsttheinjusticeandisolationhe
feels,anddirectsmuchofhisangeratthemedia.[388]Intheintrospectiveballad"StrangerinMoscow",Jackson
lamentsoverhis"fallfromgrace",whilesongslike"EarthSong","Childhood","LittleSusie"and"Smile"are
operaticpoppieces.[387][388]Inthetrack"D.S.",JacksonlaunchedaverbalattackagainstthelawyerTom
Sneddon,whohadprosecutedhiminbothchildsexualabusecases.HedescribesSneddonasanantisocial
whitesupremacistwhowantedto"getmyass,deadoralive".Ofthesong,Sneddonsaid:"Ihavenotshallwe
saydonehimthehonoroflisteningtoit,butI'vebeentoldthatitendswiththesoundofagunshot."[389]
InvinciblefoundJacksonworkingheavilywithproducerRodneyJerkins.[2]Thealbumcomprisesurbansoul
trackssuchas"Cry"and"TheLostChildren",balladssuchas"Speechless","BreakofDawn",and
"Butterflies"andmixeshiphop,pop,andR&Bin"2000Watts","Heartbreaker"and"Invincible".[390][391]
Vocalstyle
Jacksonsangfromchildhood,andovertimehisvoiceandvocalstylechangednoticeably.Between1971and
1975,hisvoicedescendedfromboysopranotohightenor.[392]HisvocalrangeasanadultwasF2E6.Jackson
firstusedthe"vocalhiccup"technique,similartogulpingforairorgasping,in1973,withthesong"It'sToo
LatetoChangetheTime"fromtheJackson5'salbumG.I.T.:GetItTogether.[393]Jacksondidnotusethe
techniquefullyuntiltherecordingofOfftheWall:itcanbeseeninfullforceinthe"ShakeYourBody(Down
totheGround)"promotionalvideo.[52]WiththearrivalofOfftheWallinthelate1970s,Jackson'sabilitiesasa
vocalistwerewellregardedatthetime,RollingStonecomparedhisvocalstothe"breathless,dreamystutter"
ofStevieWonder,andwrotethat"Jackson'sfeatherytimbredtenorisextraordinarilybeautiful.Itslides
smoothlyintoastartlingfalsettothat'susedverydaringly."[371][394]1982sawthereleaseofThriller,and
RollingStonewasoftheopinionthatJacksonwasthensingingina"fullyadultvoice"thatwas"tingedby
sadness".[379]
Adistinctivedeliberatemispronunciationof"comeon",usedfrequentlybyJackson,occasionallyspelled
"c'mon","cha'mone",or"shamone",isalsoastapleinimpressionsandcaricaturesofhim.[395]Theturnofthe
1990ssawthereleaseoftheintrospectivealbumDangerous.TheNewYorkTimesnotedthatonsometracks,
"hegulpsforbreath,hisvoicequiverswithanxietyordropstoadesperatewhisper,hissingthroughclenched
teeth"andhehada"wretchedtone".[385]Whensingingofbrotherhoodorselfesteemthemusicianwould
returnto"smooth"vocals.[385]OfInvincible,RollingStonewasoftheopinionthat,atage43,Jacksonstill
performed"exquisitelyvoicedrhythmtracksandvibratingvocalharmonies".[396]NelsonGeorgewrote:"The
grace,theaggression,thegrowling,thenaturalboyishness,thefalsetto,thesmoothnessthatcombinationof
elementsmarkhimasamajorvocalist".[380]CulturalcriticJosephVogelnotesthatJacksonhada"distinctive
stylesishisabilitytoconveyemotionwithouttheuseoflanguage:therearehistrademarkgulps,grunts,gasps,
cries,exclamationshealsofrequentlyscatsortwistsandcontortswordsuntiltheyarebarelydiscernible."[397]
NeilMcCormicknotesthatJackson'sunorthodoxsingingstyle"wasoriginalandutterlydistinctive,fromhis
almostetherealfalsettotohissoft,sweetmidtoneshisfluid,seamlesscontrolofoftenveryfastmovingseries
ofnoteshispercussiveyetstillmelodicoutbursts,ululationsandinterjections(fromthosespooky"teehee
hees"togruntsandwails).UnusuallyforsomeonecomingfromablackAmericansoultradition,hedidnot
oftensingstraight,unadornedballads,thoughwhenhedid(from'Ben'to'She'sOutofMyLife')theeffectwas
ofapowerfulsimplicityandtruth."[398]
Musicvideosandchoreography
JacksonhasbeencalledtheKingofMusicVideos.[399]SteveHueyofAllMusicobservedhowJackson
transformedthemusicvideointoanartformandapromotionaltoolthroughcomplexstorylines,dance
routines,specialeffectsandfamouscameoappearances,simultaneouslybreakingdownracialbarriers.[2]
BeforeThriller,JacksonstruggledtoreceivecoverageonMTV,allegedlybecausehewasAfrican
American.[400]PressurefromCBSRecordspersuadedMTVtostartshowing"BillieJean"andlater"BeatIt",
leadingtoalengthypartnershipwithJackson,alsohelpingotherblackmusicartistsgainrecognition.[401]MTV
employeesdenyanyracismintheircoverage,orpressuretochangetheirstance.MTVmaintainsthatthey
playedrockmusic,regardlessofrace.[402]ThepopularityofhisvideosonMTVhelpedtoputtherelatively
youngchannel"onthemap"MTV'sfocusshiftedinfavorofpopandR&B.[401][403]Hisperformanceon
Motown25:Yesterday,Today,Foreverchangedthescopeoflivestageshow"ThatJacksonlipsynced'Billie
Jean'is,initself,notextraordinary,butthefactthatitdidnotchangetheimpactoftheperformanceis
extraordinarywhethertheperformancewasliveorlipsyncedmadenodifferencetotheaudience"thus
creatinganerainwhichartistsrecreatethespectacleofmusicvideoimageryonstage.[404]Shortfilmslike
ThrillerlargelyremaineduniquetoJackson,whilethegroupdancesequencein"BeatIt"hasfrequentlybeen
imitated.[405]ThechoreographyinThrillerhasbecomeapartofglobalpopculture,replicatedeverywherefrom
IndianfilmstoprisonsinthePhilippines.[406]TheThrillershortfilmmarkedanincreaseinscaleformusic
videos,andhasbeennamedthemostsuccessfulmusicvideoeverbytheGuinnessWorldRecords.[160]
Inthe19minutemusicvideofor"Bad"directedbyMartinScorseseJacksonbeganusingsexualimagery
andchoreographynotpreviouslyseeninhiswork.Heoccasionallygrabbedortouchedhischest,torsoand
crotch.WhenaskedbyOprahinthe1993interviewaboutwhyhegrabbedhiscrotch,hereplied,"Ithinkit
happenssubliminally"andhedescribeditassomethingthatwasnotplanned,butrather,assomethingthatwas
compelledbythemusic."Bad"garneredamixedreceptionfrombothfansandcriticsTimemagazinedescribed
itas"infamous".ThevideoalsofeaturedWesleySnipesinthefutureJackson'svideoswouldoftenfeature
famouscameoroles.[129][407]Forthe"SmoothCriminal"video,Jacksonexperimentedwithanantigravitylean
wheretheperformerleansforwardata45degreeangle,beyondtheperformer'scenterofgravity.To
accomplishthismovelive,Jacksonanddesignersdevelopedaspecialshoethatlockstheperformer'sfeettothe
stage,allowingthemtoleanforward.TheyweregrantedU.S.Patent5,255,452(http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/n
phParser?patentnumber=5255452)forthedevice.[408]Althoughthemusicvideofor"LeaveMeAlone"was
notofficiallyreleasedintheUS,in1989itwasnominatedforthreeBillboardMusicVideoAwards[409]the
sameyearitwonaGoldenLionAwardforthequalityofthespecialeffectsusedinitsproduction.In1990,
"LeaveMeAlone"wonaGrammyforBestMusicVideo,ShortForm.[155]
HereceivedtheMTVVideoVanguardAwardin1988andtheMTVVideoVanguardArtistoftheDecade
Awardin1990tocelebratehisaccomplishmentsintheartforminthe1980sin1991thefirstawardwas
renamedinhishonor.[171]"BlackorWhite"wasaccompaniedbyacontroversialmusicvideo,which,on
November14,1991,simultaneouslypremieredin27countrieswithanestimatedaudienceof500million
people,thelargestviewingeverforamusicvideoatthattime.[170]Itfeaturedscenesconstruedashavinga
sexualnatureaswellasdepictionsofviolence.Theoffendingscenesinthefinalhalfofthe14minuteversion
wereeditedouttopreventthevideofrombeingbanned,andJacksonapologized.[410]AlongwithJackson,it
featuredMacaulayCulkin,PeggyLipton,andGeorgeWendt.Ithelpedusherinmorphingasanimportant
technologyinmusicvideos.[411]
"RemembertheTime"wasanelaborateproduction,andbecameoneofhislongestvideosatovernineminutes.
SetinancientEgypt,itfeaturedgroundbreakingvisualeffectsandappearancesbyEddieMurphy,Iman,and
MagicJohnson,alongwithadistinctcomplexdanceroutine.[412]Thevideofor"IntheCloset"wasJackson's
mostsexuallyprovocativepiece.ItfeaturedsupermodelNaomiCampbellinacourtshipdancewithJackson.
ThevideowasbannedinSouthAfricabecauseofitsimagery.[171]
Themusicvideofor"Scream",directedbyMarkRomanekandproductiondesignerTomFoden,isoneof
Jackson'smostcriticallyacclaimed.In1995,itgainedelevenMTVVideoMusicAwardNominationsmore
thananyothermusicvideoandwon"BestDanceVideo","BestChoreography",and"BestArt
Direction".[413]ThesonganditsaccompanyingvideoarearesponsetothebacklashJacksonreceivedfromthe
mediaafterbeingaccusedofchildmolestationin1993.[414]Ayearlater,itwonaGrammyforBestMusic
Video,ShortFormshortlyafterwardsGuinnessWorldRecordslisteditasthemostexpensivemusicvideoever
made,atacostof$7million.[223][415]
"EarthSong"wasaccompaniedbyanexpensiveandwellreceivedmusicvideo,whichgainedaGrammy
nominationforBestMusicVideo,ShortFormin1997.Thevideohadanenvironmentaltheme,showing
imagesofanimalcruelty,deforestation,pollutionandwar.Usingspecialeffects,timeisreversedsothatlife
returns,warsend,andtheforestsregrow.[223][416]Releasedin1997andpremieringatthe1996CannesFilm
Festival,MichaelJackson'sGhostswasashortfilmwrittenbyJacksonandStephenKinganddirectedbyStan
Winston.ThevideoforGhostsisover38minuteslongandholdstheGuinnessWorldRecordastheworld's
longestmusicvideo.[223][234][417][418]
Themusicvideofor"YouRockMyWorld",whichisthirteenandahalfminuteslong,wasdirectedbyPaul
Hunter,andwasreleasedin2001.ThevideofeaturesappearancesfromChrisTuckerandMarlonBrando.[419]
ThevideowonanNAACPImageAwardforOutstandingMusicVideoattheawardshows2002ceremony.[420]
Legacyandinfluence
ThemediahascommonlyreferredtoJacksonasthe"KingofPop"because,
throughouthiscareer,hetransformedtheartofmusicvideosandpavedtheway
formodernpopmusic.FormuchofJackson'scareer,hehadanunparalleled
worldwideinfluenceovertheyoungergenerationthroughhismusicaland
humanitariancontributions.[227]Hismusicandvideos,suchasThriller,fostered
racialdiversityinMTV'srosterandsteereditsfocusfromrocktopopmusic
andR&B,shapingthechannelintoaformthatprovedenduring.Jackson'swork
continuestoinfluencenumerousartistsofvariousmusicgenres.
DanyelSmith,thechiefcontentofficerofVibe Jackson'sstaronthe
MediaGroupandtheeditorinchiefofVibe HollywoodWalkofFame,
describesJacksonas"TheGreatestStar". [421]
setin1984.
AllMusic'sSteveHueydescribesJacksonas"an
unstoppablejuggernaut,possessedofalltheskills
todominatethechartsseeminglyatwill:aninstantlyidentifiablevoice,eye
poppingdancemoves,stunningmusicalversatilityandloadsofsheerstar
power".[2]BETdescribedJackson"asquitesimplythegreatestentertainerofall
time"andsomeonewho"revolutionizedthemusicvideoandbroughtdanceslike
themoonwalktotheworld.Jackson'ssound,style,movementandlegacy
continuestoinspireartistsofallgenres."[422]
In1984,Timemagazine'spopcriticJayCockswrotethat"Jacksonisthebiggest
thingsincetheBeatles.HeisthehottestsinglephenomenonsinceElvisPresley.
Hejustmaybethemostpopularblacksingerever."[88]In1990,VanityFaircited
MichaelJackson'swax
Jacksonasthemostpopularartistinthehistoryofshowbusiness.[155]In2003,
statueatMadame
DailyTelegraphwriterTomUtleydescribedJacksonas"extremelyimportant"
Tussauds,London.
anda"genius".[423]In2007,Jacksonsaid:"Musichasbeenmyoutlet,mygiftto
alloftheloversinthisworld.Throughit,mymusic,IknowIwilllive
forever."[424]
AtJackson'smemorialserviceonJuly7,2009,MotownfounderBerryGordyproclaimedJackson"thegreatest
entertainerthateverlived".[425][426][427]InaJune28,2009BaltimoreSunarticletitled"7WaysMichael
JacksonChangedTheWorld",JillRosenwrotethatJackson'slegacywas"asenduringasitismultifaceted",
influencingfieldsincludingsound,dance,fashion,musicvideosandcelebrity.[428]OnDecember19,2014,the
BritishCouncilofCulturalRelationsnamedJackson'slifeoneofthe80mostimportantculturalmomentsof
the20thcentury.[429]
InJuly2009,theLunarRepublicSociety,whichpromotestheexploration,settlement,anddevelopmentofthe
Moon,namedaMooncraterafterJackson.[430]Inthesameyear,forJackson's51stbirthday,Googlededicated
theirGoogleDoodletohim.[431]In2010,twouniversitylibrariansfoundthatJackson'sinfluenceextendedto
academia,withreferencestoJacksoninreportsconcerningmusic,popularculture,chemistryandanarrayof
othertopics.[432][433][434]
Honorsandawards
MichaelJacksonwasinductedontotheHollywoodWalkofFamein1980asmemberoftheJacksonsandin
1984assoloartist.Throughouthiscareerhereceivednumeroushonorsandawards,includingtheWorldMusic
Awards'BestSellingPopMaleArtistoftheMillennium,theAmericanMusicAward'sArtistoftheCentury
AwardandtheBambiPopArtistoftheMillenniumAward.[240][435]HewasadoubleinducteeoftheRockand
RollHallofFame,onceasamemberofTheJackson5in1997andlaterasa
soloartistin2001.Jacksonwasalsoinductedinseveralotherhallsoffame,
includingVocalGroupHallofFame(asaJackson5member)in1999andthe
SongwritersHallofFamein2002.[240]In2010,Jacksonwasinductedintothe
DanceHallofFameasthefirst(andcurrentlyonly)dancerfromtheworldof
popandrock'n'roll.[436]In2014,Jacksonwasinductedintothesecondclassof
inducteestotheRhythmandBluesMusicHallofFamehisfatherJoeJackson
acceptedonhisbehalf.[437]
HisawardsincludemanyGuinnessWorldRecords(eightin2006alone),
includingfortheMostSuccessfulEntertainerofAllTime,[13][14]13Grammy
Awards[438](aswellastheGrammyLegendAward[439]andtheGrammy Thrillerplatinumrecordon
LifetimeAchievementAward), [440]26AmericanMusicAwards(includingthe displayattheHardRock
"ArtistoftheCentury"and"Artistofthe1980s"), [239][441]morethananyartist Cafe,Hollywoodin
13numberonesinglesintheUSinhissolocareermorethananyother UniversalCity,California.
maleartistintheHot100era[442]andestimatedsalesofover350million
recordsworldwide[443][Note1]makinghimoneofthebestsellingartistsinmodernmusichistory.[444]On
December29,2009,theAmericanFilmInstituterecognizedJackson'sdeathasa"momentofsignificance"
saying,"MichaelJackson'ssuddendeathinJuneatage50wasnotablefortheworldwideoutpouringofgrief
andtheunprecedentedglobaleulogyofhisposthumousconcertrehearsalmovieThisIsIt."[445]Michael
JacksonalsoreceivedanHonoraryDoctorofHumaneLettersDegreefromtheUnitedNegroCollegeFund[446]
andalsoanHonoraryDoctorateofHumaneLettersfromFiskUniversity.[447]
Earningsandwealth
ItisestimatedthatMichaelJacksonearnedabout$750millioninhislifetime.[448]Salesofhisrecordings
throughSony'smusicunitearnedhimanestimated$300millioninroyalties.Hemayhavealsoearnedan
additional$400millionfromconcerts,musicpublishing(includinghisshareoftheBeatlescatalog),
endorsements,merchandisingandmusicvideos.EstimatinghowmuchoftheseearningsJacksonwasableto
personallypocketisdifficultbecauseonehastoaccountfortaxes,recordingcostsandproductioncosts.[449]
NetworthduringJackson'slife
TherehavealsobeenseveraldetailedestimatesofJackson'snetworthduringhislife,whichrangefrom
negative$285milliontopositive$350millionfortheyears2002,2003and2007.
MichaelJackson'sestimatednetworthovertheyears
Net
Year Assets Debt Source
worth
Forensicaccountantin2005recalling
$415 $285
2002 $130million Jackson's2002balancesheetunder
million million
oath[450]
$550million($100millioninproperties
includingNeverlandranchEncinoandLas
$200 $350
2003 Vegashomesandotherpropertiesand$450 Forbes,November21,2003[451]
million million
millioninmusicholdingsincluding50%stake
inSonyATVandothermusicpublishing)
MichaelJackson'sMarch2007
$567.6million(includes50%shareofthe statementoffinancialcondition
Sony/ATVcatalogvaluedat$390.6million, preparedbyWashingtonbased
$331 $236
2007 Neverlandvaluedat$33million,cars, accountingfirmThompson,Cobb,
million million
antiques,collectiblesandotherproperty Bazilio&Associatesdescribedby
valuedat$20million,and$668,215incash) CBSNewsastheclearestaccountyet
ofJackson'sfinances.[452]
NetworthattimeofdeathU.S.federalestatetaxproblems
OnJuly26,2013,theexecutorsoftheEstateofMichaelJacksonfiledapetitionintheUnitedStatesTaxCourt
asaresultofadisputewiththeInternalRevenueService(IRS)overU.S.federalestatetaxesimposedonthe
valueofJackson'sEstateatthetimeofhisdeath.[453]TheexecutorsclaimthattheEstatewasworthabout$7
million.TheIRSassertsthattheEstatewasworthover$1.1billion,andthatover$700millioninfederalestate
taxes(includingpenalties)aredue.[354]AtrialwasheldfromFebruary6to24,2017.[454]AsofmidMarch
2017,nodecisionhasbeenrendered.
In2016,ForbesmagazineestimatedannualgrossearningsbytheJacksonEstateat$825million,thelargest
everrecordedforacelebrity.ThemajoritywasduetothesaleoftheSony/ATVcatalog.Itmarkedtheeighth
consecutiveyearsincehisdeathwhereJackson'sannualearningswereover$100million.[20]
Earningsafterdeath
Year Earnings Source

2010 (USD275,000,000) [455]
2011 (USD170,000,000) [456]
2012 (USD145,000,000) [457]
2013 (USD160,000,000) [458]
2014 (USD140,000,000) [459]
2015 (USD115,000,000) [460]
2016 (USD825,000,000) [461]
Discography
GottoBeThere(1972)
Ben(1972)
Music&Me(1973)
Forever,Michael(1975)
OfftheWall(1979)
Thriller(1982)
Bad(1987)
Dangerous(1991)
HIStory:Past,PresentandFuture,BookI(1995)
Invincible(2001)
Filmography
TheWiz(1978)
CaptainEO(1986)
Moonwalker(1988)
MichaelJackson'sGhosts(1997)
MeninBlackII(2002)
MissCastAwayandtheIslandGirls(2004)
MichaelJackson'sThisIsIt(2009)
Bad25(2012)
MichaelJackson:TheLastPhotoShoot(2014)
MichaelJackson'sJourneyfromMotowntoOfftheWall(2016)
Tours
BadWorldTour(19871989)
DangerousWorldTour(19921993)
HIStoryWorldTour(19961997)
MJ&Friends(1999)
ThisIsIt(20092010cancelled)
Seealso
Honorificnicknamesinpopularmusic
Listofbestsellingmusicartists
ListofcoverversionsofMichaelJacksonsongs
ListofsongsrecordedbyMichaelJackson
ListofunreleasedsongsrecordedbyMichaelJackson
MichaelJacksonrelatedgames
PersonalrelationshipsofMichaelJackson
ListofartistsinfluencedbyMichaelJackson
ListofawardsandnominationsreceivedbyMichaelJackson
MichaelJacksonimpersonator
Notes
Note1^
AccordingtoTheWallStreetJournalanddiversenewssites,the750millionunitssoldbyMichaelJacksonisan
inflatedfigurethatwasinitiallyclaimedbyRaymoneBain(2006),[462][463]whowasthesinger'spublicistatthat
time,withoutanyfactualevidenceandprobablyinanefforttopromotealbumsales.[464][465]From2006untilpresent
time,severalsourcessuchasRIAA,RollingStone,andTimehaveclaimedthatMichaelJacksonhassold750million
units(oreven1billion),[81][466][467]however,AdrianStrain,arepresentativefromtheInternationalFederationofthe
PhonographicIndustry(IFPI)hassaidthatthisfigureisunreal.[465]
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BibliographicGuide"(https://web.archive.org/web/20100602050831/http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol3no7/3.7MJ
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LewisJones,JelD.(2005).MichaelJackson,theKingofPop:TheBigPicture:theMusic!theMan!theLegend!the
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Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson&oldid=781550947"
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Records.[13][14]Jacksonisoneofthefewartiststohavebeen Spouse(s) LisaMariePresley

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