s t a t i s t i c s Energy efficiency

indicators
HIGHLIGHTS

2016
Energy efficiency
indicators
HIGHLIGHTS

2016
 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November1974.
Its primary mandate was and is two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member
countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative
research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member
countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among
its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports.
The Agencys aims include the following objectives:
n Secure member countries access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular,
through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions.
n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection
in a global context particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute
to climate change.
n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of
energy data.
n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies
and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy
efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.
n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and
dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international
organisations and other stakeholders.
IEA member countries:
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Secure
Greece
Sustainable
Hungary Together
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
OECD/IEA, 2016 Spain
International Energy Agency Sweden
9 rue de la Fdration Switzerland
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France
Turkey
www.iea.org United Kingdom
Please note that this publication United States
is subject to specific restrictions
that limit its use and distribution. The European Commission
The terms and conditions are also participates in
available online at www.iea.org/t&c/ the work of the IEA.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENERGY USE AND EFFICIENCY: KEY TRENDS IN IEA COUNTRIES ........................... 5

PART I: EXPLANATORY NOTES .................................................................................... 11

1. Abbreviations and acronyms .................................................................................................................. 13
2. Methodological notes............................................................................................................................... 15
The IEA energy efficiency indicators data collection ............................................................................................15
Notes on data quality ..............................................................................................................................................15
Definitions of products ...........................................................................................................................................16
Definitions of end-uses/ sub-sectors.......................................................................................................................17
Definitions of activity data .....................................................................................................................................19
Comparability with the IEA energy balances .........................................................................................................20
Estimates of CO2 emissions by end-use .................................................................................................................20
Temperature correction ..........................................................................................................................................21
Decomposition into drivers of final energy consumption ......................................................................................22
Notes on graphs ......................................................................................................................................................24
3. Units and conversions ............................................................................................................................. 27

PART II: COUNTRY GRAPHS AND TABLES ................................................................. 29

Australia ........................................................................................................................................................... 30
Austria.............................................................................................................................................................. 34
Belgium............................................................................................................................................................ 38
Canada ............................................................................................................................................................. 42
Czech Republic ................................................................................................................................................ 46
Denmark........................................................................................................................................................... 50
Finland ............................................................................................................................................................. 54
France .............................................................................................................................................................. 58
Germany........................................................................................................................................................... 62
Greece .............................................................................................................................................................. 66
Hungary ........................................................................................................................................................... 70
Ireland .............................................................................................................................................................. 74
Italy ................................................................................................................................................................. 78
Japan ................................................................................................................................................................ 82
Korea................................................................................................................................................................ 86
Luxembourg ..................................................................................................................................................... 90
Netherlands ...................................................................................................................................................... 94
New Zealand .................................................................................................................................................... 98
Poland ............................................................................................................................................................ 102
Portugal .......................................................................................................................................................... 106
Slovak Republic ............................................................................................................................................. 110
Spain .............................................................................................................................................................. 114
Sweden ........................................................................................................................................................... 118
Switzerland .................................................................................................................................................... 122
United Kingdom ............................................................................................................................................ 126
United States .................................................................................................................................................. 130
OECD/IEA, 2016

COUNTRY NOTES ..................................................................................................................................... 135

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

4 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

Important cautionary notes

This is the first IEA energy efficiency indicators statistical report, based on national annual data collected by
the IEA since the 2009 Ministerial agreement.
The IEA Secretariat is working with national administrations to improve data quality over time. Still, as
collecting end-use energy and activity data is particularly challenging, data availability is variable across
IEA countries, and the coverage may be incomplete for a given sector in a given country. This publication
presents a selection of energy efficiency indicators data for the 26 IEA Member countries where data are
available, mainly in graphical format; and an analysis of overall IEA trends. Data are based on submissions
from national administrations to the IEA.
Inquiries should be addressed to energyindicators@iea.org.
Please note that all IEA data is subject to the following Terms and Conditions found on the IEAs website:
www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/.

Energy efficiency indicators data for IEA Member countries1 were collected by the Energy Data Centre (EDC) of
the IEA Secretariat, headed by Mr. Duncan Millard. Within the IEA, data were prepared by Mr. Gianluca Tonolo
and Ms. Urszula Ziebinska, who also produced this report.
Ms. Roberta Quadrelli had overall responsibility for this report. Desktop publishing support was provided by
Ms. Sharon Burghgraeve. This report benefited from discussions and feedback from several IEA colleagues
including Tyler Bryant, Jae Sik Lee, Samuel Thomas; Stphanie Bouckaert, Pierpaolo Cazzola, John Dulac and
Araceli Fernandez Pales.
The IEA would like to thank and acknowledge the dedication and professionalism of the statisticians working on
energy efficiency data in all the respective countries.
Data for several European countries have been collected through cooperation with the Odyssee project:
www.indicators.odyssee-mure.eu/, as detailed in the Country notes.
Enquiries about data or methodology should be addressed to:
Energy Data Centre Energy Efficiency Indicators
Telephone: (+33-1) 40-57-67-41
E-mail: energyindicators@iea.org

OECD/IEA, 2016

1. This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries
and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, country refers to a country or a territory, as the case may be.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY


ENERGY USE AND EFFICIENCY:
KEY TRENDS IN IEA COUNTRIES
To inform and monitor the effectiveness of energy
efficiency policies, reliable end-use data and indica-
tors are key, as they help to explain what drives the
demand for energy.
Energy efficiency has been defined as the first fuel,
as it is the one energy resource that all countries pos-
sess in abundance. Strong energy efficiency policies
are therefore vital to achieving the key energy-policy
goals of reducing energy bills, addressing climate
change and air pollution, improving energy security,
and increasing energy access (IEA, 2016).
Figure 1. Multiple benefits of energy efficiency
Energy efficiency can also drive a number of multi-
ple benefits, such as macroeconomic development,
public budget increase, enhanced health and well-
being, industrial productivity and energy delivery im-
provements (IEA, 2014a; Figure 1).
ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 5
This report provides the first comprehensive selection
of data that the IEA has been collecting from member
countries since 20091. Based on those data, this chap-
ter presents an overview of historical trends across the
final energy-consuming sectors.
Global decoupling trends
Globally, energy consumption and economy devel-
opment have been decoupling, with gross domestic
product (GDP) increasing by more than 90% between
1990 and 2014, while total primary energy supply
(TPES) grew by 56% (Figure 2).
Figure 2. World GDP and TPES trends (1990=100)
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
GDP TPES
Sources: IEA World energy balances, 2016; TPES: total primary energy
supply; GDP based on 2010 USD, market exchange rates.
OECD/IEA, 2016
1. Time series collected generally start in 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
6 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)
The amount of energy used to generate a unit of GDP,
also called energy intensity (TPES/GDP), decreased
by approximately 20% between 1990 and 2014, with
large regional variations (Figure 3). For example, in
China1, intensity more than halved (-62% ) over the
same period.
Figure 3. Energy intensity 1990 and 2014
toe/000s 2010 USD
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
World OECD Total Non-OECD Total
1990 2014
Sources: IEA World energy balances, 2016; TPES: total primary energy
supply; GDP based on 2010 USD, market exchange rates.
Is energy intensity an
energy efficiency indicator?
The energy intensity of a country is often used as an
indicator of energy efficiency - the main reasons be-
ing that, at a high level, it is a proxy measurement for
the energy required to satisfy energy services de-
manded2, and the indicator is relatively easily availa-
ble to evaluate and compare across countries.
However, a country with a relatively low energy in-
tensity does not necessarily have high energy efficien-
cy. Equally, trends towards lower intensity are not
necessarily driven by efficiency improvements. For
instance, a small service-based country with a mild
climate would have a lower intensity than a large in-
dustry-based country in a cold climate, even if energy
was used more efficiently in the latter country.
Energy efficiency does contribute to defining intensity
levels and trends, but many other elements also play a
role. These include: the structure of the economy
(presence of large energy-consuming industries); the
1. Including the Peoples Republic of China and Hong Kong, China.
2. In this sense, energy intensity measures the energy required to pro-
duce a unit of economic value.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
geographical size of the country (higher demand from
the transport sector); the overall climate and weather
variations (higher demand for heating or cooling); the
exchange rate (IEA, 2014b).
Thats why it is important to conduct more detailed
analysis that provides insight on the factors driving
final energy use trends.
IEA3 energy end-use and
efficiency trends
Energy and emissions by end-use
In the IEA, the transport sector accounted for the
highest share of final energy consumption4 in 20135
(35%), followed by manufacturing industry (23%) and
the residential sector (21%, Figure 4).
Figure 4. Largest end-uses by sector in IEA, 2013
* Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction;
passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks.
Passenger cars alone used as much energy as the en-
tire residential sector and, together with freight road
vehicles, they accounted for almost a third of final
3. For the purposes of this chapter, the IEA aggregate refers to the
twenty IEA member countries for which energy efficiency data cover-
ing most of the end-uses are available: Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland,
Italy, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. These coun-
tries represented 85% of the total 2013 IEA final energy consumption.
4. In this publication, final energy consumption includes oil and gas
extraction; coal mining; blast furnaces and coke ovens energy and
transformation losses; it excludes non-energy use, military consump-
OECD/IEA, 2016
tion, pipeline transport.
5. The latest available data for most IEA countries at the time of prepara-
tion of this publication.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 7

energy-related CO2 emissions. North America (Cana- Ireland, Korea, Netherlands and Spain showed reduc-
da and United States) and Oceania (Australia and tions higher than 30% since 2000.
New Zealand) are the regions where transport was the
As one would expect, warmer countries show general-
largest consuming sector, mainly because of the high-
ly lower space heating intensities, as less energy is
er per-capita distances travelled and the use of bigger
needed on average to keep the temperature inside res-
vehicles.
idential buildings at a comfort level.
The manufacturing sector, driven by the ferrous met- Figure 6. Shares of residential energy consumption
als and chemical/petrochemical sub-sectors, had the by end-use in IEA, 2013
largest energy share in OECD Asia (Japan and Ko-
Space Non-
rea); and the residential sector, dominated by con- cooling specified
sumption for space heating and appliances, was Cooking 3% 2%
Lighting 4%
largest in most European countries. 4%

In the IEA, emissions for both residential space heating

and appliances were larger than those of any manufac-
turing sub-sector; in countries like Germany and the Water
United Kingdom, space heating was the largest emit- heating Space
16% heating
ting end-use (Figure 5). 52%

Figure 5. Top-six CO2 emitting end-uses Residential

in IEA, 2013 appliances
19%

Passenger cars*
22% Freight road

Residential space heating Figure 7. Energy intensity of residential space

heating by country
11% Residential appliances

Chemicals Australia
10%
6% Ferrous metals Austria
6% 8%
Other end-uses* Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
* Passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; Finland
other end-uses includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-six.
France

Residential sector Germany

Greece
Space heating accounted for over half of the IEA en- Ireland
ergy consumption in the residential sector (Figure 6), Italy
with the highest shares in European countries Japan
(Belgium 72%, Austria and Switzerland 71%) and the Korea
lowest in Asia and Oceania (Japan 25%, New Zealand Netherlands
29% and Australia 36%). New Zealand
Energy efficiency improvements for space heating Spain
have occurred across IEA countries, mostly in the Sweden
form of better insulation of new buildings and refur- Switzerland
bishment of old ones. The effects are tracked by United Kingdom
trends of residential space heating intensity defined United States
as energy consumption per floor area which signifi- 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
OECD/IEA, 2016

cantly decreased in many IEA countries (Figure 7). GJ/m

For instance, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, 2000 2013

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

8 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

Industry and services1 As the large energy consuming sub-sectors are not
necessarily those with the highest value added, inten-
In the IEA, the largest energy consuming manufactur- sities in the manufacturing sectors as defined by
ing sub-sector was ferrous metals (21%), followed by energy consumption per value added vary greatly
chemicals/petrochemicals (19%), paper, pulp and (Figure 10). Within manufacturing, basic metals and
printing (10%) and food and tobacco (9%) (Figure 8). non-metallic minerals are the most energy intensive
In terms of structure of the manufacturing sector, the sub-sectors, while machinery is the least intensive
largest value added in the IEA was produced by the one; the energy intensity of services is by far lower
machinery sub-sector2 (37%), followed by transport than that of any manufacturing sub-sector.
equipment (14%) and food and tobacco (12%) (Figure 9).
Figure 10. Manufacturing and services:
Figure 8. Shares of manufacturing energy selected intensities in IEA, 2013
consumption by sub-sector in IEA, 2013
Services
Ferrous
metals Manufacturing
Other 21% of which:
subsectors*
20% Basic metals
Non-ferrous
metals Non-metallic minerals
Basic metals
Machinery 26% 5% Paper and Printing
7%
Chemicals
Chemicals Machinery
19%
Non- 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
metallic Food
minerals 9% MJ/2005 USD PPP
9%
Figure 11. Energy intensity of manufacturing by
Paper and country, 2000-2013
Printing
10% Australia
Austria
Figure 9. Shares of manufacturing value added Belgium
by sub-sector in IEA, 2013 Canada
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Other
Germany
Paper and subsectors*
printing Greece
16%
5% Ireland
Machinery Italy
Basic 37% Japan
metals Korea
6%
Netherlands
Chemicals New Zealand
10%
Spain
Transport Sweden
Food equipment Switzerland
12% 14% United Kingdom
United States
0 5 10 15 20 25
MJ/2005 USD PPP
2000 2013
1. In this publication, services are analysed together with industry due
to limitations in data availability for a complete assessment of end-use
energy trends in services buildings. Industry includes manufacturing The average manufacturing energy intensity in a
industry, agriculture/fishing, mining and construction. country depends on the relative weight of the different
2. Includes ISIC Divisions 25-28: Manufacture of fabricated metal sub-sectors in the manufacturing mix (Figure 11). For
OECD/IEA, 2016

products, except machinery and equipment; manufacture of computer,

electronic and optical products; manufacture of electrical equipment; example, the intensity is particularly high in countries
manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. like Finland, where the paper, pulp and printing

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 9

industry which is very energy-intensive- represents from about only 20% in 2000. Conversely freight road
57% of total manufacturing energy consumption. energy consumption is dominated by diesel in all
countries (Figure 13).
The overall manufacturing sector intensity has de-
creased over time across virtually all countries (Fig- Figure 13. Energy consumption in road transport
ure 11). For example, in the United States it decreased
by approximately 35% over thirteen years, due to effi- Passenger cars* Freight road
100% 100%
ciency improvements mainly in the chemicals and
basic metals sub-sectors, but also because of increas- 80% 80%
ing shares of low energy-intensive sub-sectors, like
the machinery. 60% 60%

Changes over time in the importance of different sub- 40% 40%

sectors in the manufacturing mix can significantly
affect the overall intensity of the sector. Similarly, a 20% 20%
change of the economic structure from manufacturing
to services will affect countries energy intensity. 0%
2000 2013
0%
2000 2013
Identifying and removing the effects of structural Motor gasoline Diesel LPG Gas Other sources
changes from those of energy efficiency is therefore
essential (see Cross sectoral energy efficiency trends). *Passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks.

Transport Figure 14. Energy intensity of passenger transport

1 by country, 2000-2013
The transport sector energy consumption in the IEA
is dominated by road vehicles (91%), with passenger Australia
cars and freight road - together representing about Austria
88%. Air accounts for 5%; water and rail transport Belgium
account together for 4% (Figure 12). Canada

Figure 12. Energy consumption Czech Republic

in transport in IEA, 2013 Finland
France
Germany
Greece

Rail Passenger Ireland

2% cars* Italy
60%
Japan
Road
Domestic air Korea
91%
5%
Netherlands
Freight road New Zealand
Domestic 28%
water Buses Spain
2% 2% Sweden
Motorcycles
0.6% Switzerland
United Kingdom
* Passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks. United States

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Across the IEA motor gasoline2 remains the dominant
fuel for passenger cars even as the share of diesel2 has
almost doubled from 8% in 2000 to 15% in 2013. In
European countries, diesel represented approximately
50% of the passenger cars consumption in 2013, up
2000 2013
MJ/pkm
Passenger transport intensity (energy per passenger-
kilometre) indicates how much energy is used to
move one passenger over a distance of one km. Levels
vary across countries depending on the share of
modes and vehicle types in the mix (e.g. passenger
OECD/IEA, 2016

1. Transport excludes international aviation and marine bunkers, pipeline.

2. In this publication, gasoline and diesel include the biofuel cars, buses, rail, etc.); and on the average occupancy
components. (passengers per vehicle) which in many countries

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

10 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

has decreased over time as people increasingly drive residential sector structural changes in the form of a
their vehicles alone. gradual but noticeable shift toward larger dwellings
created upward pressure on energy consumption (IEA,
The passenger transport intensity is particularly high
2016).
in countries like the United States, due to the large use
of passenger cars (of which a high share is represented The estimated annual energy savings due to efficiency
by Sport Utility Vehicles, SUVs) and domestic flights improvements since 2000 in all IEA countries reached
as compared to more efficient transportation modes approximately 19 EJ in 2015, comparable with the
like buses and trains. Conversely, it is comparatively final energy consumption of Japan. Cumulative savings
low in countries like France, where rail transport is over the period 2000 2015 were 159 EJ or equiva-
relatively common (Figure 14). lent to more than one year of final energy consump-
tion in Europe, China and India combined (Figure 16).
Reduction in passenger transport intensity have oc-
curred in most countries due to modal shift (e.g. more Figure 16. Estimated energy efficiency savings in IEA
passenger trains), and improvements in passenger cars PJ
efficiency as well as in car occupancy, like in the 160 000
United Kingdom (-18% from 2000 to 2013). 140 000
120 000
Cross-sectoral energy efficiency trends 100 000
As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, global 80 000
economic growth and energy consumption are decou- 60 000
pling. The decomposition analysis of factors driving 40 000
energy consumption trends1 for IEA member countries
20 000
indicates that in the IEA the decoupling was mainly
due to efficiency improvements (Figure 15). 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015

Figure 15. Drivers of final energy consumption in IEA Savings Actual consumption Hypotetical consumption
120%
Source: adapted from IEA Energy efficiency market report, 2016, based
on IEA energy efficiency indicators database.
115%

110%
In 2015 energy efficiency across all end-use sectors in
105% IEA countries was, in effect, responsible for over 80%
of the downward pressure on energy consumption.
100%
The energy savings from efficiency gains were approx-
95% imately 4 times larger than the savings associated with
90% structural change. This provides clear evidence that
the decline in energy intensity, at least in IEA coun-
85%
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015
tries was driven, in large part, by efficiency gains.
Activity Energy Structure Efficiency
References
Source: adapted from IEA Energy efficiency market report, 2016, based
on IEA energy efficiency indicators database.
IEA (2016), Energy efficiency market report, OECD/
IEA, Paris.
Structural changes (mostly shift to less intensive in-
IEA (2014a), Capturing the multiple benefits of energy
dustries and services) also assisted efficiency im-
efficiency, OECD/IEA, Paris.
provements to reduce the final energy consumption.
In the industry and services sectors structure was an IEA (2014b), Energy Efficiency Indicators: Fundamentals
important factor to reduce consumption, while in the on Statistics, OECD/IEA, Paris.
OECD/IEA, 2016

1. Please refer to the section on Methodological notes for a description

of the IEA decomposition analysis.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 11

PART I

EXPLANATORY NOTES

OECD/IEA, 2016

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 OECD/IEA, 2016
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 13

1. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

MJ: megajoule (106 joules)

GJ: gigajoule (109 joules)
PJ: petajoule (1015 joules)

CO2: carbon dioxide

Comb.: combustible
LPG: liquefied petroleum gases
Gas: natural gas

m2: square metre

pers: person
pass.: passenger
dw: dwelling
PCs: personal computers and information technologies
TVs: televisions and home entertainment

TC: temperature corrected

HDD: heating degree days
CDD: cooling degree days

USD: United States dollar

GDP: gross domestic product
PPP: purchasing power parity
VA: value added

pkm: passenger-kilometres
tkm: tonne-kilometres

NA: not available or confidential

OECD/IEA, 2016

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 OECD/IEA, 2016

2. METHODOLOGICAL NOTES
The IEA energy efficiency
indicators data collection
In 2009, IEA Members committed to collect energy
efficiency indicators data through a new annual
questionnaire. The questionnaire collects energy
consumption and activity data for various end-uses,
sub-sectors and modes/vehicle types across the
four sectors: residential, services, industry and
transport. The questionnaire is available online
at the IEA energy efficiency statistics web page:
www.iea.org/statistics/topics/energyefficiency/.
The IEA also developed a manual on energy efficien-
cy data and indicators, Energy Efficiency Indicators:
Fundamentals on Statistics; and one on how to use
indicators to inform policies, Energy Efficiency Indi-
cators: Essentials for Policy Making, both of which
can be downloaded from the above IEA web page.
Notes on data quality
The analysis of demand-side energy efficiency trends
requires highly disaggregated end-use energy data
across the sectors of final consumption: residential,
services, transport and industry. Examples of such
disaggregated data include energy consumption by
end-use (space heating, cooking, appliances, etc.) for
the residential sector; or energy consumption by
mode/vehicle type (passenger cars, motorcycle, freight
trucks, etc) for transport. Deriving energy efficiency
indicators also requires consistent activity data cover-
ing the wide range of activities specific to each
sub-sector/end-use, such as floor area, passenger-
kilometres, production of key manufacturing output
ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 15
(cement, aluminium, iron, etc.), number of employees
in each service category, etc.
While almost all countries have developed energy sta-
tistics to produce national energy balances, more dis-
aggregated end-use energy and activity data are not
always as readily available. Therefore, the development
of energy efficiency indicators generally requires addi-
tional efforts, such as mapping the different available
data through administrative sources, setting up new
data collections; but also establishing new institutional
arrangements to share and manage the different data.
The IEA end-use data collection agreed in 2009 is still
work in progress, with developing quality and cover-
age across Member countries. Currently, IEA coun-
tries generally have relatively detailed data for the
industry sector thanks to well established data collec-
tions to develop energy balances. Relatively important
progress has been observed in the coverage of the res-
idential sector, while detailed data for the services
sector still remain not available for most countries.
The availability of transport data varies a lot across
countries, with activity data (passenger-kilometres,
tonne-kilometres, vehicle stock etc.) often requiring
additional development.
Furthermore, as indicators are calculated as a ratio of
energy consumption and corresponding activity, and as
the various data may not be collected by the same insti-
tution, the data quality assessment is particularly im-
portant. For example, consistency of boundaries and
definition between energy and activity data is essential
to create meaningful indicators, and to analyse their
trends. Data users should also be aware that small
changes in intensities may be caused by uncertainty in
measurement of energy or activity data, and thus
weight should be given to long-term trends. Other
OECD/IEA, 2016
important validation criteria include internal con-
sistency, consistency with external data sources, and
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
16 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)
plausibility (values of indicators need to fall within
expected ranges to be meaningful).1
The IEA Secretariat is continuously working with
Member countries to improve the overall quality of
the energy efficiency indicators database, including its
consistency with the data provided by national admin-
istrations to develop the IEA energy balances and
with the data reported by other organisations. We ex-
pect to keep improving data quality over time, and are
grateful for the feedback to this publication received
from the different data providers and data users.
Definitions of products
Oil
Oil includes crude oil, natural gas liquids, refinery
feedstocks, additives as well as other hydrocarbons
(including emulsified oils, synthetic crude oil, mineral
oils extracted from bituminous minerals such as oil
shale, bituminous sand, etc., and oils from coal lique-
faction), refinery gas, ethane, LPG, aviation gasoline,
motor gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, gas/diesel oil, fuel
oil, naphtha, white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin
waxes, petroleum coke and other oil products.
Graphs shown for the transport sector in this publica-
tion present the disaggregation of oil products de-
scribed below.
Motor gasoline
Motor gasoline is light hydrocarbon oil for use in in-
ternal combustion engines such as motor vehicles,
excluding aircraft. Motor gasoline is distilled between
35oC and 215oC and is used as a fuel for land based
spark ignition engines. Motor gasoline may include
additives, oxygenates and octane enhancers, including
lead compounds such as TEL (tetraethyl lead) and
TML (tetramethyl lead). In this publication and dif-
ferently from the IEA energy balances, motor gasoline
for transport includes liquid biogasoline or ethanol.
Diesel
Diesel includes diesel oil for fuel use in compression
ignition (diesel) engines fitted in road vehicles. Distilla-
tion range is 160C to 390C. In this publication and
1. For a more comprehensive discussion of validation criteria by sector,
please see the chapter on Data validation in Energy Efficiency Indicators:
Fundamentals on Statistics:
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/IEA_Ener
gyEfficiencyIndicatorsFundamentalsonStatistics.pdf.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
differently from the IEA energy balances, diesel for
transport includes liquid biodiesels.
LPG
LPG are light paraffinic hydrocarbons derived from
refinery processes, crude oil stabilisation plants and
natural gas processing plants. They consist mainly of
propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) or a combination
of the two. They could also include propylene, butyl-
ene, isobutene and isobutylene. LPG are normally liq-
uefied under pressure for transportation and storage.
Coal
Coal includes all coal, both primary (including hard
coal and lignite) and derived fuels (including patent
fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, BKB, gas works gas,
coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and other recovered
gases), as well as peat (including peat products) and
oil shale.
Gas
Gas includes natural gas (excluding natural gas liquids).
Combustible renewables and wastes
Combustible renewables and wastes comprises solid
biofuels, liquid biofuels, biogases, industrial and mu-
nicipal wastes. Combustible renewables and wastes
data are often based on incomplete information, with
particularly high caution on data quality.
Solid biofuels are defined as any plant matter used
directly as fuel or converted into other forms
(e.g. charcoal) before combustion. This covers a mul-
titude of woody materials generated by industrial pro-
cess or provided directly by forestry and agriculture
(firewood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, shavings, chips,
sulphite lyes also known as black liquor, animal mate-
rials/wastes and other solid biofuels).
Liquid biofuels include biogasoline, biodiesel and
other liquid biofuels. Liquid biofuels consumed in the
transport sector are included, in this publication, under
motor gasoline and diesel.
Biogases comprise landfill gas, sewage sludge gas and
other biogases from anaerobic fermentation.
Note that biofuels refer only to the amounts of bio-
mass specifically used for energy purposes. Therefore,
the non-energy use of biofuels is null by definition.
Municipal waste consists of products that are com-
busted directly to produce heat and/or power and
comprises wastes produced by households, hospitals
OECD/IEA, 2016
and the tertiary sector that are collected by local
authorities for incineration at specific installations.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 17
Industrial waste of non-renewable origin consists
of solid and liquid products (e.g. tyres) combusted
directly, usually in specialised plants, to produce heat
and/or power.
Electricity
Electricity includes electricity generated from all
sources.
Other sources
Other sources includes heat, the direct use of geo-
thermal (excluding geothermal heat pumps) and of so-
lar thermal heat. Heat refers to heat produced for sale.
For some countries, this category could include some of
the products mentioned above. For country-specific in-
formation, please refer to the chapter on Country notes.
Definitions of end-uses/
sub-sectors
Residential sector
Residential includes energy consumed by all house-
holds excluding fuel and electricity used by house-
holds for transport. The different end-uses within the
residential sector are described below.
Space heating
Space heating includes the different means of heating
spaces, which can be achieved through many systems
and fuels. Heating systems can broadly be separated
into two types, namely central heating and dedicated
area/room heating. Central heating systems can heat
the entire dwelling; they include hot water and steam
systems with radiators, floor or wall furnaces, district
heating, heat pumps, etc. Area-dedicated heating
systems can be divided into several categories:
standalone electric heaters, fireplaces, and stand-alone
stoves using oil products or other fuels, such as coal
or wood. It is not rare that households use a combina-
tion of several systems, e.g. electrical heaters to com-
plement insufficient base central systems. Heating
systems can generate heat using a number of energy
sources such as electricity, natural gas, coal, fuel oil,
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene, biofuels,
and active or passive solar energy.
Space cooling
Space cooling includes all equipment used for cooling a
living area, which can be divided into two broad
categories: central cooling systems and room-dedicated
systems. Central air conditioners feed into a duct sys-
tem that could also be used by a central heating sys-
tem. Wall air conditioners and split systems are used
to cool a room. There are other possible cooling sys-
tems such as swamp coolers (or evaporative coolers),
which cool air through evaporation of water; heat
pumps that can be used in reverse mode to cool the air
or district cooling. Most of the cooling systems in the
residential sector run exclusively on electricity.
Water heating
Water heating, also known as domestic hot water,
includes systems that are used for heating water for
showers, bathing, washing, etc. A number of tank-
based or tankless systems can be used to heat the wa-
ter. Water heating can be produced alone or in combi-
nation with space heating systems. The main energy
sources used by water heating systems include natural
gas, LPG, electricity, biofuels and, increasingly, solar
thermal energy in a growing number of countries.
Cooking
Cooking includes energy consumed to cook meals
using a wide range of stoves, from advanced induction
stoves to traditional three-stone stoves. A number of
energy sources are used for cooking such as natural
gas, electricity, biofuels, LPG, kerosene and coal. Be-
side stoves, ovens are also included in the energy con-
sumption for cooking. Cooking appliances such as
toasters and microwave ovens, due to the difficulty in
separating their respective consumption, are normally
reported under other appliances.
Lighting
Lighting includes energy consumed for interior or
exterior lighting of dwellings today mainly powered
by electricity. Incandescent lamps, which have been
around for more than a century, are slowly being re-
placed by more efficient fixtures, e.g. fluorescent
tubes, compact fluorescent lamps and LEDs (light-
emitting diodes). More and more countries are passing
regulations to phase out the use of incandescent bulbs.
Households that do not have any access to electricity
still rely on traditional forms of lighting such as kero-
sene and LPG lamps, and sometimes even candles and
flashlights. Moreover, off-grid solar applications for
lighting may become more prominent in the future.
Residential appliances
Residential appliances encompasses two main catego-
OECD/IEA, 2016
ries: large (or major) appliances (sometimes also
called white appliances or white goods) and other
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
18 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)
(usually much smaller) appliances. In this publication,
residential appliances are disaggregated as below:
Refrigerators, also including freezers and refrigerators/
freezers combinations;
Dish washers;
Clothes washers;
Clothes dryers;
TVs, also including home entertainment devices;
PCs, also including other information technology
devices;
Other appliances, including all appliances not
specified above, such as phones, hair driers, mi-
crowaves, vacuum cleaners etc. For country spe-
cific information, please refer to country notes.
In this publication, for energy consumption, dish
washers, clothes washers and clothes dryers may be
presented jointly as washing equipment.
Non-specified
Non-specified includes all consumption for energy
uses that are not specified above. For some countries,
this category could also include data from end-uses
listed above. For country specific information, please
refer to the chapter on Country notes.
Industry sector
Manufacturing industry
It includes all the manufacturing subsectors listed be-
low [ISIC Division 10 to 18 and 20 to 32]. Manufac-
ture of coke and refined petroleum products [ISIC
Division 19] is excluded from this publication.
Food includes food, beverages and tobacco manufac-
turing [ISIC Divisions 10 to 12];
Textiles includes textile and leather [ISIC
Divisions 13 to 15];
Wood includes wood and wood products (other than
pulp and paper) [ISIC Division 16];
Paper and printing includes paper, pulp and printing
[ISIC Divisions 17 and 18];
Chemicals includes chemical and petrochemical in-
dustry [ISIC Divisions 20 and 21] excluding petro-
chemical feedstocks;
Rubber includes rubber and plastics [ISIC
Division 22]. If not available could be included under
non-specified manufacturing;
Non-metallic minerals includes non-metallic miner-
als such as glass, ceramic, cement, etc. [ISIC
Division 23];
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Basic metals includes manufacture and casting of
ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals [ISIC
Division 24];
Ferrous metals covers manufacture and casting of
Iron and steel including energy used in blast fur-
naces and coke ovens [ISIC Class 2410 and
Class 2431]
Non-ferrous metals includes manufacture and
casting of non-ferrous metals (e.g. aluminium)
[ISIC Class 2420 and Class 2432];
Machinery includes machinery: fabricated metal
products, machinery and equipment other than
transport equipment [ISIC Divisions 25 to 28];
Transport equipment [ISIC Divisions 29 and 30];
Other manufacturing includes the manufacture of
furniture and other manufacturing (e.g. jewellery) [ISIC
Division 31 and 32]; and non-specified manufacturing.
Other industries
It includes agriculture, mining and construction.
Agriculture includes agriculture, forestry and fishing
[ISIC Division 01 to 03];
Mining covers mining and quarrying including coal,
oil and gas extraction [ISIC Division 05 to 09];
Construction [ISIC Divisions 41 to 43].
Services sector
Services sector includes services and the commercial
sector [ISIC Division 33 to 99].
Transport sector
Transport covers all transport modes using commer-
cial energy, independently of the sector where the
transport activity occurs. As a consequence, cycling,
walking or sailing are not covered in this sector, even
though these modes could represent sizeable activities
in terms of passenger-kilometres (pkm).
Transport excludes international marine and aviation
bunkers, pipeline transportation, and when possible
fuel tourism.
The transport sector is divided by segment (passenger
and freight), mode (road, rail, air and water) and by
vehicle type (e.g. cars, motorcycles, etc).
Road transport
It includes passenger and freight road transportation,
as listed below.
OECD/IEA, 2016
Passenger cars includes passenger light-duty vehicles
carrying up to eight persons, cars, minivans, sport
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 19
utility vehicles and personal-use pickup trucks. 1 Pas-
senger cars cover a number of categories, such as tax-
is, hire cars, ambulances and motor homes.
Buses includes urban, suburban and intercities mini-
coaches, trolleybuses, minibuses and bus vehicles.
Motorcycles includes powered 2- to 4-wheeled road
motor vehicles not exceeding 400 kilograms.
Freight road transport covers the movement of goods
within the national boundaries by road vehicles de-
signed, exclusively or primarily, to carry goods: light
duty freight vehicles (vans and pickups), heavy-duty
goods vehicles (trucks or lorries), road tractors, and
agricultural tractors permitted to use roads open to
public traffic.
Rail transport
It includes passenger and freight trains transportation.
Passenger trains includes any movement of passen-
gers through railway, on a given railway network,
regional, urban or suburban, within the national
boundaries. Passenger rail transport includes trains,
metro vehicles and trams (streetcars). Rail transport
can be powered by electricity, diesel or steam.
Freight trains includes any movement of goods by
railway vehicles on a given railway network, regional,
urban or suburban, within the national boundaries. Rail
transport can be powered by electricity, diesel or steam.
Air transport
It includes domestic passenger and freight airplanes.
Passenger airplanes includes passenger airplanes, air-
crafts configured for the transport of passengers, used
for domestic travels. For country-specific coverage,
please refer to country notes.
Freight airplanes covers the movement of goods by
aircrafts configured for the transport of freight or
mail, operating within the national boundaries. For
country-specific coverage, please refer to country
notes.
Water transport
It includes domestic passenger and freight ships and
excludes fuel used for ocean, coastal and inland fishing
(included under agriculture) and military consumption.
1. For some countries, pick-up trucks are reported either in passenger
transport or freight transport according to their main use. For country-
specific information, please refer to the chapter on Country notes.
Passenger ships covers the movement of passengers,
by any kind of vessel, boat or ship, undertaken at sea,
or on lakes and rivers, within the national boundaries.
International water transport is excluded from national
totals, while inland waterways transport is included.
For country-specific coverage, please refer to country
notes.
Freight ships covers the movement of goods by any
kind of vessel, boat, barge or ship, undertaken at sea,
or over lakes and rivers, within the national bounda-
ries. International water transport is excluded from
national totals, although it has been the largest carrier
of freight throughout recorded history. For country-
specific coverage, please refer to country notes.
Definitions of activity data
Residential sector
Population
Dwellings includes only primary residences excluding
unoccupied dwellings and secondary residences.
Residential floor area (surface) includes only floor
area of occupied dwellings.
Industry sector
Value added in USD at the price level and purchasing
power parities (PPPs)2 of the year 2005.
Services sector
Value added in USD at the price level and PPPs of
the year 2005.
Transport sector
Passenger-kilometres (pkm) is a unit of measure of
passenger transport activity. One passenger-kilometre
represents the transport of one passenger over one
kilometre. For all vehicles, it is the total distance trav-
elled of all passenger summed up.
Tonne-kilometres (tkm) is a unit of measure of
goods transport activity. One tonne-kilometre repre-
sents the transport of one tonne over one kilometre.
For all vehicles, it is the total distance travelled of all
tonnes summed up.
OECD/IEA, 2016
2. Purchasing power parities are the rates of currency conversion that
equalise the purchasing power of different currencies.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
20 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)
Vehicle-kilometres (vkm) is a unit of measure of
vehicle activity. One vehicle-kilometre represents the
movement of a vehicle over one kilometre. For all
vehicles, it corresponds to the product of the number
of vehicles in stock and the average distance travelled
by vehicle.
Occupancy (passenger per vehicle) represents the
average number of passengers per vehicle. It can be
calculated dividing pkm by vkm.
Load (tonne per vehicle) represents the average
tonnes of goods transported by one vehicle. It can be
calculated dividing tkm by vkm.
Comparability with the IEA
energy balances
This publication is based on the IEA energy efficiency
indicators data collection which is additional to that
used for the IEA energy balances. Due to the empha-
sis on final end-uses across sectors, some differences
occur between the final energy consumption in this
publication and the total final energy consumption
reported in the IEA energy balances, for the following
reasons:
In this publication, non-energy use is excluded
from final energy consumption;
Energy consumption in ferrous metals (part of
basic metals and called iron and steel in the IEA
balances) also includes energy consumption and
losses in transformation for blast furnaces and
coke ovens, which are accounted under the energy
and the transformation sectors in the IEA energy
balances;
Energy consumption in mining also include energy
consumed to extract oil, gas and coal;
Transport excludes pipeline transportation and fuel
tourism;
Military energy consumption is excluded, while it
is included in the total final energy consumption in
the IEA Energy Balances under the other non-
specified category.
Besides these systematic differences, some discrepan-
cies might occur due to the higher data disaggregation
of this publication, and to the need to adapt different
approaches/methodologies (e.g. bottom-up vs top-down)
to collect or estimate these data at a country level.
Additionally, for some countries different offices/
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
institutions are responsible for preparing the energy
balances and the energy efficiency data shown in this
publication, which may also lead to unintended
discrepancies.
Estimates of CO2 emissions
by end-use
The estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion
presented in this publication are calculated using the
IEA energy efficiency database, the IEA energy bal-
ances and the default methods and emission factors
from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Green-
house Gas Inventories.
This publication presents only CO2 emissions from
fuel combustion, from all reported energy uses of
fuels, excluding emissions from non-energy use of
fuels and including emissions reallocated from elec-
tricity and heat generation (using the same methodol-
ogy as in the IEA CO2 emissions from fuel combustion
publication).
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion
CO2 = Fuel consumption * Emission factor,
where:
Fuel consumption = amount of fuel combusted,
Emission factor = implied emission factor,
based on energy balances fuel mix within and de-
fault emission factors
Fossil fuel categories in the energy efficiency indica-
tors template (coal, oil, gas) are more aggregated than
those within the IEA energy balances. Country-
specific implied emission factor for oil, coal and gas
are computed based on the mix of individual products
reported within the IEA energy balances. Emissions
are then summed across all fuel categories to obtain
total emissions for a given end-use or sub-sector.
Emissions estimates could differ from those published
in the IEA CO2 emissions from fuel combustion publi-
cation mainly because the energy consumption data
may differ from the IEA energy balances (see previ-
ous section). Also, the IEA Secretariat estimates of
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion may not be the
OECD/IEA, 2016
same as the figures that a country submits to the
UNFCCC for a variety of reasons.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 21
Temperature correction1
The amount of energy required for space heating (and
space cooling) is highly dependent on the external
temperature, and this impact on energy consumption
may easily mask the effects of energy efficiency im-
provements. For example, a country may dramatically
reduce the amount of energy needed for space heating
over a year simply due to an exceptionally warm win-
ter; in another country, the reduction in energy con-
sumption due to the energy efficiency improvements
in heating systems might be offset by the extra re-
quirement of energy due to an extremely cold winter.
Therefore, to accurately monitor the evolution of en-
ergy consumption for space heating in the residential
sector (in this publication services space heating is
not temperature corrected) over time, it is essential to
eliminate the impact of temperature variations and to
analyse temperature-corrected data. In this publication
one of the most common methodologies has been
adopted for such correction, namely the use of heating
degree days (HDD).
HDD are a simplified measure of the intensity and
duration of cold weather over a certain period in a
given location. The value of HDD for a period, for
example a winter, is determined by subtracting for
each day the average daily temperature from a base
temperature (assumed to be the temperature below
which heating systems are turned on), and then adding
up this difference for the days of the period for which
the average outside air temperature is lower than the
base temperature. When the outside air temperature is
equal to or higher than the base temperature, HDD are
zero. The higher heating degree days, the colder the
season, the greater the amount of energy required for
space heating. HDD can be defined as:
Heating degree days
= in year i,
> ,
where:
is the base temperature,
is the average temperature of day k,
is the total number of days in the given period.
1. See Annex C in Energy Efficiency Indicators: Fundamentals on
Statistics.
As noted above, two factors are key for the calcula-
tion of HDD. The first is the base temperature, which
should be set at the level of outside air temperature at
which residents of a given region tend to turn on their
heating systems. This level can vary across different
regions depending on many factors, such as the ability
to tolerate cold temperatures, the variety of building
types, the thermal properties of buildings, the density
of occupants, etc. For example, the base temperature
in the United Kingdom is typically 15.5C while in
the United States it is typically 65F (equivalent to
18C). The base temperature should be carefully de-
termined based on the characteristics of the region,
since this choice will impact the temperature correc-
tion of the energy consumption data. It may also
evolve in time, for example if people already turn on
their thermostat at higher outside temperatures.
The second factor is the time series of average daily
temperatures. For example, if the average temperature
on one day is 5 degrees below the base temperature,
there are five HDD for that day. To get the annual
number of HDD, all positive values of HDD are
summed for each day in the year.
When the national HDD figures are available, the data
of energy consumption for space heating can be cor-
rected for temperature variations. This publication
uses a simplified methodology, which assumes that
the elasticity for adjusting heating requirements is 1,
as shown below:
Temperature correction
= ,
where:
is the temperature-corrected energy
consumption for the year i,
is the actual energy consumption
is the average heating degree
days of the given period (2000-latest year), and
is the total heating degree days in the
year i.
Such correction intends to remove the fluctuations in
energy consumption due to fluctuations in temperature
in the given year compared with the average tempera-
OECD/IEA, 2016
ture of a country. For example, if a year has 500 HDD
and the annual average HDD for the country is 250,
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
22 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)
the corrected energy consumption for space heating
would be half of the actual energy consumption. Of
course, comparison of space heating efficiency indica-
tors across countries is still difficult as a country on
average experiencing colder temperatures than anoth-
er country will need on average to consume more to
heat the same floor area.
Similarly, cooling degree days (CDD) are a measure
of the intensity of warm weather to correct energy
consumption data for space cooling. In this publica-
tion, temperature correction are made only for
calculating intensity indicators, therefore energy
consumption data show the fluctuations due to tem-
perature change. Space cooling is temperature
corrected only for countries where CDD are data
available.
Decomposition into drivers
of final energy consumption
The IEA decomposition analysis aims to identify the
cause of changes in energy demand, separating out the
role of activity and structural changes to isolate
changes in energy intensity due to energy efficiency.
As described below, this isolated change in energy
intensity can then be used as a proxy for estimating
energy efficiency improvements and is called the ef-
ficiency effect. Three main factors are distinguished
in the decomposition analysis (see Table 1), as pre-
sented below.
Activity is the level of action that drives energy use. It
is broken into sectors and measured by appropriate
data: value-added output in the industry and services
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
sectors; population in the residential sector; passenger-
kilometres for passenger and tonne-kilometres for
freight transport.
Structure reflects the mix of activity levels within a
sector: the share of production represented by each
sub-sector of industry or services; the floor area per
person, number of dwellings per person and appliance
ownership rates in the residential sector; and the mod-
al share of vehicles in passenger and freight transport.
Because different activity types have different energy
intensities, shifts in the structure of activity affect en-
ergy demand.
Efficiency is the amount of energy used per unit of
activity in each end-use or sub-sector. This publica-
tion uses the term efficiency effect to avoid
confusion with the term energy intensity. The de-
composition analysis is undertaken at the most dis-
aggregated level possible with the available data, so
that changes in energy intensity can be used as a
proxy for energy efficiency.
In this publication, the Logarithmic Mean Divisia
Index (LMDI) additive method has been used.
The methodology used in this publication is compara-
ble with that used in the IEA Energy Efficiency
Market Report (EEMR 2016), except for the assump-
tions used for transport. The EEMR 2016 define the
intensities in transport as energy per vehicle-
kilometre, decoupling the occupancy (passenger per
vehicle) and the load effects (tonne per vehicle) from
the efficiency effect. In this publication, transport in-
tensities are calculated using energy per passenger-
kilometre and per tonne-kilometre, respectively, for
passenger and freight transport. This could lead to
different estimated energy savings.
OECD/IEA, 2016
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 23

Table. 1. Data and indicators included in the IEA decomposition analysis presented in this publication

Sector End-use/sub-sector Activity Structure Efficiency

Temperature-corrected energy /
Space heating Population Floor area / population
floor area

Occupied dwellings /
Water heating Population Energy / occupied dwelling
population

Occupied dwellings/
Cooking Population Energy / occupied dwelling
population
Residential
Temperature-corrected energy /
Space cooling Population Floor area / population
floor area

Lighting Population Floor area / population Energy / floor area

Appliance stock/
Appliances Population Energy / appliance unit
population

Passenger Passenger car; bus; rail; Passenger Share of passenger-

Energy / passenger-kilometre
transport domestic aviation kilometre kilometres by mode

Freight Freight road transport; Share of tonne-

Tonne kilometre Energy / tonne-kilometre
transport rail; domestic shipping kilometres by mode

Food; textiles; wood;

paper and printing;
chemicals; rubber; non-
metallic minerals; basic
Manufacturing Value added Share of value added Energy / value-added
metals; machinery;
transport equipment;
furniture/other
manufacturing

Services Services Value added Share of value added Energy / value-added

Other
Agriculture; construction Value added Share of value added Energy / value-added
industries

OECD/IEA, 2016

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

24 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)
Notes on graphs
Cross sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector
It shows the share of energy consumption by sector
(residential, transport, manufacturing, services and
other industries), highlighting the highest consuming
energy end-use/sub-sector within the residential,
transport and manufacturing sectors. Other industries
includes agriculture and fishing, mining and
construction.
Top-6 CO2 emitting end-uses
It shows the shares of CO2 emissions in total CO2
emissions from final energy consumption for the larg-
est six emitting end-uses/subsectors. Emissions in-
clude emissions reallocated from electricity and heat
generation.
Final energy consumption by source
It shows time series of final energy consumption by
energy source.
Drivers of final energy consumption1
It shows the results of the IEA analysis of decomposi-
tion of final energy consumption into drivers. The
three dashed lines represent the activity, structure and
efficiency effects that drive final energy consumption,
shown as solid line.
Estimated energy savings from efficiency1
It shows the hypothetical energy consumption if no
energy efficiency improvements since 2000 had oc-
curred compared with the actual final energy con-
sumption. The difference represents an estimate of the
energy savings due to efficiency improvements since
2000.
Estimated cumulative energy savings by sector1
It shows how the different sectors (residential, indus-
try and services, passenger transport and freight
transport) contributed to the cumulative energy sav-
ings from 2000 to the latest year available resulting
from the efficiency improvements since 2000.
1. In these graphs presenting results of the IEA decomposition analy-
sis, the final energy consumption may be smaller than the actual final
energy consumption if some end-uses/sub-sectors are excluded from
the decomposition because of data availability. For any given country,
please refer to the note at the bottom of the corresponding cross-
sectoral overview page.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Residential sector
Residential energy consumption by end-use
It shows time series of residential energy consumption
by end-use. Residential end-uses include: space heat-
ing; space cooling; lighting; cooking; water heating;
residential appliances; non-specified.
Residential energy consumption by end-use,
latest year
It shows the share of each end-use in the residential
energy consumption for the most recent available
year.
Residential energy consumption by source
It shows consumption by end-use and energy source
in the residential sector, for 2000 and for the most
recent available year. In this graph, other end-uses
include space cooling; lighting; residential appliances
and non-specified.
Appliances per dwelling, 2000-latest year
% change
It shows the percent change in the residential appli-
ances diffusion, calculated as average number of units
of appliances per dwelling, between 2000 and the lat-
est year available.
Energy intensities by end-use per floor area
It shows selected end-use intensities calculated as
temperature-corrected energy per floor area (GJ/m2).
Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling
It shows selected end-use intensities calculated as
energy per dwelling.
Industry and Services sectors
Industry and Services energy consumption
It shows time series of energy consumption for manu-
facturing, services, agriculture, mining and
construction.
Manufacturing energy consumption by sub-
sector
It shows the shares of energy consumption in manu-
facturing for the top-six consuming sub-sectors, for
the most recent available year.
Value added by sector
It shows the shares of value added in total GDP for
OECD/IEA, 2016
manufacturing, services, agriculture, mining and con-
struction, for 2000 and the most recent available year.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 25
Manufacturing value added by sub-sector
It shows the share of value added in manufacturing for
the top-six consuming sub-sectors, for the most recent
available year.
Manufacturing energy consumption by source
It shows the shares of the different energy sources in
manufacturing, for 2000 and for the most recent avail-
able year.
Selected energy intensities
It shows intensities calculated as energy per value
added for agriculture, construction, mining, services
and manufacturing; and for the largest five energy
consuming manufacturing sub-sectors.
Transport sector
Note that transport excludes international marine and
aviation bunkers, pipelines and fuel tourism.
Transport energy consumption by mode/vehicle
type
It shows time series of energy consumption split by
road (passenger cars, buses, motorcycles, freight
road), rail, air, water. Passenger cars includes cars,
sport utility vehicles and personal trucks.
Transport energy consumption by mode/vehicle
type, latest year
It shows the shares in transport energy consumption
of the different modes/vehicle types: road (passenger
cars, buses, motorcycles, freight road), rail, air, and
water, for the most recent available year.
Energy consumption in road transport by source
It shows the share of different fuels (motor gasoline,
diesel, LPG, natural gas and other) in passenger cars
and freight road transport, for 2000 and for the most
recent available year.
Transport activity by mode/vehicle type
It shows the share of each mode/vehicle type in activi-
ty for passenger transport (passenger-kilometres) and
road transport (tonne-kilometres), for 2000 and the
most recent available year.
Energy intensities for passenger transport
It shows intensities, calculated as energy per passenger-
kilometre, for selected passenger transport modes/
vehicles.
Energy intensities for freight transport
It shows intensities, calculated as energy per tonne-
kilometre, for selected freight transport modes/vehicles.
OECD/IEA, 2016
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
 OECD/IEA, 2016
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 27

3. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS

All the energy data reported in this publication are based on a net energy content, which excludes the energy lost
to produce water vapour during combustion.

General conversion factors for energy

To: TJ Gcal Mtoe MBtu GWh
From: multiply by:
terajoule (TJ) 1 2.388x102 2.388x10-5 9.478x102 2.778x10-1
gigacalorie (Gcal) 4.187x10-3 1 1.000x10-7 3.968 1.163x10-3
million tonnes of oil
4.187x104 1.000x107 1 3.968x107 1.163x104
equivalent (Mtoe)
million British thermal units
1.055x10-3 2.520x10-1 2.520x10-8 1 2.931x10-4
(MBtu)
gigawatt hour (GWh) 3.600 8.598x102 8.598x10-5 3.412x103 1

Conversion factors for mass

To: kg t lt st lb
From: multiply by:
kilogramme (kg) 1 1.000x10-3 9.842x10-4 1.102x10-3 2.205
3 -1
tonne (t) 1.000x10 1 9.842x10 1.102 2.205x103
long ton (lt) 1.016x103 1.016 1 1.120 2.240x103
2 -1 -1
short ton (st) 9.072x10 9.072x10 8.929x10 1 2.000x103
-1 -4 -4 -4
pound (lb) 4.536x10 4.536x10 4.464x10 5.000x10 1

Conversion factors for volume

To: gal U.S. gal U.K. bbl ft3 l m3
From: multiply by:
U.S. gallon (gal U.S.) 1 8.327x10-1 2.381x10-2 1.337x10-1 3.785 3.785x10-3
U.K. gallon (gal U.K.) 1.201 1 2.859x10-2 1.605x10-1 4.546 4.546x10-3
1 1 2
barrel (bbl) 4.200x10 3.497x10 1 5.615 1.590x10 1.590x10-1
cubic foot (ft3) 7.481 6.229 1.781x10-1 1 2.832x101 2.832x10-2
-1 -1 -3 -2
litre (l) 2.642x10 2.200x10 6.290x10 3.531x10 1 1.000x10-3
cubic metre (m3)
OECD/IEA, 2016

2.642x102 2.200x102 6.290 3.531x101 1.000x103 1

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28 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

Decimal prefixes

101 deca (da) 10-1 deci (d)

102 hecto (h) 10-2 centi (c)

103 kilo (k) 10-3 milli (m)

106 mega (M) 10-6 micro ()

109 giga (G) 10-9 nano (n)

1012 tera (T) 10-12 pico (p)

1015 peta (P) 10-15 femto (f)

1018 exa (E) 10-18 atto (a)

OECD/IEA, 2016

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 29

PART II

COUNTRY GRAPHS AND TABLES

OECD/IEA, 2016

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

30 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

AUSTRALIA
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Residential
space
heating
Mining
4%
13% Non-ferrous
Other end- metals
Other uses* 13%
industries* Residential
11% Other end-uses*
16%
Passenger Mining
Services cars* 13%
8% 17%

Passenger
Transport cars*
35% 12%
Manufacturing
30%
Freight road
10%
Residential
Non-ferrous appliances
metals Chemicals 6%
11% 4%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

4 000 150%

3 500
140%
3 000
130%
2 500
120%
PJ

2 000
110%
1 500
100%
1 000

500 90%

0 80%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
4 000 3 000

3 500
2 500
Freight
3 000
transport
2 000
2 500 Passenger
transport
2 000 1 500
PJ
PJ

1 500 Services
1 000 and Cumulative
1 000 Industry savings
500
500
Residential
0 0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 89% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 31

AUSTRALIA
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 359 45 19 19 114 2.6
2013 410 56 23 18 141 2.6

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

450
400
Cooking
350 6% Water heating Refrigerators*
23% 7%
300 Lighting
7% Washing
PJ

250 equipment*
Residential
200 Space 2%
appliances TVs* 5%
cooling
24%
150 5%
PCs* 2%
100
Space heating Other
50 35% appliances
8%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

160
140 Refrigerators*

120
Dish washers
100
80
Clothes washers
PJ

60
40 Clothes dryers
20
0 TVs*
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses* PCs*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* -25% 0% 25% 50% 75%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Space heating TC* Water heating

Space cooling TC* Cooking

Lighting Residential appliances

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 5 10 15

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes TVs only; PCs includes also other information technology; other end-uses
includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources
includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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32 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

AUSTRALIA
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 1 035 212 366 606 73 284
2013 1 082 287 586 895 74 454

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
Machinery Other
2 500 2% Other sub-
sub-sectors*
Paper and sectors*
1%
Printing 1%
6%
2 000 Non-metallic
minerals
10%
1 500
PJ

1 000 Basic metals

Food 48%
14%

500

0 Chemicals
2000 2005 2010 2014 19%

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013
Other sub-
Other sub-sectors*
5%sectors*
80% 5%
Textiles
6% Food
23%
60% Paper and
printing
11%
40%

Chemicals
20% Machinery
17%
20%

0%
2000 2013 Basic metals
18%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Basic metals
Chemicals
2013 Food
Non-metallic minerals
Paper and Printing

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 33

AUSTRALIA
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 673 364 328 375 1.8 3.0

2013 776 509 413 613 1.8 3.2

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
1 400

1 200
Passenger
1 000 cars*
Rail 48%
4%
800
PJ

Air Road
600 9% 85%

400 Freight road

Water
2% 35%
200
Buses
2%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 0.4%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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34 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

AUSTRIA
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture Residential
2% space
heating Other end-
18% uses*
Other Passenger
Services
industries* cars*
12%
5% 18%
Residential Other end-uses*
25%

Ferrous metals
14%
Passenger
cars*
Transport
Manufacturing 22% 13%
36% Residential
space heating
Paper and
Freight 13%
Printing
4% Non-metallic road
Ferrous metals minerals 9%
11% 5%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

1 400 120%

1 200 115%

1 000 110%

800 105%
PJ

600 100%

400 95%

200 90%

0 85%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
1 200 900
800
1 000
700
800 600
500 Services
600 and Freight
PJ
PJ

400 Residential Industry transport

400 300
200 Passenger
200 transport Cumulative
100 savings
0 0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 97% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 35

AUSTRIA
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 262 60 8 33 91 2.5
2013 258 44 8 30 100 2.3

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

Lighting Cooking
300 Space cooling 2%
0.1% 3%
Non-specified
250 1%
Refrigerators*
Water 3%
200
heating
PJ

11% Washing
150 equipment*
Residential
Space heating appliances 3%
73% 10%
100 TVs* 0.4%
PCs* 2%
50
Other
appliances
0
2%
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

200
180 Refrigerators*
160
140
120 Dish washers
100
PJ

80
Clothes washers
60
40
20 Clothes dryers
0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
TVs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 125%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Space heating TC* Water heating

Space cooling Cooking

Lighting Residential appliances

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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36 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

AUSTRIA
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 297 112 45 262 42 159
2014 368 118 54 318 57 196

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2014
600 Other
sub-sectors*
11%
500 Other
sub-sectors*
11%
400 Machinery
7%
Basic metals
34%
PJ

300 Wood
8%
200
Non-metallic
minerals
100 10%

Paper and
0 Chemicals Printing
2000 2005 2010 2014 11% 19%

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2014
Other
sub-sectors*
80%
19%
Other
60% sub-sectors*
19%
Paper and Machinery
40% printing 37%
6%
Basic metals
20% 7%

Transport
0% equipment
2000 2014 9% Chemicals
Food 11%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 11%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Basic metals
Paper and Printing
2014 Chemicals
Non-metallic minerals
Wood

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

2000 2014 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 37

AUSTRIA
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 153 69 90 49 1.2 3.4

2013 150 74 103 62 1.2 3.6

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
300

250
Passenger
200 cars*
Rail 62%
4%
PJ

150 Road
Air 95%
1%
100
Water
0.5% Freight road
50 30%
Buses
2%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 1%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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38 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

BELGIUM
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture
2% Residential
space
Other end-
heating
Services uses* Residential
Other 19%
15% industries* space heating
3% 18%
Residential Other end-uses*
27%

Passenger
cars*
14%

Transport Passenger
Manufacturing
20% cars*
35%
12% Chemicals
Non-metallic 13%
minerals
4% Ferrous Freight
Chemicals metals road
12% 7% 7%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

1 600 120%

1 400 115%

1 200 110%

1 000 105%
PJ

800 100%

600 95%

400 90%

200 85%

0 80%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
1 600 1 600

1 400 1 400
Passenger Freight
1 200 1 200
Services transport transport
1 000 1 000 and
Industry
800 800
PJ
PJ

600 600 Cumulative

savings
400 400
Residential
200 200

0 0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 97% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 39

BELGIUM
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 377 95 10 37 82 2.4
2013 371 87 11 33 81 2.3

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

450
400
Residential
350 appliances
12%
300
PJ

250 Water heating

12%
200
Cooking
150 4%
Space heating
100 72%

50
0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-11 % change

300
Refrigerators*
250

200
Dish washers
150
PJ

100 Clothes washers

50
Clothes dryers
0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
TVs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Water heating

Space heating TC* Cooking

Residential appliances

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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40 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

BELGIUM
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 600 162 41 317 47 209
2013 492 205 42 376 45 250

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
Other
900 sub-sectors*
Transport 10%
800 equipment Other
2% sub-sectors*
700 Paper and 10%
Printing
600
6%
500 Chemicals
PJ

Non-metallic 35%
400
minerals
300 11%

200
Food
100
12%
0
2000 2005 2010 2014 Basic metals
24%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013
Other
sub-sectors*
80% 18%
Other
sub-sectors* Machinery
60% 18% 20%
Paper and
printing
5%
40%
Rubber
6% Chemicals
20% 19%
Basic metals
13%
0%
2000 2013
Food
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 19%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Chemicals
Basic metals
2013 Food
Non-metallic minerals
Paper and Printing

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 41

BELGIUM
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 198 87 125 64 2.0 4.6

2013 186 97 134 62 2.0 3.3

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
350

300
Passenger
250 Rail cars*
4% 57%
200
PJ

Road
150 Air
92%
3%
100
Water Freight road
1% 31%
50 Buses
4%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 0.4%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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42 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

CANADA
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Residential
space
Mining heating
13% 11% Other end- Freight road
Other uses* 15%
industries* Residential
18% 17%

Passenger Passenger
Services cars* cars*
10% 12% Other end-uses* 15%
Transport
30%

Manufacturing
25% Mining
14%
Agriculture
4%
Chemicals Residential
Furnitures 3% space heating
6%
9%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

9 000 130%
8 000

7 000 120%

6 000
110%
5 000
PJ

4 000
100%
3 000

2 000
90%
1 000

0 80%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
9 000 7 000
Freight
8 000
6 000
transport
Passenger
7 000
5 000 transport
6 000
5 000 4 000 Services
and
PJ
PJ

4 000 3 000 Industry

3 000 Cumulative
2 000 savings
2 000
1 000 Residential
1 000
0 0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; other sources includes combustibles renewables and wastes, heat and other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 90% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.
OECD/IEA, 2016

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 43

CANADA
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 1 394 61 31 45 123 2.6
2013 1 426 57 35 41 133 2.5

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

Lighting Cooking
1 600 4%
4%
Space cooling
1 400 1%
Refrigerators*
1 200
3%
Water heating
1 000 19%
PJ

Washing
800 Residential equipment*
appliances 3%
600
10%
400 Space heating TVs* 2%
62%
200 Other
appliances 2%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

1 000
900 Refrigerators*
800
700 Dish washers
600
500
Clothes washers
PJ

400
300
Clothes dryers
200
100
0 TVs*
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses* PCs*

Gas Electricity Oil Coal Other sources* -25% 0% 25% 50% 75%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Space heating TC* Water heating

Space cooling TC* Cooking

Lighting Residential appliances

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 5 10 15 20 25

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; other sources includes combustibles renewables and wastes, heat
and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

44 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

CANADA
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 2 356 869 771 1 025 150 595
2013 2 040 856 1 458 1 325 128 825

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
5 000
4 500
4 000
3 500 Paper and
Printing
3 000 Other sub-sectors* 23%
30%
PJ

2 500
2 000
1 500
Wood Basic metals
1 000 3% 21%
500
Food
0 3%
Chemicals
2000 2005 2010 2013 Non-metallic 14%
minerals
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 6%

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013

80%

60% Other sub-sectors* Machinery

22% 23%

40%
Chemicals
7%
20% Food
18%
Basic metals
7%
0%
2000 2013 Transport
Paper and equipment
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction printing 15%
8%
Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Paper and Printing
Basic metals
2013 Chemicals
Non-metallic minerals
Food

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; other sources includes combustibles renewables and wastes, heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 45

CANADA
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 1 206 869 605 775 1.6 NA

2013 1 311 1 138 742 918 1.6 NA

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
3 000

Rail
2 500 4% Passenger
cars*
41%
2 000
PJ

1 500 Air
11% Road
82%
1 000
Freight road
39%
500
Water Buses
3% 2%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 0.2%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars* Freight road

Buses Rail

Rail Water

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 1 2 3 4

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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46 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

CZECH REPUBLIC
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture Residential
2% space
heating
19% Residential
Services Other space heating
12% industries* Other end- 15%
4% uses* Other end-uses*
Residential
27% Passenger
cars*
11%

Ferrous metals
Manufacturing Transport Passenger 10%
34% 23% cars*
12%
Freight
Residential road
water 6%
Ferrous metals Chemicals
11% heating
5%
5%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

1 200 130%
125%
1 000
120%

800 115%
110%
PJ

600 105%
100%
400
95%
90%
200
85%
0 80%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
1 200 1 200

1 000 1 000

800 800 Services Passenger

and transport Freight
Industry transport
600 600
PJ
PJ

400 400

200 200 Residential Cumulative

savings
0 0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 98% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 47

CZECH REPUBLIC
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 270 63 10 26 72 2.7
2014 249 50 11 24 77 2.5

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2014

350 Lighting
1%
300
Cooking
8%
250 Water Refrigerators*
heating 3%
200
PJ

15% Washing
Residential equipment*
150 appliances 2%
9% TVs* 1%
100
Space heating
67% PCs* 1%
50
Other
appliances
0 2%
2000 2005 2010 2014
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-14 % change

250
Refrigerators*
200

150 Dish washers

PJ

100
Clothes washers

50
TVs*
0
2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014
PCs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* 0% 100% 200% 300% 400% 500% 600%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Water heating
Space heating TC*

Cooking

Lighting
Residential appliances

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2014 2000 2014

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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48 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

CZECH REPUBLIC
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 437 124 57 188 37 120
2013 347 126 47 258 70 161

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
700
Other
600 sub-sectors*
20%
500 Other
sub-sectors*
20% Basic metals
400
32%
PJ

300 Food
7%
200 Paper and
Printing
100 7%
Non-metallic
Machinery minerals
0 9% 13%
2000 2005 2010 2014 Chemicals
12%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013
Other
sub-sectors*
80% 15%
Other
Non-metallic sub-sectors*
minerals 15%
60%
5%
Machinery
Chemicals 36%
40% 5%

Food
7%
20%

Rubber
0% 8%
2000 2013 Transport
equipment
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 24%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Basic metals
Non-metallic minerals
2013 Chemicals
Machinery
Paper and Printing

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 49

CZECH REPUBLIC
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 121 49 101 57 2.0 4.8

2014 160 74 107 70 NA NA

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
300

250 Passenger
cars*
200 55%

Rail
PJ

150 3% Road
Air 97%
0.35%
100 Freight road
Water
0.04% 30%
50
Buses
12%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

50 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

DENMARK
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture Other end-

Residential
6% space uses*
Other heating* Residential
industries* 26% space heating*
10% Other end-uses* 20%
Residential
Services
32%
15%

Passenger
Manufacturing cars*
14% 20%
Transport
29% Food
Food 4% Agriculture
4% Passenger
cars* Residential 6%
17% appliances Freight road
5% 10%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

700 108%

600 106%

104%
500
102%
400 100%
PJ

300 98%

96%
200
94%
100
92%
0 90%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
700 140

120
Passenger
600
transport Freight
500 100
transport
Services
400 80
and
Industry
PJ
PJ

300 60 Residential

200 40 Cumulative
savings
100 20

0 0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; residential space heating includes residential water heating; passenger cars includes cars,
sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible
renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 91% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 51

DENMARK
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 177 40 5 33 109 2.1
2013 185 27 6 33 118 2.1

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

250 Cooking
2% Non-specified
1%
Refrigerators*
200 2%
Washing
equipment*
150 2%
PJ

TVs* 3%
Space Residential
100 heating* appliances
82% 15%
Other
50 appliances
8%

0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

160
140 Refrigerators*
120
100 Dish washers
80
PJ

60 Clothes washers
40
20 Clothes dryers
0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
TVs*
Space heating* Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* 0% 25% 50% 75%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Cooking

Space heating*
TC*

Residential appliances

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; space heating includes water heating; refrigerators includes also freezers and
refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs
OECD/IEA, 2016

includes also other information technology; other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables
includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more
information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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52 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

DENMARK
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 110 80 77 173 21 105
2013 80 85 66 185 21 117

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
Other sub-
300 Other sub-sectors*
sectors*
12% 12%

250
Basic metals
4%
200
Paper and Food
Printing 30%
PJ

150 4%

100 Machinery
13%

50
Non-metallic
Chemicals minerals
0 14%
2000 2005 2010 2013 23%

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013
Other sub-
Other sub-sectors*
14%sectors*
80% 14%
Paper and
printing
60%
3%
Non-metallic
minerals Machinery
40% 38%
4%

Rubber
20% 4%
Food
16%
0%
2000 2013
Chemicals
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 21%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Food
Non-metallic minerals
2013 Chemicals
Machinery
Paper and Printing

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 53

DENMARK
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 109 63 64 26 1.5 2.8

2013 112 56 67 26 1.4 2.2

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
200
180
160
Passenger
140 Rail
cars*
3%
59%
120
Air
PJ

100 Road
1%
80 92%

60 Water
4% Freight road
40
29%
20 Buses
4%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 0.5%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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54 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

FINLAND
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture Residential
3% space
heating Paper and
15% Other end-
Other uses* Printing
Services industries* 14%
12% 5% Other end-uses*
Residential
22%
Passenger
cars*
14%
Passenger
Transport cars*
18% 9%
Residential
Manufacturing space heating
43%
11%

Freight
Chemicals Ferrous road
Paper and Printing
5% metals 10%
24%
7%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

1 200 120%

115%
1 000
110%
800 105%

100%
PJ

600
95%
400 90%

85%
200
80%
0 75%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
1 200 140

1 000 120

100 Services
800 and Passenger
Industry transport
80
600 Freight
PJ

transport
PJ

60
400
40 Residential
200 20
Cumulative
0 0 savings
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 97% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 55

FINLAND
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 184 21 5 36 93 2.3
2013 222 9 5 41 98 2.1

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

Lighting Cooking
300 4% 1%
Non-specified
250 0.3%
Refrigerators*
Water 2%
200 heating Washing
16% equipment*
PJ

150 1% TVs* 1%
Residential
appliances
100 Space heating 9%
Other
70% appliances
50 5%

0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

180
160 Refrigerators*
140
120
Dish washers
100
80
PJ

60 Clothes washers

40
20 Clothes dryers
0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
TVs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* -25% 0% 25% 50% 75%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Water heating
Space heating TC*

Cooking

Lighting
Residential appliances

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 5 10 15

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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56 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

FINLAND
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 504 98 50 148 24 85
2013 434 121 57 175 26 99

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
Other
Othersub-
sub-sectors*
800 Machinery sectors*6%
3% 6%
700 Food
4%
600 Wood
5%
500
PJ

400
Chemicals
300 10% Paper and
Printing
200 57%
Basic metals
100 15%

0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013
Other
sub-sectors*
80% 13%
Other
Basic metals sub-sectors*
4% 13%
60%
Wood
5%
40%
Food Machinery
7% 43%
20%
Chemicals
13%
0%
2000 2013 Paper and
printing
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 15%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Paper and Printing
Basic metals
2013 Chemicals
Wood
Food

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 57

FINLAND
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 105 65 69 39 1.4 4.7

2013 109 73 78 31 1.4 3.1

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
200
180
160 Passenger
Rail cars*
140 2% 53%
120
Air
PJ

100 Road
3%
80 92%

60 Water Freight road

40 3% 35%

20 Buses
3%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 1%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 1 2 3 4
2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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58 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

FRANCE
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture
3%
Other end-
Residential
uses*
space
Other heating
industries* Passenger
Services 20% cars*
16% 5% Other end-uses* 24%
Residential
29%

Residential
Manufacturing space heating
22% 16%
Transport
28% Agriculture
Passenger Chemicals 4%
cars* 4% Freight road
Ferrous 16% 14%
metals Ferrous
4% metals
5%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

7 000 110%

6 000
105%
5 000

4 000 100%
PJ

3 000
95%

2 000
90%
1 000

0 85%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
7 000 4 500
4 000 Passenger Freight
6 000
3 500 transport transport
5 000 Services
3 000
and
4 000 2 500 Industry
PJ
PJ

3 000 2 000 Cumulative

Residential
1 500 savings
2 000
1 000
1 000
500
0 0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 97% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 59

FRANCE
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 1 762 64 59 30 89 2.4
2013 1 761 58 64 28 91 2.2

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

Lighting
2 000 Space cooling 2%
0.1% Cooking
6%
Refrigerators*
1 500
4%
Water heating
10%
Washing
PJ

1 000 equipment*
Residential 3%
Space heating appliances
68% TVs* 2%
14%
500
Other
appliances
5%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

1 400

1 200 Refrigerators*

1 000
Dish washers
800

600
PJ

Clothes washers
400

200
Clothes dryers
0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
TVs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* 0% 25% 50%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Space heating Water heating

Space cooling Cooking

Lighting Residential appliances

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 2 4 6 8 10

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

60 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

FRANCE
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 1 444 821 267 1 768 182 1 207
2013 1 440 990 250 2 053 183 1 436

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
3 000

2 500

Other sub-sectors*
2 000 17% Basic metals
Machinery 22%
6%
PJ

1 500

1 000 Paper and

Printing Chemicals
9% 18%
500
Non-metallic
minerals
0 13% Food
2000 2005 2010 2013 15%

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013

80%

Other sub-sectors*
60% 17%
Machinery
Paper and 31%
printing
40% 6%

20% Rubber
7%

0% Transport Food
2000 2013 equipment Chemicals 19%
7% 13%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Basic metals
Chemicals
2013 Food
Non-metallic minerals
Paper and Printing

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 61

FRANCE
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 1 132 652 836 268 1.8 2.0

2013 1 085 610 919 228 1.8 1.7

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
2 000
1 800
1 600 Passenger
1 400 Rail cars*
3% 57%
1 200
PJ

1 000 Road
Air
800 2% 94%

600
Water Freight road
400 1% 34%
200 Buses
2%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 1%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 1 2 3 4
2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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62 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

GERMANY
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture
2%

Residential Residential
Services Other space space heating
13% Other end-
industries* heating uses* 16%
3% 20%
Other end-uses*
Residential
29%

Passenger
cars*
15%
Manufacturing
29%
Transport Chemicals
26% 7%
Passenger
cars*
Freight
Ferrous 16%
road
metals 7%
Residential Ferrous
7% appliances metals
5% 6%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

10 000 115%
9 000
110%
8 000
7 000 105%
6 000
100%
PJ

5 000
4 000 95%

3 000 90%
2 000
85%
1 000
0 80%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
12 000 14 000

10 000 12 000

10 000
8 000 Freight
8 000 Services Passenger transport
6 000 and transport
PJ

Industry
PJ

6 000
Cumulative
4 000
4 000 savings
Residential
2 000 2 000

0 0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture and mining; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses includes the
remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other
energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 98% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 63

GERMANY
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 2 584 82 82 31 85 2.3
2013 2 558 73 82 31 91 2.2

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

3 000 LightingCooking
2% 3%
2 500
Refrigerators*
Water 3%
2 000 heating
15% Washing
PJ

equipment*
1 500 Residential 2%
appliances TVs* 1%
1 000 11%
Space heating
69% Other
500 appliances
5%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

2 500
Refrigerators*
2 000

1 500 Dish washers

PJ

1 000
Clothes washers

500
Clothes dryers
0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
TVs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* -25% 0% 25% 50%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Water heating
Space heating TC*

Cooking

Lighting
Residential appliances

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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64 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

GERMANY
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 2 493 1 228 230 2 576 459 1 564
2013 2 594 1 174 219 2 933 568 1 842

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
4 500 Other
sub-sectors*
4 000 14%
3 500 Other
sub-sectors*
3 000 14% Basic metals
2 500 Food 27%
8%
PJ

2 000

1 500 Machinery
9%
1 000

500 Paper and Chemicals

Printing Non- 21%
0 10% metallic
2000 2005 2010 2014 minerals
11%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013
Other
sub-sectors*
80% 15%
Paper and Other
printing sub-sectors*
60% 4% 15%
Rubber
5% Machinery
40% 40%
Food
8%
20%

Chemicals
0% 10%
Transport
2000 2013
equipment
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 18%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Basic metals
Chemicals
2013 Non-metallic minerals
Paper and Printing
Machinery

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture and mining; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 65

GERMANY
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 1 664 641 1 018 496 1.5 4.6

2013 1 586 670 1 106 626 1.5 5.4

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
2 500

2 000
Passenger
cars*
1 500 Rail 64%
3%
PJ

Air Road
1 000 3% 93%

Water
500 1% Freight road
27%
Buses
1%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 1%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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66 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

GREECE
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture
2% Residential
space
heating Passenger
Services Other 15% Other end- cars*
13% industries* uses* 13%
4% Other end-uses*
Residential Residential
26% appliances
12%

Manufacturing
18%
Freight road
10%
Non-ferrous
metals Transport Passenger
6% 39% cars*
Non-ferrous
19% Residential
metals
space heating
7%
Non-metallic 9%
minerals
5%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

1 000 130%
900
800 120%

700
110%
600
PJ

500 100%
400
90%
300
200
80%
100
0 70%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
900 500
800 450

700 400
Freight
350
600 transport
300
500 Passenger
250
PJ

transport
PJ

400
200 Services
300 and
150
200 Industry
100 Cumulative
100 50 Residential savings

0 0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 92% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 67

GREECE
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 188 73 11 17 85 2.9
2013 158 51 11 14 85 2.4

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

250
Space cooling
1%
Cooking
200 Water
9%
heating Refrigerators*
8% 9%
150
PJ

Washing
Residential equipment*
100 appliances 2% TVs* 4%
25%
Space heating
57%
50 Other
appliances
10%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

140

120 Refrigerators*

100
Dish washers
80

60
PJ

Clothes washers
40

20
Clothes dryers
0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
TVs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* 0% 25% 50% 75%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Water heating
Space heating TC*

Cooking

Space cooling
Residential appliances

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 2 4 6 8 10

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2012 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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68 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

GREECE
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 173 55 64 231 19 143
2013 112 76 24 225 15 161

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
Other sub-
350 Textiles Other sub-sectors*
sectors*
Paper and 2% 7%
7%
300 Printing
4%
Chemicals
250 4%

200
PJ

Basic metals
150 38%
Food
18%
100

50
Non-metallic
0 minerals
2000 2005 2010 2013 27%

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013
Other
sub-sectors*
80% 14%
Other
Textiles sub-sectors* Food
6% 14% 23%
60%

40% Non-metallic
minerals
9%
20% Machinery
Basic metals 21%
13%
0%
2000 2013
Chemicals
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 14%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Basic metals
Non-metallic minerals
2013 Food
Chemicals
Paper and Printing

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 69

GREECE
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 160 110 99 25 1.4 NA

2013 137 100 126 12 NA NA

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
400

350
Rail
Passenger
300 0.5%
cars*
48%
250 Air
3%
PJ

200 Road
89%
150
Water Freight road
100 8% 35%
50 Buses
3%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
3%
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 2 4 6 8 10

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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70 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

HUNGARY
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture
3% Residential
space
heating Residential
Other space heating
21% Other end-
industries* uses* 17%
Services 5% Residential
32% Other end-uses*
16%

Passenger
cars*
15%

Manufacturing
25% Transport Freight road
22% Residential 8%
Passenger water
cars* heating Chemicals
Chemicals 13%
Residential 5% 8%
7% appliances
4%

Final energy consumption by source

800

700

600

500
PJ

400

300

200

100

0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 71

HUNGARY
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 233 66 10 23 74 2.5
2013 202 63 10 20 87 2.3

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

300

250 Residential
appliances
12%
200
PJ

150 Water heating

18%
100
Space heating
Cooking 65%
50 5%

0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

160
140
Refrigerators*
120
100
80 Clothes washers
PJ

60
40
TVs*
20
0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
PCs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* -100% 0% 100% 200% 300% 400% 500% 600%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Water heating

Space heating TC* Cooking

Residential appliances

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 5 10 15

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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72 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

HUNGARY
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 156 127 34 141 22 79
2013 159 102 37 176 33 100

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
350 Other
sub-sectors*
300 14%
Other
250 Transport sub-sectors*
equipment 14% Chemicals
6% 28%
200
PJ

150 Machinery
10%
100

Non-metallic Basic metals

50
minerals 17%
10%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Food
15%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013
Other
sub-sectors*
Non-metallic12% Other
80% minerals sub-sectors*
3% 12%
Rubber
60% 5%

Chemicals
40% Machinery
6%
47%

20% Food
9%

0% Transport
2000 2013 equipment
18%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities, 2013

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Chemicals
Food
2013 Non-metallic minerals
Machinery
Transport equipment

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 5 10 15 20 25

MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 73

HUNGARY
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 84 42 79 28 2.9 NA
2013 96 46 77 47 NA NA

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
200
180
160
Passenger
140 cars*
60%
120
PJ

100 Rail Road

4% 96%
80
60 Water
0.2% Freight road
40 30%
20 Buses
6%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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74 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

IRELAND
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture
2%
Residential
Other space
heating Other end-
industries* Passenger
20% uses*
Services 3% cars*
14% 20%
Residential
29%
Other end-uses*
Manufacturing
Residential
22%
space heating
19%
Transport
32% Residential
Non-ferrous water
metals Passenger heating
5% cars* Non-ferrous 5% Freight road
23% metals
4% Food 6%
5%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

600 140%

500 130%

400 120%
PJ

300 110%

200 100%

100 90%

0 80%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
600 250
Passenger Freight
transport transport
500
200 Services
and
400
Industry
150
300
PJ
PJ

100
Cumulative
200
Residential savings
50
100

0 0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 98% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 75

IRELAND
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 105 94 4 28 107 3.1
2013 114 93 5 25 120 2.8

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

160 Lighting Cooking
2% 5%
140
Refrigerators*
120 2%
100 Water heating
Washing
16%
PJ

equipment*
80
Residential 2%
appliances
60
Space heating 9%
40 68% TVs* 4%

20
PCs* 1%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Other
appliances
Space heating Space cooling Lighting 0.5%
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

90
80 Refrigerators*
70
60
Dish washers
50
40
PJ

30 Clothes washers

20
10 Clothes dryers
0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
TVs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 125%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Water heating
Space heating TC*

Cooking

Lighting
Residential appliances

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 5 10 15

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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76 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

IRELAND
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 98 57 19 132 26 76
2013 86 54 14 173 26 95

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
Other
250 sub-sectors*
11%

200 Other
sub-sectors*
Wood 11%
7% Basic metals
150 24%
PJ

Chemicals
100 11%

50
Machinery Food
12% 20%
0 Non-metallic
2000 2005 2010 2013 minerals
15%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013
Other
sub-sectors*
Transport 11%
80% equipment Other
2% sub-sectors*
Rubber 11%
60% 3%
Food
Paper and 38%
printing
40% 5%

20% Chemicals
18%

0%
2000 2013
Machinery
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 23%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities, 2013

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Basic metals
Food
2013 Non-metallic minerals
Machinery
Chemicals

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 77

IRELAND
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 71 36 42 13 1.5 NA
2013 96 27 57 9 1.4 NA

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
160

140

120
Rail Passenger
100 1% cars*
75%
PJ

80 Air Road
0.1% 97%
60
Water
40
2%
Freight road
20 Buses 20%
2%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 1 2 3 4

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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78 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

ITALY
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**
Agriculture
2%
Residential
space
Other Passenger
heating
industries* cars*
19% Other end-
Services 4% 17%
17% uses*
Other end-uses*
Residential
26% Residential
space heating
12%

Manufacturing
23%
Passenger
Transport cars* Freight road
30% 15% 11%
Non-metallic
minerals
Ferrous metals Chemicals 5%
5% 4%
Ferrous metals
5%

Final energy consumption by source

6 000

5 000

4 000
PJ

3 000

2 000

1 000

0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 79

ITALY
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 1 034 92 57 18 96 2.6
2013 1 258 63 61 21 94 2.5

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

Space cooling Lighting Cooking
1 600 2%
2% 5%
1 400 Non-specified
2%
1 200 Refrigerators*
3%
1 000 Water heating
8%
PJ

800 Residential Washing

Space heating appliances equipment*
600 9%
72% 3%
400
TVs* 1%
200 PCs* 1%
Other
0 appliances
2000 2005 2010 2013 1%
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

1 000
900 Refrigerators*
800
700 Dish washers
600
500
Clothes washers
PJ

400
300
Clothes dryers
200
100
0 TVs*
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses* PCs*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* -25% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 125% 150%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Space heating TC* Water heating

Space cooling Cooking

Lighting Residential appliances

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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80 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

ITALY
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 1 666 583 162 1 641 251 1 016
2013 1 121 816 167 1 628 225 1 068

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
Other sub-
3 000 sectors*
Other sub-sectors*
11% 11%
2 500
Paper and
Printing
2 000 8% Basic metals
24%
PJ

1 500
Food
1 000 10%
Non-metallic
500 Machinery minerals
13% 19%

0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Chemicals
15%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013

Other sub-
80% sectors*
19%

60% Other sub-sectors*

19%
Machinery
Paper and 37%
40%
printing
5%
20% Transport
equipment
7% Chemicals
0% 8%
2000 2013 Food
Textiles
12%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 12%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Basic metals
Non-metallic minerals
2013 Chemicals
Machinery
Food

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 81

ITALY
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 1 109 541 951 245 1.6 1.2

2013 903 544 838 196 1.5 NA

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
2 000
1 800
1 600 Passenger
Rail cars*
1 400
1% 52%
1 200
Air
PJ

1 000 Road
2%
800 94%

600 Water Freight road

3% 34%
400
Buses
200 4%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
4%
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5
2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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82 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

JAPAN
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2014 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2014**
Construction
1% Residential
appliances
6%
Services Other Ferrous metals
14% industries* Other end- 15%
2% uses*
Residential
17% Passenger
cars*
Passenger
11%
cars*
14% Other end-uses*
Transport
27% Residential
appliances
Manufacturing 10%
40%
Freight road
7%
Chemicals
Ferrous metals
Non-metallic 7%
17%
minerals
4%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

14 000 110%

12 000
105%

10 000
100%
8 000
PJ

95%
6 000
90%
4 000

2 000 85%

0 80%
2000 2005 2010 2014 2000 2005 2010 2014
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-14***
14 000 12 000

12 000 10 000

10 000 Freight
8 000 transport
8 000
6 000
PJ
PJ

6 000 Passenger
Services Cumulative
4 000
transport
and savings
4 000
Industry
2 000 2 000
Residential
0 0
2000 2005 2010 2014

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 93% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 83

JAPAN
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 2 124 89 127 17 93 2.8
2014 1 970 83 127 15 91 2.4

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2014

2 500

2 000 Refrigerators*
0%
Space heating
1 500 25%
PJ

Residential
appliances
1 000 38% Space cooling
2%
Cooking
500 8%

Water heating
0 27%
2000 2005 2010 2014
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-14 % change

900
800
700
600
Clothes washers
500
400
PJ

300 Clothes dryers

200
100 TVs*
0
2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014
PCs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* -25% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 125%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Water heating
Space heating TC*

Cooking

Space cooling TC*

Residential appliances

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0 5 10 15 20

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2014 2000 2014

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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84 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

JAPAN
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 4 954 1 898 250 3 665 674 2 553
2014 4 589 1 600 196 4 069 797 2 795

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2014
Other sub-
8 000 Other sub-sectors*
sectors*
10% 10%
7 000
Machinery
6 000 6%

5 000
Food
6% Ferrous
PJ

4 000
metals
3 000 Paper and 43%
Printing
2 000 8%
Non-metallic
1 000 minerals
10%
0 Chemicals
2000 2005 2010 2014 17%

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2014
Other
sub-sectors*
80% 16%
Other
sub-sectors*
60% Non-ferrous 16%
metals
6% Machinery
40% 37%
Ferrous
metals
20% 7%
Chemicals
9%
0% Transport
2000 2014 equipment Food
12% 13%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Ferrous metals
Chemicals
2014 Non-metallic minerals
Paper and Printing
Food

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

2000 2014 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 85

JAPAN
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 2 149 1 622 1 420 479 1.8 0.9

2014 1 909 1 204 1 378 417 1.4 1.0

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2014
4 000

3 500
Rail
3 000 2% Passenger
cars*
2 500 51%
Air
PJ

2 000 5% Road
88%
1 500

1 000 Water Freight road

5% 35%
500 Buses
2%
0
2000 2005 2010 2014
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 2 4 6 8

2000 2014 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2014

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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KOREA
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2014 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2014**
Agriculture Residential
2% space
heating
Other 6%
industries* Other end- Ferrous metals
Services 3% uses* 16%
14% Residential
14%
Passenger Passenger
cars* cars*
14% 11%
Other end-uses*
Transport
25%
Chemicals
8%
Manufacturing
44%
Machinery
Freight 8%
road
Ferrous metals Residential
19% space heating 7%
5%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

7 000 160%

6 000 150%

140%
5 000
130%
4 000 120%
PJ

3 000 110%

100%
2 000
90%
1 000
80%
0 70%
2000 2005 2010 2014 2000 2005 2010 2014
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-14***
8 000 8 000

7 000 7 000
Passenger Freight
6 000 6 000
transport transport
5 000 5 000

4 000 4 000
PJ
PJ

Services
3 000 3 000 and Cumulative
Industry savings
2 000 2 000

1 000 1 000
Residential
0 0
2000 2005 2010 2014

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 97% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 87

KOREA
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 718 87 47 15 86 4.1
2014 839 77 50 17 94 3.2

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2014

1 000

800 Refrigerators*
Water heating 3%
Lighting Washing
26%
3% Cooking equipment*
8% 1% TVs* 2%
600 PCs* 1%
PJ

Space cooling
Residential
1%
400 appliances
19% Other
appliances
200 Space heating 12%
43%

0
2000 2005 2010 2014
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-14 % change

450
400 Refrigerators*
350
300
Dish washers
250
200
PJ

150 Clothes washers

100
50 TVs*
0
2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014
PCs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* -75% -50% -25% 0% 25% 50% 75%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Space heating TC* Water heating

Space cooling TC* Cooking

Lighting Residential appliances

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 5 10 15 20

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2014 2000 2014

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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88 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

KOREA
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 1 826 730 180 1 040 230 581
2014 2 622 845 156 1 808 513 967

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2014
Other
4 000
sub-sectors*
12%
3 500
Paper and Other
Printing sub-sectors*
3 000
4% 12%
2 500 Transport
equipment
PJ

2 000 5% Ferrous
Non-metallic metals
1 500 43%
minerals
1 000 9%

500 Machinery
12%
0
2000 2005 2010 2014 Chemicals
15%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2014
Other sub-sectors*
9%
Food
80% 4%
Textiles
60% 5%

Ferrous
metals
40% Machinery
7%
44%

20% Chemicals
14%

0%
2000 2014 Transport
equipment
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 17%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Ferrous metals
Chemicals
2014 Machinery
Non-metallic minerals
Transport equipment

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

2000 2014 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 89

KOREA
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 709 556 512 106 3.8 2.9

2014 946 539 720 151 3.9 2.8

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2014
1 800

1 600

1 400 Passenger
cars*
1 200 Rail 54%
1%
1 000
Air
PJ

800 0.4% Road

97%
600
Freight road
Water
400 35%
2%
200 Buses
7%
0
2000 2005 2010 2014 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 1%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport

Freight transport
Passenger cars*

Buses
Freight road

Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2000 2014 MJ/pkm* 2000 2014 MJ/tkm*

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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LUXEMBOURG
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**
Agriculture
1% Residential
space
heating Other end-
18% uses* Residential
Other space heating
industries* 17%
Services 2%
21% Residential
25%
Other end-uses* Ferrous metals
14%

Freight
Transport road
Manufacturing 12%
30% 22%
Freight road
13%

Chemicals Passenger
Ferrous metals 3%Non-metallic cars*
15% minerals 9%
7%

Final energy consumption by source

180

160

140

120

100
PJ

80

60

40

20

0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 91

LUXEMBOURG
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 19 NA 0.4 44 119 2.6
2013 21 89 0.5 39 131 2.5

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

25

Residential
20 appliances
11%
Water
15 Cooking heating
PJ

3% 11%
Lighting
10 1%
Space cooling Space heating
0.3% 74%
5

0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source

18
16
14
12
10
8
PJ

6
4
2
0
2008 2013 2008 2013 2008 2013 2008 2013
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources*

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Space heating Water heating

Space cooling Cooking

Lighting Residential appliances

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 5 10 15

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2008 2013 2008 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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92 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

LUXEMBOURG
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 28 17 2 27 2 19
2013 25 18 2 36 2 28

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
Other
60 Other sub-
sub-sectors*
sectors*
9%
Food 9%
50 3%
Wood
4%
40 Textiles
5%
PJ

30

Chemicals Basic metals

20 11% 49%

10
Non-metallic
0 minerals
2000 2005 2010 2013 19%

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013
Othersub-sectors*
Other sub-
sectors*
9%
9%
80% Chemicals
6%

60%
Basic metals
Food 25%
8%
40%

Textiles
20% 11%
Non-metallic
minerals
0% 21%
Machinery
2000 2013
20%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Basic metals
Non-metallic minerals
2013 Chemicals
Textiles
Wood

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 93

LUXEMBOURG
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 8 5 6 9 NA NA
2013 8 11 8 8 1.2 NA

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
25

Passenger
20 cars*
40%

15
Rail
PJ

5%
Road
10 Air 95%
0.05%
Freight road
Water 54%
5 0.04%

Buses
0 1%
2000 2005 2010 2013
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60%

80%
40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 60% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars* Freight road

Rail Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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94 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

NETHERLANDS
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture Residential
8% space
heating Other end-
Other 16% uses* Chemicals
industries* 16%
Residential
12% 23%

Services Residential
15% Other end-uses* space heating
12%

Transport Passenger
20% cars*
12% Passenger
Manufacturing
30% cars*
12%
Residential
appliances Agriculture
Chemicals 5% Freight 8%
15%
road
6%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

2 500 115%

110%
2 000
105%
1 500
100%
PJ

1 000 95%

90%
500
85%

0 80%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
2 500 3 500
Freight
3 000
transport
2 000 Passenger
2 500 transport
Services
1 500 2 000 and
Industry
PJ
PJ

1 500
1 000 Cumulative
1 000 savings
500
500 Residential

0 0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 97% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 95

NETHERLANDS
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 438 91 16 28 106 2.4
2013 459 88 17 27 117 2.3

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

600 Lighting Cooking
3% 2%
Space cooling Non-specified
0.1% 3%
500
Refrigerators*
Water 3%
400 heating
Washing
11%
PJ

equipment*
300 3%
Residential
Space heating appliances
200 69% 12% TVs* 2%

100 Other
appliances
4%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

350

300 Refrigerators*

250
Dish washers
200

150
PJ

Clothes washers
100

50
Clothes dryers
0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
TVs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* 0% 25% 50% 75%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Space heating TC* Water heating

Space cooling Cooking

Lighting Residential appliances

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 2 4 6 8 10

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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96 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

NETHERLANDS
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 676 261 254 569 60 352
2013 598 301 233 647 65 421

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
Other sub-
Machinery Other sub-sectors*
sectors*
1 400 3% 3%
Non-metallic 4%
minerals
1 200 4%
Paper and
1 000 Printing
5%
800
PJ

600 Food
13% Chemicals
50%
400

200
Basic metals
0 21%
2000 2005 2010 2013

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013

80%
Other
sub-sectors*
60% Machinery
17%
Basic metals 25%
5%
40%
Transport
equipment
5%
20%
Paper and
printing Food
0% 6% 23%
2000 2013 Chemicals
19%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Chemicals
Basic metals
2013 Food
Paper and Printing
Non-metallic minerals

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 97

NETHERLANDS
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 256 133 169 92 1.6 2.0

2013 263 128 164 96 1.3 1.9

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
450

400

350
Passenger
300 Rail cars*
2% 63%
250
PJ

Air Road
200 0.4% 96%
150
Water
100 2% Freight road
30%
50 Buses
2%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 1%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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98 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

NEW ZEALAND
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2014 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2014**
Residential
Agriculture space
6% heating Other end-
3% uses*
Other
industries*
Services Passenger
8% Residential
9% 11% cars*
Passenger 24%
cars*
19%
Other end-uses*
Transport
35%

Manufacturing Freight road

37% 16%
Domestic
passenger Agriculture
airplanes 6% Food
3% 11%
Food Chemicals
8% 7%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

600 140%

500 130%

400 120%
PJ

300 110%

200 100%

100 90%

0 80%
2000 2005 2010 2014 2000 2005 2010 2014
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-14***
600 500
450
500 Freight
400
transport
350
400
300 Passenger
300 250 transport
PJ
PJ

200 Cumulative
200 Services
150 and savings
100 Industry
100
50 Residential
0 0
2000 2005 2010 2014

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 96% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 99

NEW ZEALAND
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 57 31 4 15 120 2.7
2014 60 30 5 13 132 2.6

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2014

70

60 Refrigerators*
Water heating 3%
50 28% Washing
equipment*
40 7%
PJ

Cooking
Residential TVs* 2%
6%
30 appliances PCs* 3%
Lighting 28%
9%
20
Other
10 Space heating appliances
Space cooling 29% 13%
0 0.1%
2000 2005 2010 2014
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-14 % change

25
Refrigerators*
20
Dish washers
15

Clothes washers
PJ

10

Clothes dryers
5

0 TVs*
2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses* PCs*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 125% 150% 175% 200%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Space heating TC* Water heating

Space cooling TC* Cooking

Lighting Residential appliances

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0 5 10 15 20

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2014 2000 2014

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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100 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

NEW ZEALAND
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 179 39 37 87 21 52
2014 204 50 46 124 25 75

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2014
Other sub-
Other sub-sectors*
sectors*
350 Non-metallic
minerals 6% 6%
300 4%

250 Food
22%
200 Paper
14%
PJ

150

100 Basic metals

Chemicals 18%
18%
50

0 Wood
2000 2005 2010 2014 18%

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2014

80%
Non-metallic Other
minerals sub-sectors*
4% 13%
60%
Food
Wood
33%
6%
40%

Basic metals
20% 11%

Machinery Chemicals
0%
14% 19%
2000 2014
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Food
Basic metals
2014 Wood
Chemicals
Paper

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50

2000 2014 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 101

NEW ZEALAND
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 113 51 51 25 1.7 2.4

2014 121 72 63 37 1.6 2.8

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2014
250

200 Rail Passenger

1% cars*
55%
150
Air
PJ

6% Road
100 91%

Water Freight road

50 34%
2%
Buses
2%
0
2000 2005 2010 2014 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 0.4%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

2000 2014 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2014

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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102 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

POLAND
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture
5% Residential
space
Other heating Other end-
industries* 22% uses* Residential
Services space heating
12% 8% Other end-uses*
Residential 22%
32%

Passenger
cars*
8%
Manufacturing Freight road
25% Transport 7%
23% Passenger Chemicals
cars* 5%
Ferrous 11%
metals Ferrous
6% metals
Agriculture 5%
4%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

3 000 150%

140%
2 500
130%
2 000
120%
PJ

1 500 110%

100%
1 000
90%
500
80%

0 70%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
4 000 6 000
Passenger Freight
3 500 transport transport
5 000
3 000
4 000
2 500
Services
2 000 3 000
PJ

and
PJ

1 500
Industry
2 000 Cumulative
1 000 savings
1 000
500
Residential
0 0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 97% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 103

POLAND
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 724 50 38 19 67 3.2
2013 855 57 39 22 73 2.8

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

1 000

800

600 Non-specified
PJ

30%

400
Space heating
70%
200

0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-10 % change

700

600 Refrigerators*
500

400
Dish washers
300
PJ

200
Clothes washers
100

0
2000 2013 2000 2013
TVs*
Space heating Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* -100% 0% 100% 200% 300% 400% 500% 600% 700% 800%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area

Space heating TC*

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

GJ/m2
2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing equipments includes
OECD/IEA, 2016

dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology; other end-uses includes
cooking, water heating, space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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104 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

POLAND
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 832 208 294 452 45 268
2013 673 337 212 719 141 402

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
1 600 Other sub-
Other sub-sectors*
sectors*
1 400 12% 12%

Wood
1 200
5%
1 000
Basic metals
Paper and 28%
PJ

800
Printing
600 10%

400
Food
200 11% Chemicals
18%
0 Non-metallic
2000 2005 2010 2013 minerals
16%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013

Other sub-
80% sectors*
20%

60%
Other sub-sectors*
20% Machinery
Chemicals 35%
40% 5%
Rubber
6%
20%

0% Non-metallic Transport
2000 2013 minerals Food
equipment
7% 14%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 13%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Basic metals
Chemicals
2013 Non-metallic minerals
Food
Paper and Printing

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 105

POLAND
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 229 141 191 131 1.9 NA

2013 355 277 254 311 1.7 NA

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2012
800

700
Passenger
600 cars*
48%
500
Rail
PJ

400 2% Road
Air 98%
300 0.25%
Freight road
Water 44%
200
0.02%
100 Buses
6%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
0.29%
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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106 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

PORTUGAL
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture
Cooking
3%
7%
Other end-
Services Other uses*
12% industries* Passenger
5% cars*
26%

Other end-uses*

Passenger
Transport cars* Freight road
Manufacturing 22%
37% 14%
29%
Paper
Paper and and Non-metallic
Printing Printing minerals
9% Chemicals 4% 8%
4% Cooking
5%

Final energy consumption by source

800

700

600

500
PJ

400

300

200

100

0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 107

PORTUGAL
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 123 4 10 12 NA 3.1
2013 110 14 10 11 109 1.8

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

160

140
Refrigerators*
120 2%
Water heating
20% Washing
100 equipment*
PJ

2%
80 Cooking TVs* 4%
Residential
39% appliances
60
14%
PCs* 2%
40

20 Space heating Other

21% appliances
0 4%
2000 2005 2010 2013 Lighting Space cooling
Space heating Space cooling Lighting 5% 1%
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-12 % change

60
Refrigerators*
50

40
Dish washers
30
PJ

20 Clothes washers

10
Clothes dryers
0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
TVs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* -50% -25% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 125%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Space heating Water heating

Space cooling Cooking

Lighting Residential appliances

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 5 10 15 20

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2003 2013 2003 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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108 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

PORTUGAL
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 245 54 49 222 27 130
2013 183 69 28 222 27 148

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
Other sub-
400 Other sub-sectors*
sectors*
9% 9%
350
Basic metals
300 5%

250
Textiles Paper and
7% Printing
PJ

200
33%
150 Food
10%
100

50 Chemicals
Non-metallic
11%
0 minerals
2000 2005 2010 2014 25%

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013
Other
80% sub-sectors*
21%

Other Machinery
60%
sub-sectors* 24%
21%
40%
Transport
equipment
7%
20%
Food
Non-metallic 17%
minerals
0% 7%
2000 2013 Textiles
Paper and 17%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction printing
7%
Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Paper and Printing
Non-metallic minerals
2013 Chemicals
Food
Textiles

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 109

PORTUGAL
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 166 97 94 41 1.5 1.9

2013 158 79 95 39 NA NA

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
300

250
Passenger
cars*
200 Rail 60%
1%
Air
PJ

150 Road
2%
95%
100
Water
2% Freight road
50 31%
Buses
2%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 2%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60%

80%
40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 60% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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110 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

SLOVAK REPUBLIC
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**
Agriculture
1% Residential
space Other end-
heating* uses*
Other 14%
Services industries*
18% 2%
Residential Other end-uses*
23% Ferrous metals
33%

Transport Passenger
10% cars*
9%
Manufacturing
Residential
47% Residential space heating*
appliances 12%
3% Passenger
Non-metallic cars*
Ferrous metals Residential
minerals 10%
26% water heating
6%
4%

Final energy consumption by source

600

500

400
PJ

300

200

100

0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; residential space heating includes cooking; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility
vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables
and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 111

SLOVAK REPUBLIC
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 128 67 5 24 82 3.3
2013 90 72 5 17 86 3.1

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

140 Lighting
1%
120
Refrigerators*
Water heating 4%
100
21% Washing
80 equipment*
PJ

1% TVs* 1%
Residential
60 appliances
Space
15%
40 heating* Other
63% appliances
20 9%

0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating* Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

90
80
70 Refrigerators*
60
50
40
PJ

30 Clothes washers

20
10
0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 TVs*
Space heating Water heating Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* 0% 25%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Space heating*
Water heating
TC*

Lighting Residential appliances

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 5 10 15 20

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; space heating includes cooking; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator
freezer combinations; washing equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also
OECD/IEA, 2016

other information technology; other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes
combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information
please refer to the explanatory notes.

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112 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

SLOVAK REPUBLIC
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 183 92 14 70 9 43
2013 187 72 8 118 24 62

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
Other sub-
Transport Other sub-sectors*
sectors*
350
equipment 6% 6%
4%
300 Machinery
4%
250

200 Chemicals
7%
PJ

150 Non-metallic
minerals
100 9% Basic metals
60%
50 Paper and
Printing
10%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013

80%

Other
60% sub-sectors*
19% Machinery
34%
40% Wood
6%

Food
20%
8%

0% Rubber Transport
8% Basic equipment
2000 2013
metals 16%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 9%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Basic metals
Paper and Printing
2013 Non-metallic minerals
Chemicals
Machinery

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 113

SLOVAK REPUBLIC
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 NA NA 36 27 1.9 NA
2013 NA NA 35 39 1.4 NA

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80%

60% 60%
60%

40% 40%
40%

20% 20%
20%

0% 0%
0% 2000 2013 2000 2013
2000 2013
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Rail Air Water

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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114 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

SPAIN
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Agriculture Residential
4% space
heating
Other 9%
Passenger
industries* Other end- cars*
5% uses*
Services Residential 18%
20% Other end-uses*
13%

Freight road
Passenger 17%
Manufacturing cars*
26% Transport 16%
36%
Residential
Non-metallic space
minerals heating
Chemicals
5% 7%
5% Ferrous
metals Chemicals
5%
4%

Final energy consumption by source

4 500

4 000

3 500

3 000

2 500
PJ

2 000

1 500

1 000

500

0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 115

SPAIN
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 504 51 40 13 89 3.1
2013 639 51 47 14 91 2.6

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

800

700

600 Residential
appliances
500 18%
PJ

400
Space heating
300 Water heating
46%
22%
200

100 Non-specified
1%
0 Cooking
2000 2005 2010 2013 7%
Lighting Space cooling
Space heating Space cooling Lighting 5% 1%
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-10 % change

350

300

250

200
Dish washers
150
PJ

100
Clothes washers
50

0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
TVs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* -25% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 125%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Space heating TC* Water heating

Space cooling Cooking

Lighting Residential appliances

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 2 4 6 8 10

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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SPAIN
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 1 076 283 141 1 030 146 590
2013 827 411 193 1 233 127 789

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
2 000
1 800
Other
1 600 sub-sectors*
Machinery
1 400 5% 13%
Basic metals
1 200 23%
Paper and
PJ

1 000
Printing
800 9%
600
Chemicals
400 Food 21%
11%
200
Non-metallic
0 minerals
2000 2005 2010 2013 18%

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013

80%

Other Machinery
60% sub-sectors* 21%
21%

40% Paper and

printing
6%
20% Food
18%
Basic metals
8%
0%
Chemicals Transport
2000 2013 13% equipment
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 13%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Basic metals
Chemicals
2013 Non-metallic minerals
Food
Paper and Printing

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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SPAIN
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 564 691 399 346 1.9 2.3

2013 662 501 411 281 1.7 1.5

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
1 800

1 600
Passenger
1 400 Rail cars*
2% 44%
1 200

1 000
Air
PJ

Road
800 6% 90%
600
Freight road
400 Water 41%
2%
200 Buses
4%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 1%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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SWEDEN
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**

Mining
2% Other end-
Residential uses*
Other space
industries* heating
3% 16%
Services
13% Other end-uses* Passenger
Residential cars*
26% 33%

Non-metallic
minerals
Transport 2%
Manufacturing Paper and
36% 22% Passenger
cars* Printing
12% 4%
Ferrous Freight road
Residential metals 18%
Paper and Printing space heating 11%
19% 6%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

1 600 130%

1 400
120%
1 200
110%
1 000
PJ

800 100%

600
90%
400
80%
200

0 70%
2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 2005 2010 2013
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-13***
1 600 2 500
Passenger Freight
1 400 transport transport
2 000
1 200

1 000 1 500
800
Services
PJ

and
PJ

600 1 000 Industry

Cumulative
400 savings
500
200
Residential
0 0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 94% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 119

SWEDEN
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 302 24 9 34 93 2.1
2013 338 3 10 35 94 2.2

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

Cooking
450 2% Non-specified Refrigerators*
Lighting 1%
400 4% 9%
350
Water
300 heating Washing
9% equipment*
PJ

250 2%
Residential
200 appliances
14% Other
150 Space heating appliances
62% 11%
100
50
0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

250

Refrigerators*
200

150
Dish washers
PJ

100

50 Clothes washers

0
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
TVs*
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* -25% 0% 25%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Water
heating
Space heating TC*

Cooking

Lighting
Residential appliances

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers and clothes washers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology; other end-
uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other
sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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SWEDEN
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 590 169 48 272 38 167
2013 471 165 39 348 50 220

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
900

800 Other
Non-metallic Other
sub-sectors*
700 minerals sub-sectors*
13%
3% 13%
600 Food
3%
500
PJ

Wood Paper and

400 5% Printing
300 Chemicals 52%
5%
200

100 Basic metals

19%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013
Other
sub-sectors*
12%
80%
Basic metals Other
4% sub-sectors*
12%
60%
Food Machinery
8% 42%
40%
Paper and
printing
20% 9%
Transport
0% equipment
2000 2013 11%
Chemicals
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 14%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Paper and Printing
Basic metals
2013 Chemicals
Wood
Food

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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SWEDEN
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 198 86 125 64 2.0 4.7

2013 184 97 135 62 2.0 3.3

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
350

300
Passenger
250 Rail cars*
4% 57%
200
PJ

Road
150 Air
92%
3%
100
Water Freight road
1% 31%
50 Buses
4%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 0.4%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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SWITZERLAND
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2013 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2013**
Agriculture
2%
Other end-
uses*
Other
Residential
industries*
Services space
3%
19% heating Passenger
23% Other end-uses* cars*
29%
Residential
32%

Manufacturing
19%
Residential
Transport water heating
27% 3%
Residential
Chemicals Non-metallic space heating
4% Passenger minerals Freight 24%
cars* 4% road
20% Chemicals
4% 7%

Final energy consumption by source

900

800

700

600

500
PJ

400

300

200

100

0
2000 2005 2010 2013

Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 123

SWITZERLAND
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 236 78 7 33 119 2.3
2013 258 72 8 32 128 2.3

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2013

Lighting
300
2% Cooking
3%
250 Refrigerators*
3%
Water
200 heating Washing
12%
PJ

equipment*
150 3%
Residential
Space heating TVs* 1%
appliances
70% PCs* 1%
100 13%

Other
50
appliances
5%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-13 % change

200
180 Refrigerators*
160
140 Dish washers
120
100
Clothes washers
PJ

80
60
Clothes dryers
40
20
0 TVs*
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses* PCs*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* 0% 30% 60% 90% 120% 150% 180% 210% 240%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Water heating
Space heating TC*

Cooking

Lighting
Residential appliances

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2013 2000 2013

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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SWITZERLAND
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 144 134 18 270 42 178
2013 151 144 20 341 58 218

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2013
350 Other
sub-sectors*
17%
300

250 Other
Chemicals
sub-sectors*
22%
17%
200
PJ

Basic metals
150 7%

Paper and
100 Printing Machinery
11% 17%
50
Non-
metallic
0 minerals
2000 2005 2010 2013 Food
12% 14%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2013
Other
sub-sectors*
Rubber 11%
80% 3% Other
Wood sub-sectors*
3% 11%
60% Paper and
printing
3%
40% Machinery
Food 43%
10%
20%

0%
2000 2013 Chemicals
27%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Chemicals
Machinery
2013 Food
Non-metallic minerals
Paper and Printing

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

2000 2013 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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SWITZERLAND
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 175 37 94 25 1.6 2.6

2013 179 40 116 29 1.7 2.8

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2013
250

200

Rail Passenger
5% cars*
150
71%
PJ

Road
100 Air 92%
2%

Water
50 1% Freight road
Buses 17%
3%
0
2000 2005 2010 2013 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 1%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

2000 2013 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2013

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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UNITED KINGDOM
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2014 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2014**

Mining
3%
Residential
Other space
Residential
industries* heating Other end-
Services space heating
6% 20% uses*
13% 16%

Residential
31% Passenger
cars*
Other end-uses* 16%
Manufacturing
20%

Transport
30% Freight road
Ferrous Residential
Passenger 10%
metals water
4% cars* heating
16% 4% Residential
Chemicals appliances
3% 7%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

7 000 115%

6 000 110%

105%
5 000
100%
4 000 95%
PJ

3 000 90%

85%
2 000
80%
1 000
75%
0 70%
2000 2005 2010 2014 2000 2005 2010 2014
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-14***
7 000 14 000

6 000 12 000

5 000 10 000 Freight

Passenger transport
transport
4 000 8 000 Services
and
PJ
PJ

3 000 6 000 Industry

Cumulative
2 000 4 000
savings

1 000 2 000 Residential

0 0
2000 2005 2010 2014

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 95% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 127

UNITED KINGDOM
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 1 840 93 59 31 87 2.4
2014 1 670 88 65 26 95 2.4

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2014

2 500 Lighting Cooking
3% 3%

2 000 Refrigerators*
3%
Water heating
Washing
16%
1 500 equipment*
PJ

3%
Residential
1 000 appliances
15% TVs* 5%
Space heating
63%
500 PCs* 1%
Other
appliances
0 3%
2000 2005 2010 2014
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-14 % change

1 400
Refrigerators*
1 200

1 000
Dish washers
800
Clothes washers
600
PJ

400
Clothes dryers
200

0 TVs*
2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses* PCs*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* 0% 30% 60% 90% 120% 150% 180% 210%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Water heating
Space heating TC*

Cooking

Lighting
Residential appliances

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 5 10 15

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2014 2000 2014

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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UNITED KINGDOM
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 1 521 895 330 1 805 205 1 115
2014 1 085 712 244 2 285 201 1 561

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2014
3 000

2 500

2 000 Other Basic metals

sub-sectors* 20%
34%
Other
PJ

1 500 sub-sectors*
34%
1 000 Chemicals
12%

500
Non-metallic
minerals
0 Rubber 11%
2000 2005 2010 2014 6% Food
10%
Machinery
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 7%

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2014
Other
sub-sectors*
80% 18%

Other
60% sub-sectors* Machinery
18% 28%
Rubber
4%
40%
Printing
5%
20%
Chemicals
11%
Food
0% 18%
2000 2014 Transport
equipment
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 16%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Basic metals
Chemicals
2014 Non-metallic minerals
Food
Machinery

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

2000 2014 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 129

UNITED KINGDOM
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 1 185 528 745 244 1.7 1.9

2014 999 595 782 203 1.7 1.6

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2014
2 000
1 800
1 600 Passenger
1 400 Rail cars*
4% 54%
1 200
PJ

1 000 Air Road

800 2% 92%
600
Water Freight road
400 2% 34%
200 Buses
4%
0
2000 2005 2010 2014 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 0.4%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60%

80%
40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 60% 0%
2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 1 2 3 4
2000 2014 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2014

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

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UNITED STATES
Cross-sectoral overview
Largest end-uses by sector, 2014 Top-6 CO emitting end-uses, 2014**

Residential
Mining space
5% heating
9%
Other
industries* Other end- Passenger
Services 7% uses* cars*
15% Residential 23%
20%

Other end-uses*
Freight road
Manufacturing 9%
18% Passenger
cars* Residential
Transport 26% appliances
40% 8%
Chemicals Residential
4% space heating
6%
Chemicals
Mining 4%
4%

Final energy consumption by source Drivers of final energy consumption***

70 000 115%

60 000
110%

50 000
105%
40 000
PJ

100%
30 000
95%
20 000

10 000 90%

0 85%
2000 2005 2010 2014 2000 2005 2010 2014
Energy Activity
Oil Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Other sources* Structure Efficiency

Estimated energy savings from efficiency*** Estimated cumulative energy savings

by sector, 2000-14***
70 000 70 000

60 000 60 000
Passenger
50 000 50 000 transport
Freight
40 000 40 000 Services transport
and
PJ
PJ

30 000 30 000 Industry

Cumulative
20 000 20 000
savings
10 000 10 000
Residential
0 0
2000 2005 2010 2014

Energy savings Actual consumption

Hypothetical consumption

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; other end-uses
includes the remaining part of emissions beyond the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustible renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and
other energy sources.
**Includes emissions reallocated from electricity and heat generation.
OECD/IEA, 2016

***These figures display results from the IEA decomposition analysis and cover approximately 94% of final energy consumption. For more information
on the decomposition methodology, please refer to the methodological notes.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 131

UNITED STATES
Residential sector
Average dwelling
Residential Share of fossil fuels* Population Consumption per Average dwelling
occupancy
consumption (PJ) in space heating (%) (million) capita (GJ/pers) surface (m)
(pers/dw)
2000 10 772 84 282 38 196 2.8
2014 11 792 79 319 37 181 2.8

Residential energy consumption by end-use Residential energy consumption by end-use, 2014

14 000 Cooking Non-specified
3% 4%
Lighting
12 000
4% Refrigerators*
Space cooling Water heating 4%
10 000 6% 15% Washing
equipment*
8 000 3%
PJ

TVs* 3%
Residential
6 000 appliances PCs* 1%
23%
4 000
Space heating Other
45% appliances
2 000 12%

0
2000 2005 2010 2014
Space heating Space cooling Lighting
Cooking Water heating Residential appliances
Non-specified

Residential energy consumption by source Appliances per dwelling, 2000-14 % change

6 000
Refrigerators*
5 000

4 000 Dish washers

3 000
Clothes washers
PJ

2 000
Clothes dryers
1 000

0 TVs*
2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014
Space heating Water heating Cooking Other end-uses* PCs*

Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Oil Coal Other sources* 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 125%

Energy Intensities by end-use per floor area Energy intensities by end-use per dwelling

Space heating TC* Water heating

Space cooling TC* Cooking

Lighting Residential appliances

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0 5 10 15 20 25

GJ/m2 GJ/dw
2000 2014 2000 2014

*Share of fossil fuels includes only the direct use of oil, gas and coal; refrigerators includes also freezers and refrigerator-freezer combinations; washing
OECD/IEA, 2016

equipments includes dish washers, clothes washers and dryers; TVs includes also home entertainment; PCs includes also other information technology;
other end-uses includes space cooling, lighting, residential appliances and non-specified; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes;
other sources includes heat and other energy sources; TC refers to temperature correction, for more information please refer to the explanatory notes.

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UNITED STATES
Industry and Services sectors
Manufacturing Services Other industries* GDP PPP** Manufacturing VA** Services VA**
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion USD) (billion USD) (billion USD)
2000 14 196 8 036 4 068 11 553 1 316 8 674
2014 10 449 9 198 4 215 14 797 1 490 11 128

Industry and Services energy consumption Manufacturing energy consumption

by sub-sector, 2014
Other
30 000
sub-sectors*
13%
25 000 Other
sub-sectors*
Non-metallic
13%
20 000 minerals Chemicals
8% 24%
PJ

15 000
Machinery
10 000 9%

5 000 Paper
Food 19%
12%
0
2000 2005 2010 2014 Basic metals
15%
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction

Value added** by sector Manufacturing value added**

100%
by sub-sector, 2014
Other
sub-sectors*
80% 16%
Other
sub-sectors*
60% Basic metals 16%
4%
Rubber Machinery
40% 4% 40%

Food
20% 10%

0% Chemicals
2000 2014 11% Transport
equipment
Manufacturing Services Agriculture Mining Construction 15%

Manufacturing energy consumption by source Selected energy intensities

Agriculture
Agriculture
Construction
Construction
Mining
Mining
2000
Services
Services
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of which:
Chemicals
Paper
2014 Basic metals
Food
Machinery

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

2000 2014 MJ/USD**
Gas Electricity Comb. renewables* Coal Oil Other sources*

*Other industries includes agriculture, mining and construction; other sub-sectors includes all remaining manufacturing sub-sectors beyond
OECD/IEA, 2016

the top-6; comb. renewables includes combustibles renewables and wastes; other sources includes heat and other energy sources.
**GDP and VA are at the price levels and PPPs of year 2005; GDP = gross domestic product; VA = value added; PPP = purchasing power parity.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 133

UNITED STATES
Transport* sector
Passenger transport Freight transport Pass. transport Freight transport Pass. cars* Load of trucks*
consumption (PJ) consumption (PJ) (billion pkm*) (billion tkm*) occupancy (pers/car) (tonnes/truck)

2000 18 182 5 634 7 950 6 618 1.6 7.4

2014 17 765 6 243 7 634 7 418 1.4 9.0

Transport energy consumption Transport energy consumption

by mode/vehicle type by mode/vehicle type, 2014
30 000

25 000
Rail
2% Passenger
20 000 cars*
66%
PJ

15 000 Air Road

7% 90%
10 000

Water Freight road

5 000
1% 23%
Buses
1%
0
2000 2005 2010 2014 Motorcycles
Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses 0.2%
Freight road Water Air
Rail

Energy consumption in road transport by source Transport activity by mode/vehicle type

Passenger cars* Freight road Passenger (pkm*) Freight (tkm*)

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80% 80% 80%

60% 60% 60% 60%

40% 40% 40% 40%

20% 20% 20% 20%

0% 0% 0% 0%
2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014 2000 2014
Motor gasoline* Diesel* LPG* Gas Other* Passenger cars* Motorcycles Buses Freight road
Rail Air Water

Energy intensities for passenger transport Energy intensities for freight transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

Passenger cars*

Freight road

Buses

Rail
Rail

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5

2000 2014 MJ/pkm* MJ/tkm*
2000 2014

*Transport excludes international marine and aviation bunkers, pipelines, and when possible fuel tourism; pkm refers to passenger-kilometres and tkm to
OECD/IEA, 2016

tonne-kilometres; passenger cars includes cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks; average load of trucks refers to the average load of freight road
vehicles; motor gasoline and diesel include liquid biofuels; LPG refers to liquefied petroleum gas; other includes electricity and other energy sources.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 OECD/IEA, 2016
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 135

COUNTRY NOTES
Value-added data for transport equipment and other
Australia manufacturing are not available.

Transport sector
Sources
Revisions are expected in the upcoming annual data cy-
Australian Government, Department of the Environ-
cle that will reallocate some energy use from freight
ment and Energy.
transport into passenger transport, as a significant pro-
Years covered portion of light commercial vehicle use in Australia is
for passenger vehicles rather than for freight movement.
2000-2013.
These revisions are expected to result in a higher ener-
General note gy intensity for passenger cars; a lower energy intensity
for freight road transport; and a lower occupancy of
All data refer to the fiscal year (e.g. July 2012 to June
2013 for 2013). passenger cars than what shown in this publication.

Discrepancies between the IEA energy efficiency indica-

tors and the IEA energy balances figures are under in- Austria
vestigation. A program of work is underway to improve
the quality and consistency of these data in Australia. As
such, care should be taken when using these data. Sources
Residential sector Austrian Energy Agency through Odyssee database.
TVs data include TVs only. Home entertainment data Years covered
are reported under other appliances.
2000-2013 (2014 for industry).
Energy consumption of swimming pools and spas is
included under other appliances. Natural gas energy General note
consumption of swimming pools and spas is included
in other end-uses, other sources. Some discrepancies between the IEA energy efficien-
cy indicators and the IEA energy balances figures
Industry and services sectors might occur.
Energy consumption and value added for paper and
printing also include wood. Residential sector
Energy consumption and value added for chemicals Diffusion data for PCs are not available.
also include rubber and plastics (ISIC division 22) and
manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products Transport sector
(ISIC division 19).
Energy consumption and activity (passenger-
OECD/IEA, 2016

Energy consumption in machinery also include kilometres and tonne-kilometres) data for freight air-
transport equipment. planes and passenger ships are not available. Energy

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136 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)
consumption data might be partially included under
passenger airplanes and freight ships, respectively.
Belgium
Sources
Odyssee database supplied by the Observatoire Ener-
gie - Ministry of Energy.
Years covered
2000-2013.
General note
Some discrepancies between the IEA energy efficien-
cy indicators and the IEA energy balances figures
may arise from estimations included to avoid the
breaks in the time series of natural gas and electricity
consumption resulting from a change in the method-
ology. Work is ongoing to align data and revise his-
torical time series.
Residential sector
Energy consumption data for residential appliances
include lighting.
Energy consumption data for space cooling and ener-
gy consumption by appliance type are not available.
Appliances diffusion data are not available for the
years 2012-2013 for some appliance types.
PCs diffusion data are not available for most of the
years.
Transport sector
Energy consumption and activity (passenger-
kilometres and tonne-kilometres) data for freight air-
planes and passenger ships are not available. Energy
consumption data might be partially included under
passenger airplanes and freight ships, respectively.
Canada
Sources
Natural Resources Canada, Statistics Canada.
Years covered
2000-2013.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
General note
Consumption of combustible renewables and wastes
is included under other sources.
Differences between the IEA energy efficiency indi-
cators and the IEA energy balances result from differ-
ent timing of reporting requirements, sources used, as
well as definitions and scope of coverage. Work to
align the two approaches is ongoing, and revisions in
the following releases are possible.
Detailed energy use information for Canada is availa-
ble from Canadas National Energy Use Database:
http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/ho
me.cfm
Industry and Services sectors
Pulp and paper represents 98% of the energy use and
63% of the value-added in the paper and printing
category.
Transport sector
The energy use for air transport includes both domestic
and international transport. The energy use and activity
data for marine transport includes domestic and trans-
border, but excludes other international transport.
The difference between the IEA energy efficiency
indicators and the IEA energy balances data for the
consumption of motor gasoline and automotive diesel
in road transport is due to the allocation of the con-
sumption for transport purposes under the services
sector in the IEA energy balances.
Czech Republic
Sources
Ministry of Industry and Trade.
Years covered
2000-2013 (2014 for residential).
General note
Some discrepancies between the IEA energy efficien-
cy indicators and the IEA energy balances figures
might occur. Work is ongoing to align the data.
Residential sector
OECD/IEA, 2016
Energy consumption data for space cooling are not
available.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 137

Energy consumption and diffusion data for clothes

dryers are available from 2004 onwards. Finland
Industry and Services sectors
Sources
Energy consumption data for rubber and other manu-
facturing are available only for the years 2007-2013. Odyssee database supplied by Statistics Finland.

Transport sector Years covered

Vehicle-kilometres data for passenger cars and freight
road transport - thus occupancy of passenger cars and
load of freight road transport - are not available for
most of the years.
Energy consumption and passenger-kilometres data
for motorcycles are not available.
Energy consumption data for freight airplanes and
passenger ships might be included under passenger
airplanes and freight ships, respectively.
Denmark
Sources
Danish energy Agency through the Odyssee database.
Years covered
2000-2013.
General note
Data presented for Denmark in this publication come
from the latest IEA data cycle. However, more recent
data including time-series revisions have been already
released by other sources. The next edition of this
publication will include these revisions.
Residential sector
Water heating is included under space heating. Data
for combustible renewables and waste in space heat-
ing include the heat contribution of heat pumps.
Lighting energy consumption is included under other
appliances.
PCs data are not available.
Transport sector
Tonne-kilometres data for freight road transport in-
2000-2013.
General note
Some discrepancies between the IEA energy efficiency
indicators and the IEA energy balances might occur.
Residential sector
Energy consumption data for space cooling are not
available.
Energy consumption and diffusion data for PCs are
not available.
Energy consumption data for other appliances include
electric saunas and electric pre-heating of cars.
Industry and Services sectors
Energy consumption data for rubber for 2014 are in-
cluded in other sub-sectors.
Transport sector
Passenger-kilometres data for motorcycles and pas-
senger ships are not available.
Tonne-kilometres data for freight airplanes and freight
ships are not available.
Energy consumption data for freight airplanes and
passenger ships are not available. They might be par-
tially included under passenger airplanes and freight
ships, respectively.
Work is ongoing to improve energy consumption for
passenger cars and freight road transport data.
France
Sources
Odyssee database; Ministre de l'Environnement, de
lnergie et de la Mer.
Years covered
OECD/IEA, 2016

clude only Danish registered vehicles with a capacity

of over 6 tonnes. 2000-2013.

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138 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

General note Agriculture energy consumption is based on national

survey data. However, the data is not compatible with
Energy and activity data include only metropolitan the national energy balances. Work is in progress to
France except value-added data for the industry solve this problem.
and services sub-sectors, which include overseas
departments.
Greece
Residential sector
PCs data are not available for the whole time series. Sources
Odyssee database (CRES) supplied by Ministry for
Germany Environment and Energy.

Years covered
Sources
2000-2013.
Odyssee database (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) supplied
by Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Residential sector
Federal Ministry for Transport and Digital Infra-
structure, Federal Statistical Office. In 2013, taxation on oil products for space heating
increased substantially, leading to reduced consump-
tion in the residential sector. However, according to
Years covered
external sources, consumption of oil products has
2000-2013 (2014 for some sub-sectors). been partially replaced by non-commercial solid bio-
fuels not yet reported in the data. This leads to a sig-
General note nificant reduction of total space heating consumption
in 2013 affecting also the intensity of space heating.
Since 2008, a new methodology could introduce some
The space heating intensity shown in the graphs is that
breaks (e.g. water heating and cooking energy con-
for 2012. Work is ongoing to address this issue for the
sumption). Years prior to 2008 will be revised in the
next editions of this publication.
future.
Energy consumption in other appliances includes
Discrepancies between the IEA energy efficiency In-
lighting.
dicators, the IEA energy balances and national figures
result from differences in the data scope and defini- PCs data are not available.
tions, e.g. air transport. Work is ongoing to align these
sources. Industry and Services
Data presented for Germany in this publication come Rubber and other manufacturing data are not reported
from the latest IEA data cycle. However, more recent separately.
data including time-series revisions have been already
released by other sources. The next edition of this Transport sector
publication will include these revisions.
The full amount of energy consumption in water is
allocated to freight ships.
Residential sector
The full amount of energy consumption in air is allo-
Space cooling and PCs data are not available.
cated to passenger airplanes.
Combustible renewables and waste data include direct
use of geothermal and solar thermal heat.

Industry and Services Hungary

Energy consumption data for the services sector for
2014 have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat. Sources
OECD/IEA, 2016

Energy consumption data for construction are not Hungarian Energy and Public Utility Regulatory
available. Authority.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 139
Years covered
2000-2013.
General note
Results of the IEA decomposition analysis are not
available.
Some breaks in energy consumption data might occur
between 2012 and 2013 as a result of a new energy
consumption survey introduced in 2014. For instance,
some energy consumption was reallocated between
industry and services sectors; information on the ener-
gy use of naphtha by the chemicals industry is available
only from 2013 onwards. There are also some breaks
in the time series of value added data. Therefore, in
this release indicators are presented only for the most
recent year and revisions of energy consumption and
value added data may occur in following releases.
Residential sector
The disaggregation of energy consumption by end-use
for the years 2011 to 2013 is estimated by the IEA
Secretariat.
Energy consumption data for other appliances include
all residential appliances, space cooling and lighting.
Diffusion data for clothes dryers and dish washer are
not available.
Industry and Services
Energy consumption data for rubber and other manu-
facturing are not reported separately, while the dis-
aggregation is available for value added data.
Transport sector
Energy consumption and activity (passenger-
kilometres) data for passenger cars include motorcycles.
Passenger cars occupancy is not available after 2010.
Energy consumption for air is not available. Energy
consumption for freight ships also includes passenger
ships.
Tonne-kilometres data for freight transport include
both domestic and international travels.
Ireland
Sources
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland through the
Odyssee database.
Years covered
2000-2013.
General note
Between 2008 and 2009, there is a break in series for
certain oil products due to a new methodology being
applied to sectoral demand by Sustainable Energy
Ireland. This change can also explain breaks between
2006 and 2007.
Data presented for Ireland in this publication come
from the latest IEA data cycle. However, more recent
data including time-series revisions have been re-
leased. The next edition of this publication will in-
clude these revisions and more updated information.
Residential sector
Energy consumption in the residential sector is mainly
based on estimates. The Irish administration is work-
ing on more precise data that will be available in
the future and included in the next versions of this
publication.
Energy consumption and stock data for appliances are
estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
PCs diffusion data are not available.
Industry and Services
Intensities are available from 2013.
Transport sector
Tonne-kilometres data for ships are not available after
2008, therefore they are removed from the full time
series for consistency purposes.
Discrepancies between the IEA energy efficiency in-
dicators and the IEA energy balances figures for oil
products are due to different reporting sources. Work
is ongoing to align the two data-sets, and revisions
might occur in the future.
Energy consumption data for freight road transport
exclude light duty vehicles.
Motorcycle energy consumption data are not available.
Italy
Sources
OECD/IEA, 2016
Ministry of Economic Development, Terna and
ENEA; Ricerca Sistema Energetico (RSE).
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Years covered Residential sector

2000-2013. Other appliances data include night-time electricity,
which represents mostly space heating.
General note
Clothes dryers diffusion data are not available.
Results for the IEA decomposition analysis are not
available. Industry and Services
Energy consumption for chemicals includes rubber.
Residential sector
Energy consumption for other manufacturing includes
The methodology used to calculate combustible re-
electricity, gas and water supply.
newables and waste consumption in the residential
sector from 2002 was updated, leading to a break in Transport sector
series between 2001 and 2002.
Passenger cars include passenger vans (up to 15
Transport sector passengers).
Data for load of freight road transport are not availa-
ble after 2002. Luxembourg
Sources
Japan
STATEC- NSI Luxembourg.
Sources Years covered
Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry (METI), 2000-2013.
Agency for Natural Resources and Energy.
General note
Years covered
Results of the IEA decomposition analysis are not
2000-2014. available.
Some discrepancies between this publication and the
Residential sector
IEA balances might occur. Work is ongoing to im-
Energy consumption data for residential appliances prove data consistency.
include lighting.
Residential sector
The disaggregation of energy consumption for resi-
dential appliances is not available. The disaggregation of energy consumption data by
end-use is available only from year 2008.
Dish washer diffusion data are not available.
The disaggregation of energy consumption data by
Transport sector appliance type is not available.
Motorcycle data are not available. Appliances diffusion data are available only for year
2011.

Industry and Services sectors

Korea Energy consumption and value added data for chemi-
cals also include rubber.
Sources
Heat consumption in industry is reported from 2003.
Korea Energy Economics Institute.
Energy consumption of combustible renewables and
Years covered waste in the wood manufacturing sub-sector is report-
OECD/IEA, 2016

ed only from 2005, leading to a break in the energy

2000-2014. intensity time series.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 141

Transport sector
New Zealand
Energy consumption data for motorcycles and freight
airplanes are not available.
Sources
Passenger-kilometres data for motorcycles, passenger
airplanes and passenger ships are not available. Energy efficiency and conservation authority (EECA).
Tonne-kilometres data for freight airplanes are not Years covered
available.
2000-2014.
Vehicle-kilometres data for passenger cars are availa-
ble only from 2008. Load of freight road transport is
not available for the entire time series, and occupancy
of passenger cars is not available prior to 2008.
Poland
The full amount of energy consumption in water is
allocated to passenger ships.
Sources
Central Statistical Office.
Work is ongoing to revise data of energy consumption
for buses, passenger cars and freight road transport.
Years covered
2000-2013.
Netherlands
General note
Sources Some discrepancies between the IEA energy efficien-
cy indicators and the IEA energy balances figures
Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) might occur. Work is ongoing to improve data con-
through the Odyssee database. sistency.
Years covered Residential sector
2000-2013. The disaggregation of energy consumption by end-use
in the residential sector is not available.
Residential sector
Appliances diffusion data are available only up to
PCs data are not available for the whole time series. 2010.
Industry and Services Diffusion data for PCs and clothes dryers are not
available.
The IEA Secretariat estimated some manufacturing
consumption data for heat, oil, and combustible re- Industry and Services sectors
newables and waste.
Value added data are available only up to 2013.
Energy consumption data for rubber and other manu-
facturing are included in other sub-sectors. Transport sector
Transport sector Energy consumption for passenger airplanes for 2013
is not available.
Passenger-kilometres data for passenger airplanes are
not available. Load of freight road transport is not available.
Tonne-kilometres data for freight road transport in- Passenger-kilometres data for motorcycles are not
clude national transport by Dutch vehicles and the available.
share of international transport by Dutch vehicles Energy consumption and activity (passenger-
happening within the Dutch borders (estimated as 100 kilometres and tonne-kilometres) data for freight air-
km per international trip). planes and passenger ships are not available. Energy
OECD/IEA, 2016

Tonne-kilometres data for freight ships include only consumption data might be partially included under
freight traffic in rivers. passenger airplanes and freight ships, respectively.

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142 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

non-metallic minerals. Revisions are expected in the

Portugal future.

Transport sector
Sources
Passenger-kilometres data for motorcycles are not
Direo General de Energia e Geologia, Diretora de available.
Servios de Planeamento e Estatstica. Energy consumption and activity (passenger-
kilometres and tonne-kilometres) data for freight air-
Years covered planes and passenger ships are not available. They
might be partially included under passenger airplanes
2000-2013. and freight ships, respectively.

General note Tonne-kilometres data for airplanes are not available

prior 2013, therefore they are removed from the full
Results of the IEA decomposition analysis are not time series for consistency purposes.
available. Data for passenger cars occupancy and freight road
Some discrepancies between the IEA energy efficien- transport load are not available for 2013.
cy indicators and the IEA energy balances figures Energy consumption data for 2013 have been estimat-
might occur. Work is ongoing to improve data con- ed by the IEA Secretariat.
sistency.
Some energy consumption of transport may be in-
cluded under industry and services. Slovak Republic
Residential sector Sources
Average dwelling surface data are available from Ministry of Economy.
2003.
Energy consumption data by appliance are available Years covered
only from 2010. 2000-2013.
A new survey on energy consumption of solid biofu-
els in households led to break in series of combustible General note
renewables and wastes between 2009 and 2010.
Results of the IEA decomposition analysis are not
Energy consumption data for non-specified energy available.
use in residential sector are available only for year
2010. Residential sector
Appliances diffusion data are available only up to Energy consumption data for space heating include
2012. cooking.
PCs diffusion data are available only for years 2010- Energy consumption data for space cooling are not
2012. available.
Energy consumption data for other appliances include
Industry and Services sectors also dish washers, clothes dryers and PCs.
Rubber energy consumption data for 2014 are not Diffusion data for dish washers, clothes dryers and
available. PCs are not available.
Value added data for 2014 are not available.
Data on combustible renewables and wastes (solid
Industry and Services
biofuels) were revised based on a new survey for in- Energy consumption data for rubber and other manu-
OECD/IEA, 2016

dustry, resulting in breaks in energy consumption data facturing are included under non-specified manufactur-
for some sub-sectors between 2011 and 2012, e.g. for ing, while value added data are available separately.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition) - 143

Transport sector Years covered

The disaggregation of energy consumption in transport 2000-2013.
is not available for some modes/vehicle types.
Residential sector
Other appliances data include clothes driers, TVs and
Spain PCs.
Lighting energy consumption data are under revisions
Sources by the Swedish administration.
Instituto para la diversificacin y ahorro de energa
(IDEA) through the Odyssee database. Transport sector
Transport data show inconsistencies with the IEA en-
Years covered ergy balances data. Work is ongoing to improve data
consistency.
2000-2013.

General note
Switzerland
Data presented for Spain in this publication come
from the latest IEA data collection cycle. However,
more recent data including time-series revisions have Sources
been released, and some are available at:
Swiss Federal Office of Energy SFOE.
http://sieeweb.idae.es/consumofinal (energy balances)
and http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=tabl
e&init=1&language=en&pcode=t2020_rk210&plugin Years covered
=1 (detailed statistics on household sector). The next 2000-2013.
edition of this publication will include these revisions
and more updated information. Residential sector
Results of the IEA decomposition analysis are not
Space cooling energy consumption data are not
available.
available.
Residential sector
Industry and Services
The disaggregation of energy consumption of residen-
tial appliances is not available. Energy consumption data for the wood manufacturing
sub-sector are not available, while value-added data
Appliances diffusion data are available only up to are.
2010.
Energy consumption data for machinery also include
Industry and Services transport equipment, while value added data are avail-
able separately. The intensity figures are calculated
Energy consumption data for rubber and other manu- also aggregating value added data.
facturing are included under non-specified manufactur-
ing, while value added data are available separately. Transport sector
Discrepancies in transport energy consumption with
the IEA energy balances data are due to different
Sweden methodologies (e.g. fuel tourism is excluded in
this publication, different calorific values may be
Sources used etc.).
OECD/IEA, 2016

Swedish Energy Agency through the Odyssee Passenger-kilometres data for airplanes and ships are
database. not available.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

144 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS Highlights (2016 edition)

United Kingdom United States

Sources
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial
Strategy (BEIS).
Years covered
2000-2014.
Residential sector
The combined energy consumption of clothes washer and
clothes dryer is allocated half and half to each category.
Energy consumption in other residential appliances
include microwaves, kettles and space cooling.
Industry and Services
The energy consumption in the wood manufacturing
sub-sector is included under non-specified manufactur-
ing, while value added data are available separately.
Sources
United States Energy Information Administration
(EIA); for transport activity data: Bureau of Transpor-
tation Statistics (BTS).
Years covered
2000-2014.
General note
Data can show breaks between 2011 and 2012 due
to a new methodology mainly based on the Annual
Energy Outlook 2015 reference case (EIA).
Energy consumption data for 2014 are preliminary;
therefore revisions in the following releases are
possible.

OECD/IEA, 2016

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 Energy Data Manager/Statistician
Possible Staff Vacancies
International Energy Agency, Paris, France

The IEA
The International Energy Agency, based in Paris, acts as energy policy advisor to 29 member countries in
their effort to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for their citizens. Founded during the oil crisis of
1973-74, the initial role of the IEA was to co-ordinate measures in times of oil supply emergencies. As energy
markets have changed, so has the IEA. Its mandate has broadened to incorporate the Three Es of balanced
energy policy making: energy security, economic development and environmental protection. Current work
focuses on climate change policies, market reform, energy technology collaboration and outreach to the rest
of the world, especially major consumers and producers of energy like China, India, Russia and the OPEC
countries.
The Energy Data Centre, with a staff of around 30 people, provides a dynamic environment for young
people just finishing their studies or with one to two years of work experience.

Job description
The data managers/statisticians compile, verify and disseminate information on all aspects of energy including
production, transformation and consumption of all fuels, energy efficiency indicators, CO2 emissions, and
energy prices and taxes. The data managers are responsible for the production of data sets through
receiving, reviewing and inputting data submissions from member countries and other sources. They check
for completeness, correct calculations, internal consistency, accuracy and consistency with definitions. Often
this entails proactively investigating and helping to resolve anomalies in collaboration with national
administrations. The data managers/statisticians also design and implement computer macros used in the
preparation of their energy statistics publication(s) alongside analysis of the data.

Principal qualifications
University degree in a topic relevant to energy, or statistics. We currently have staff with degrees in
Mathematics, Statistics, Information Technology, Economics, Engineering, Physics, Environmental Studies, etc.
Experience in the basic use of databases and computer software. Experience in Visual Basic is an
advantage.
Ability to work accurately, pay attention to detail and work to deadlines. Ability to deal simultaneously
with a wide variety of tasks and to organise work efficiently.
Good communication skills; ability to work well in a team and in a multicultural environment, particularly
in liaising with contacts in national administrations and industry. Ability to understand, and communicate data.
Very good knowledge of one of the two official languages of the Organisation (English or French).
Knowledge of other languages would be an advantage.
Some knowledge of energy industry operations and terminology would also be an advantage, but is not
required.
Nationals of any OECD member country are eligible for appointment. Basic salaries start at 3 284 euros per
month. The possibilities for advancement are good for candidates with appropriate qualifications and
experience. Tentative enquiries about future vacancies are welcomed from men and women with relevant
qualifications and experience. Applications in French or English, accompanied by a curriculum vitae, should
be sent to:
Office of Management and Administration
International Energy Agency
31-35 rue de la Fdration
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France
S T AT I ST I C S PU B L I C A T I O N S

Online Data Services

Users can instantly access not only all the data published in this book,
but also all the time series used for preparing this publication and all the
other statistics publications of the IEA. The data are available online, either
through annual subscription or pay-per-view access. More information on
this service can be found on our website: http://data.iea.org

Eight Annual Publications

n World Energy Statistics 2016

A new publication from the IEA presenting comprehensive world energy statistics, previously
presented in Energy Statistics of OECD Countries and Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries,
World Energy Statistics contains detailed data on all energy sources coal, gas, oil, electricity,
renewables and waste. It covers energy supply and consumption for 150 countries and regions,
including all OECD countries, over 100 other key energy producing and consuming countries, as
well as world and regional totals. The book includes detailed tables by country in original units for
the year 2014, and summary time series on production, trade, and final consumption by sector. It
also presents provisional 2015 supply data for OECD countries, and initial 2015 estimates for non-
OECD countries production and trade of natural gas, primary coal and oil.
Published August 2016 - Price 120

n World Energy Balances 2016

A new release from the IEA presenting comprehensive energy balances for all the worlds largest
energy producing and consuming countries, World Energy Balances is formed by merging Energy
Balances of OECD Countries and Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, previously published
separately. The volume contains detailed data on the supply and consumption of energy for all
OECD countries, over 100 other key energy producing and consuming countries, as well as world
and regional totals. The book includes graphs and detailed data by country for all energy sources
coal, gas, oil, electricity, renewables and waste - expressed in balance format, for the year 2014.
Alongside this, there are summary time series on production, trade, final consumption by sector,
as well as key energy and economic indicators. The volume also presents provisional 2015 supply
data for OECD countries, and initial 2015 estimates for non-OECD countries production and trade
of natural gas, primary coal and oil.
Published August 2016 - Price 120
S T AT I ST I C S PU B L I C A T I O N S

n Coal Information 2016

Coal Information provides a comprehensive review of historical and current market trends in the
world coal sector, including 2015 provisional data. It provides a review of the world coal market
in 2015, alongside a statistical overview of developments, which covers world coal production
and coal reserves, coal demand by type, coal trade and coal prices. A detailed and comprehensive
statistical picture of historical and current coal developments in the 34 OECD member countries,
by region and individually is presented in tables and charts. Complete coal balances and coal trade
data for selected years are presented on 22 major non-OECD coal-producing and -consuming
countries, with summary statistics on coal supply and end-use statistics for about 40 countries and
regions worldwide.
Published August 2016 - Price 165

n Electricity Information 2016

Electricity Information provides a comprehensive review of historical and current market trends
in the OECD electricity sector, including 2015 provisional data. It provides an overview of the
world electricity developments in 2014 covering world electricity and heat production, input fuel
mix, supply and consumption, and electricity imports and exports. More detail is provided for the
34 OECD countries with information covering production, installed capacity, input energy mix
to electricity and heat production, consumption, electricity trades, input fuel prices and end-user
electricity prices. It provides comprehensive statistical details on overall energy consumption,
economic indicators, electricity and heat production by energy form and plant type, electricity
imports and exports, sectoral energy and electricity consumption, as well as prices for electricity
and electricity input fuels for each country and regional aggregate.
Published August 2016 - Price 150

n Natural Gas Information 2016

Natural Gas Information is a detailed reference work on gas supply and demand covering not only
the OECD countries but also the rest of the world; this publication contains essential information
on LNG and pipeline trade, gas reserves, storage capacity and prices. The main part of the book
concentrates on OECD countries, showing a detailed supply and demand balance for each country
and for the three OECD regions: Americas, Asia-Oceania and Europe, as well as a breakdown of
gas consumption by end user. Import and export data are reported by source and destination.
Published August 2016 - Price 165

n Oil Information 2016

Oil Information is a comprehensive reference book on current developments in oil supply and
demand. This publication contains key data on world production, trade, prices and consumption
of major oil product groups, with time series back to the early 1970s. Its core consists of a detailed
and comprehensive picture of oil supply, demand, trade, production and consumption by end-user
for each OECD country individually and for the OECD regions. Trade data are reported extensively
by origin and destination.
Published August 2016 - Price 165
S T AT I ST I C S PU B L I C A T I O N S

n Renewables Information 2016

Renewables Information provides a comprehensive review of historical and current market trends
in OECD countries, including 2015 provisional data. It provides an overview of the development
of renewables and waste in the world over the 1990 to 2014 period. A greater focus is given to
the OECD countries with a review of electricity generation and capacity from renewable and
waste energy sources, including detailed tables. However, an overview of developments in the
world and OECD renewable and waste market is also presented. The publication encompasses
energy indicators, generating capacity, electricity and heat production from renewable and waste
sources, as well as production and consumption of renewables and waste.
Published August 2016 - Price 110

n CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2016

In recognition of the fundamental importance of understanding energy related environmental
issues, the IEAs CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion provides a full analysis of emissions stemming
from energy use. This annual publication has become an essential tool for analysts and policy
makers in many international fora such as the Conference of the Parties, which will be meeting in
Marrakesh, Morocco, from 7 to 18 November 2016. The data in this book are designed to assist
in understanding the evolution of the emissions of CO2 from 1971 to 2014 for 150 countries and
regions by sector and by fuel. Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the
default methods and emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories.
Published November 2016 - Price 165

Two Quarterlies

n Oil, Gas, Coal and Electricity, Quarterly Statistics

This publication provides up-to-date, detailed quarterly statistics on oil, coal, natural gas and electricity
for OECD countries. Oil statistics cover production, trade, refinery intake and output, stock changes and
consumption for crude oil, NGL and nine selected oil product groups. Statistics for electricity, natural gas
and coal show supply and trade. Import and export data are reported by origin and destination. The
gas trade data from 1st quarter 2011 onwards corresponds to physical flows (entries/exits). Moreover,
oil as well as hard coal and brown coal production are reported on a worldwide basis.
Published Quarterly - Price 120, annual subscription 380

n Energy Prices and Taxes

This publication responds to the needs of the energy industry and OECD governments for up-to-
date information on prices and taxes in national and international energy markets. It contains
crude oil import prices by crude stream, industry prices and consumer prices. The end-user prices
for OECD member countries cover main petroleum products, gas, coal and electricity. Every issue
includes full notes on sources and methods and a description of price mechanisms in each country.
Time series availability varies with each data series.
Published Quarterly - Price 120, annual subscription 380
S T AT I ST I C S PU B L I C A T I O N S

Electronic Editions

n CD-ROMs and Online Data Services

To complement its publications, the Energy Data Centre produces CD-ROMs containing the complete
databases which are used for preparing the statistics publications. Built-in software allows you to access
and manipulate all these data in a very user-friendly manner and includes graphic facilities. These
databases are also available on the internet from our online data service.

Annual CD-ROMS / Online Databases

n World Energy Statistics 2016 Price: 800 (single user)
n World Energy Balances 2016 Price: 800 (single user)
World
n  Energy Statistics and Balances 2016 Price: 1400 (single user)
(Combined subscription of the above two series)
n Coal Information 2016 Price: 550 (single user)
n Electricity Information 2016 Price: 550 (single user)
n Natural Gas Information 2016 Price: 550 (single user)
n Oil Information 2016 Price: 550 (single user)
n Renewables Information 2016 Price: 400 (single user)
n CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2016 Price: 550 (single user)

Quarterly CD-ROMs / Online Databases

n Energy Prices and Taxes Price: (four quarters) 900 (single user)

A description of these services is available on our website: http://data.iea.org

Other Online Services

n The Monthly Oil Data Service

The IEA Monthly Oil Data Service provides the detailed databases of historical and projected
information which is used in preparing the IEAs monthly Oil Market Report (OMR). The IEA Monthly
Oil Data Service comprises three packages available separately or combined as a subscriber service
on the Internet. The data are available at the same time as the official release of the Oil Market
Report.

The packages include:

n Supply, Demand, Balances and Stocks Price: 6 150 (single user)
n Trade Price: 2 050 (single user)
n Field-by-Field Supply Price: 3 080 (single user)
n Complete Service Price: 9 200 (single user)

A description of this service is available on our website: www.iea.org/statistics/mods

S T AT I ST I C S PU B L I C A T I O N S

n The Monthly Gas Data Service

The service provides monthly natural gas data for OECD countries:
Supply balances in terajoules and cubic metres;
Production, trade, stock changes and levels where available, gross inland deliveries,
own use and losses;
Highly detailed trade data with about 50 import origins and export destinations;
LNG trade detail available from January 2002,
From 2011 onwards, transit volumes are included and trade data corresponds to entries/exits.

The databases cover the time period January 1984 to current month with a time lag of two months for
the most recent data.
n Monthly Gas Data Service: Natural Gas Balances & Trade
Historical plus 12 monthly updates Price: 800 (single user)

For more information consult: www.iea.org/statistics/mgds

Moreover, the IEA statistics website contains a wealth of free statistics

covering oil, natural gas, coal, electricity, renewables, energy-related
CO2 emissions and more for 150 countries and regions and historic
data for the last 20 years. It also contains Sankey flows to enable
users to explore visually how a countrys energy balance shifts over
up to 40years, starting with production and continuing through
transformation to see important changes in supply mix or share of
consumption. The IEA Energy Atlas offers panoramas on every aspect
of energy on a global basis and for 150 individual countries, with
interactive maps and customisable charts that detail and compare a
host of data based on the Agencys authoritative statistics. The website
also includes free headline energy data in excel format for all OECD
countries and global regions from 1971 onwards.
The IEA statistics website can be accessed at www.iea.org/statistics/
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This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory,
to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
IEA/OECD possible corrigenda on: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm

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The paper used has been produced respecting PEFCs ecological, social and ethical standards
 s t a t i s t i c s
This statistical report is designed to help understand
what drives final energy use in IEA member
countries in order to improve and track national
energy efficiency policies.
It provides the first comprehensive selection of data
that the IEA has been collecting each year after
its member states recognised in 2009 the need to
better monitor energy efficiency policies.
The report includes country-specific analysis of
end uses across the largest sectors residential,
services, industry and transport. It answers questions
such as:

W hat are the largest drivers for energy use trends
in each country?

Was energy saved because of efficiency progress
over time?

H ow much energy is used for space heating,

appliances or cooking?

W hat are the most energy-intensive industries?
Improving energy efficiency is a critical step for
governments to take to move towards a sustainable
energy system. This report highlights the key role
of end-use energy data and indicators in monitoring
progress in energy efficiency around the world.

2016