Bibliography

"4K Ultra HD 'Cairo Egypt' Time Lapse." Video file, 3:21. YouTube. Posted by Hisham Moll,
February 28, 2017. Accessed May 25, 2017. https://youtu.be/PPuWU2S9Nko.
This YouTube video shows a time-lapse of multiple locations such as the Great Pyramids
at Giza, the Citadel, the Nile River, the Muhammad Ali Mosque, Cairo Tower and other
various famous locations in Cairo. I used this video on my homepage to help give an idea
what the city of Cairo looks like.

Abercrombie, Thomas J. Cairo, Egypt. Photograph. Accessed May 24, 2017.

http://quest.eb.com/search/modern-cairo/1/137_3127335/Cairo-Egypt.
This image is a view of the Nile riverbanks of Cairo from above in the air and shows the
differences in architecture of the many buildings along the east and west banks of the
Nile. I used this image for my special feature about architecture influences in Cairo,
because there are different Western and European influences that have made an impact on
modern Cairo's buildings throughout history.

Abu-Lughod, Janet L., and Nezar AlSayyad. "Cairo." Britannica Academic. Last modified 2017.
http://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Cairo/106112.
This entry is of a database article that summarizes basic site and history background of
Cairo. The article covers a basic outline of Cairo's features and over 1,000 years of
background history, including the city's governorate region of 83 square miles, climate
patterns with 8 months of summer and 4 months of winter, important historical features
like the Pyramids at Giza and European architecture influences in buildings that were
built during the 19th century. The source also highlights the layout of the city, culture,
economy, the administrative division of Cairo's society and Cairo's development history
over the years that has helped Cairo urbanize and become a megacity. I used this source
on my homepage to create decent background information on what Cairo as a place is
like, the history of how Cairo has developed into a megacity, and I also used this source
to help me write my special feature about architecture influences. This source also helped
me fill out information on my Economy page with the information provided in the article
under the economy section.

Berehulak, Daniel. Egypt Elects a New President. June 19, 2012. Photograph. Accessed May 22,
2017. http://quest.eb.com/search/Egyptian-president/1/115_3976438/Egypt-Elects-A-
New-President.
In this image, negative graffiti in Tahir Square of Egypt's ex-president Hosni Mubarak,
the Field Marshall, Hussein Tantawi (located next to the right-most person), Amr Mussa,
who used to be the Secretary General of the Arab League (located next to the left-most
person), and Ahmed Shafiq, who used to be the prime minister and presidential candidate
(on the far left) is shown. I used this image to be a supportive visual for my Political
Leaders and Political Priorities page.

Britannica Academic, ed. "Abdel Fattah al-Sisi." Britannica Academic. Last modified 2017.
http://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Abdel-Fattah-al-Sisi/607176.
 Abdel Fattah al-Sisi is the current president of Egypt who used to be a military officer
until the prior president, Mohammed Morsi, was removed of power. This encyclopedia
article outlines the process of Sisi's rise to power and particularly emphasizes his actions
against the Muslim Brotherhood as well as Sisi's goal to take down the political force of
the Muslim Brotherhood. This source was especially useful for extracting information for
my political leaders segment. With this source, I was able to gain a better understanding
of Egypt's current president and how he politically effects the situation of many Muslims
with his actions to strip the Muslim Brotherhood of its collective political power.

British Broadcasting Corporation, ed. "Egypt Profile - Timeline." BBC News. Last modified
April 9, 2017. Accessed May 11, 2017. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-
13315719.
This website profile on Egypt consists of a complete timeline of Egypt's history, dating
back all the way from 7,000 B.C. to current day. However, I focused towards the timeline
information around February 2011, when Hosni Mubarak's thirty year presidency came to
an end after he ordered the death of protesting demonstrators. After February 2011, the
article summarizes how the end of Mubarak led to the rise and fall of Mohammed Morsi,
and the eventual, unfortunately violent, backlash from many Muslim Brotherhood
members when Morsi was removed from power. This source was useful for giving
background information in my political leaders and priorities page of my website,
because a lot of the current strife with the current president, Sisi, today is related to the
major conflict that began after Mubarak was forced out of presidency.

Dahshan, Mohamed El. Ben Ezra. March 8, 2010. Photograph. Accessed May 26, 2017.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/travellerw/4489785335/in/photolist-7QKjKZ-oMJJXP-
ddhQwC-vHrEw-479eFm-7QNC33-RSZr97-fr6aX-aGt4GR-4PMaoi-oMGZas-7VAk4E-
yfTvK-8AvVWF-b1Dc6M-29uwar-4WmbpC-owFFT9-qm8oh-9Bnprj-98qQar-b4MXi8-
29uw1k-2ydCiW-yfTsZ-yfTJt-9gyF5g-282PEu-5DH6Sa-5pNvGD-3JZ9Yb-5n3Tuq-
yfTEF-29ySV3-8ALcC6-6cGkRF-8uQkdw-8ALc9x-9HB2Uf-4UYqtw-8uMfQc-
9HB2Nb-68rGQA-9FFj6f-ZqFf9-4dqyS5-7u8hMS-9FFiNE-6h8NjZ-ZqQiL.
This photograph is an example of what the Ben Ezra Synagogue in the Religious
Complex looks like. I used this image as an example of a sacred site on my Culture
Characteristics page.

Dateandtime.info, ed. "Geographic coordinates of Cairo, Egypt." DATEANDTIME.INFO. Last

modified 2017. Accessed May 25, 2017. http://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?
id=360630.
This website is dedicated completely to providing information on the coordinates of cities
and other locations around the world. I used this source to find the coordinates of Cairo
for my home page.

Egypt Expo & Convention Authority, ed. "Transportation in Egypt." Egypt Expo & Convention
Authority. Last modified 2016. Accessed May 11, 2017.
http://www.eeca.gov.eg/transportation.html.
Cairo, as well as Egypt as a whole, has a wide range of transportation services for people
to access at an inexpensive cost. This website page summarizes all of Egypt's
 transportation options, including descriptions of the most standard versions of travel
options, which services are up to date enough to have air conditioning, reliability and
other statistics that apply to each transportation option. The transportation options
described include the bus system, taxis, micro-buses, the Cairo Metro, the train system,
the Nile Ferry and the road system. I used this source to write about transportation in
Cairo on my website under the Modes of Public Transportation tab.

European Union, ed. "Egypt and the EU." European Union: External Action. Last modified
November 5, 2016. Accessed May 26, 2017.
https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/1156/Egypt%20and
%20the%20EU.
This website is a branch of the European Union's work where the European Union tries to
have helpful outreach to other countries. This article within the European Union's
External Action summarizes the terms of Egypt's agreement to work towards democracy,
unviolated human rights, social justice and safety with the help of the European Union. I
used this source to describe Cairo's political priorities on my Political Leadership and
Priorities page.

Garret, Kenneth. Great Pyramids, Giza, Egypt. Photograph. http://quest.eb.com/search/the-great-

pyramids-at-Giza/1/137_3076388/Great-Pyramids-Giza-Egypt.
This photograph is an example of the Great Pyramids at Giza, and while the pyramids are
considered a part of Giza, this location is on the very edge of Cairo and is often
considered to be a part of Cairo. I used this image for my Cultural Characteristics page.

Hassan, Lamia. "Exploring Cairo: Three Religions Side-by-side in the Old City of Fustat."
Ahram Online. Last modified October 3, 2016. Accessed May 10, 2017.
http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/8/27/244799/Travel/News/Exploring-Cairo-
Three-religions-sidebyside-in-the-.aspx.
This news website article explores the Religious Complex, which is a place of different
religious structures for Islam, Christianity and Judaism. In the complex there is the Amr
Ibn Al-Aas Mosque, which is from Islam, the Hanging Church, which is from
Christianity, and the Ben Ezra Synagogue, which is from Judaism. I used this source to
describe sacred sites on my Cultural Characteristics page.

Ismail, Nadia. Drumming the beat. May 26, 2012. Photograph. Accessed May 24, 2017.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/nadiaismailphotography/7295113492/in/photolist-
c7Dn5Q-7uvwo9-4aB4xG-7uD6yo-ouir8o-6Ysxoa-ouVVhd-7urHWv-7urV9B-
7HNBrH-72kTrk-6UGVHQ-7uvHRC-7urxfp-7HSwW1-7HSx4o-8BEZPn-7uDaNb-
7HNBfP-7uz5f8-mqxm18-vmmPKm-w1BV9A-vyys25-wb8Rsm-vwhgSw-wvGeNt-
wsUc7A-wuNaNj-wvmsGP-weBxzG-wvdb1t-wgkhwS-we6Qcc-wdzQGj-wvqzDr-
w1QWMt-vk9vNt-Nhfh81-NqBj1d-7uvDBd-7uDahb-3JqejN-7uDaAq-7uziwD-Nk8xrx-
NsUKAz-NhbXHm-NhbKUb-NhpNZy.
This image shows men drumming in Han Al-halili, Cairo, Cairo. I used this image as a
prime example of how people express and take part in culture in Cairo.
Jaramillo, Julita. Picture 741. Photograph. Accessed May 26, 2017.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/julijara/4541333633/in/photolist-8q8kwr-97iQjt-5P362N-
as5KnJ-97iQJ4-9HgJBv-4yB3j2-dDoASd-6DdxfV-as38nX-aoBpgc-6DhFwh-dntTCd-
6DhFFC-aoBpr6-97mVY1-55mPbK-4oVef1-9FEyku-h7p3Y-5EdCDj-5Eez6o-3m6T9J-
NJWwxf-57o12F-4eq4QN-5bghYz-7VmLyY-fNUuWB-9bF6s9-4R1638-pCAse-
oZyQjk-9fJ5cg-7ViwgK-4xzgRb-5EeAQ9-2CkwMu-4ZazjM-7VmM2y-KR9Rf1-
7Viwqa-7VmLX5-BP9N8Y-oPqH8A-BhsMgX-xjni9m-o47xQ7-oixFv8-oivoaN.
This photograph shows what the Amr Ibn Al-Aas Mosque looks like in the Religious
Complex within Cairo. I used this image for describing sacred sites on my Cultural
Characteristics page.

Jureidini, Ray. "Regulation of Migration in Egypt." Middle East Institute. Last modified April
20, 2010. Accessed May 11, 2017. http://www.mei.edu/content/regulation-migration-
egypt.
Egypt is a large country for both having migrants leave the country and migrants coming
into the the country, but old migration policies used to make migration out of Egypt
difficult. However, this website article describes how more leniency in migration policies
has allowed many Egyptians to migrate to Arab countries or countries with fiscally-
promising jobs in the oil business like Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Libya, Kuwait, and the
United Arab Emirates. Egypt also receives over thousands of refugees from Palestine,
Sudan, Ethiopia. With this summary of patterns and history of migration in Egypt and
Cairo, I inputted the implemented the information into the population demographics and
migration trends page.

Lapidus, Ira M. "Cairo." Edited by Joseph R. Strayer. World History in Context. Last modified
1989. http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?
disableHighlighting=false&displayGroupName=Reference&currPage=&scanId=&query
=&source=&prodId=WHIC&search_within_results=&p=WHIC
%3AUHIC&mode=view&catId=&u=bullischl&limiter=&display-
query=&displayGroups=&contentModules=&action=e&sortBy=&documentId=GALE
%7CBT2353200505&windowstate=normal&activityType=&failOverType=&commentar
y=.
The earliest beginnings of Cairo's history as a city was with the foundation of Al-Fustat
by the Muslim army that was taking over Egypt in 641 A.D.. This database entry goes
into depth about the origins of Cairo and how political events and different eras have
contributed to urbanizing and the continuous development of Cairo. I used this source to
help explain the background history and development of Cairo on my homepage.

Lauro, Marco Di. Cairo - The Mother of the World. February 8, 2006. Photograph. Accessed
May 22, 2017. http://quest.eb.com/search/cairo-bus/1/115_2686122/Cairo---The-Mother-
Of-The-World.
This photograph shows a massive cluster of buses in Saida Aisha Square in the Islamic
region of Cairo. I used this photograph for my Modes of Public Transportation page.
Masry, Sarah El. Sarah El Masry to Daily News Egypt newsgroup, "Egypt: The Question of the
Environment," June 5, 2013. Accessed May 18, 2017.
http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/06/05/egypt-the-question-of-the-environment/.
Egypt as a whole suffers drastic pollution problems in air, water and food. This news
website article outlines how these different kinds of pollution problems affect Egyptian
communities and is suspected to be the reason why diseases like Hepatitis A, B, and C
that were once gone have returned. The article also describes how the Egyptian
government does not have a solid plan for battling environmental issues. Additionally,
Egypt's current environmental situation appears to go strong against environmental rights
that Egypt agreed to provide under the United Nations. I used this source to support my
Environmental Issues page.

Maurice, Yvon. Egyptian cotton (2). October 13, 1984. Photograph. Accessed May 26, 2017.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/19787482@N04/6510706803/in/photolist-aVk5iz-
8aximB-5bEjYN-dm2jSg-dqrs3D-SUAFxF-5kR1qA-apnhR-7cxYtZ-ouFtbP-evLNAh-
bF9eUa-rwKojN-s9qZJR-6VuPxv-5XCXJ3-faEkm8-SGPuCE-qxcCSW-7CsFL9-
qrFmG4-4wFNPA-53sqWH-bu44FD-bV6aLn-7CsFhQ-6HWGkM-b3HGsD-eExEZu-
aGzgVg-8738TT-7CsFqj-7xQkSR-6TLyes-9mwY3o-47B66c-R5vX34-4x29R4-bLRda8-
e63Nsd-7CsEQG-dL9K6n-yaGA7a-RXUL41-876jD3-6bUaj9-Ubathm-aSmqtM-
dVz3m8-brCydJ.
This photograph is an example of what Egyptian cotton looks like. I used this photo for
my primary industry section under my Economic Activity page.

Ministry of Environment, ed. "Urban Communities Development." Egyptian Environmental

Affairs Agency. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 11, 2017. http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-
us/topics/management/development/urbancommunities.aspx.
Egypt's Ministry of Environment has laid-out plans to try to tackle the environmental
problems that Egypt suffers with sustainable building and plans to teach and test
Egyptian communities for being knowledgeable about the current environmental state of
Egypt's communities. This article on Egypt's governmental website for the Ministry of
Environment, summarizes the plans for sustainable building, challenges for architects and
urban planners in sustainable building and different workshops that the country has held
to give people the opportunity to learn more about environmental sustainability. I used
this source for the Environmental Issues page of my website.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Arab Republic of Egypt, ed. "Culture and Tourism." Arab Republic
of Egypt: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Last modified 2010. Accessed May 11, 2017.
http://www.mfa.gov.eg/English/InsideEgypt/Tourism/Pages/default.aspx.
Culture in Egypt is diverse as a result of having many civilizations take place in the
country, which is considered the reason why Cairo has become the cultural capital of
countries in the Arab region. This governmental website page for the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs gives a brief but informing synopsis on how Egypt's culture has developed
through influence, important landmarks and monuments of culture, religion and religious
institutions. I found this website page extremely useful for writing important background
information on Cairo's culture in my Cultural Characteristics page.
Mohamed, Zeinab. A shop inside Khan El-Khalili's Badistand gate. July 1, 2016. Photograph.
Accessed May 25, 2017.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/96884693@N00/33813123126/in/photolist-TvX6tu-
FCMpaQ-GhMVgP-z2WAM-9wJLTT-z5Utg-zR3gV-4M6par-zR2G1-b7e6cc-b7dZ8z-
b7dZRe-7zQ7tp-4atjqG-4M6puH-b7ecm6-b7dXbR-87UexY-pL7Te-b7faN4-b7e5iv-
e6fLGW-b7e1KF-b7f9WH-EeaKXK-7qfajy-b7f2wx-b7f66k-7VZ9fM-b7dPWV-
97EwKn-684eVT-5vWGZ4-b7e7R8-b7ee1F-zQzV5-b7eZy4-b7efFt-b7f75n-b7e4ie-
b7dTBR-CZeT3r-b7f92k-b7f4uz-b7f1pV-b7f3vk-b7eHZM-b7eYGi-b7etjF-b7e3iz.
This image shows a shop in Islamic Cairo that sells textile products, handmade copper
items and mementos for tourists. I used this image for my Economic Activity page.

Reimer, Michael J. "Cairo." World Book Student. Last modified 2017.

http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar087060&st=cairo#tab=homepage.
This database article provides a generalized but noteworthy overview of Cairo, covering
different topics such as the city structure and development, the people, education and
cultural information, economy and history. Out of all the topics covered, the economy
section talks about the most important industries to Egypt such as iron, steel, food,
tobacco, large-scale production chemicals, paper and textiles. However, this section of
the article also mentions jewelry and tourist souvenir production among the smaller
businesses of Cairo. I used this economy information to help me fill out my Economy
page.

Ross, John G. Sphinx and Great Pyramid of Giza. Photograph. http://quest.eb.com/search/the-

sphinx/1/139_1891288/Sphinx-and-Great-Pyramid-of-Giza.
This photograph shows an example of what the Sphinx looks like, which is located on the
edge of Cairo. I used this photo for my Cultural Characteristics page.

Schedel. 1492 Historical Map of Cairo. Photograph. Accessed May 25, 2017.
http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/cairo-millennial.
This image is of a map that was made in 1492 that shows what Cairo must have looked
like in the late 15th century. I used this map on my homepage to be compared with a
current-day map of Cairo.

Shamim, Arif. Egypt migrant boat death toll rises to 79. September 21, 2016. Photograph.
Accessed May 24, 2017.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/46450451@N06/29247689024/in/photolist-Lyw3Yq-
NnhEo1.
Around September 21st, 2016, a migrant boat away from the Egyptian coast flipped over
in the water and raised the number of deaths from such accidents to 79. This photograph
shows the events following afterwards as a rescue crew from Cairo made efforts to save
the survivors and gather bodies. I used this photograph to serve as a visual for my
population demographics and migration trends page.

Silverman, David. Modern Cairo Reveals Its Ancient Islamic History. February 20, 2009.
Photograph. Accessed May 22, 2017. http://quest.eb.com/search/Cairo-
islam/1/115_2754060/Modern-Cairo-Reveals-Its-Ancient-Islamic-History.
 This photograph shows Muslim Egyptians observing their culture and looking over the
city from the top of the Citadel. The Citadel has stood as an area of Islamic rule in Egypt,
dating back 700 years to when it was first constructed during the end of the 12th century
through the work of Salah al-Din. This image was useful as an example of culture and
religion in Egypt and helps support as a visual for my website's culture page.

SpainExchange, ed. "Languages in Egypt." SpainExchange: Country Guide. Last modified 2017.
Accessed May 26, 2017. http://www.studycountry.com/guide/EG-language.htm.
This website information page has a breakdown of all the various languages spoken in
Egypt. The site describes the usage of Modern Standard Arabic as the official language in
Egypt and the majority (68%) of the the Egyptian population's usage of Egyptian Arabic.
However, there are also details on the usage of Sa'idi Arabic, Bedawi Arabic, Beja
language, Domari language, Siwi language, Nobiin language, English, French and
German. The source also particularly explains how English is relatively common to be
spoken, because Cairo was colonized by the United Kingdom until 1952, and English is
offered to be taught as a second language in many schools. I used this source to describe
the use of language in Cairo and Egypt under the Cultural Characteristics page of my
website.

Tepper, Natalie. Sunrise view from Conrad Hotel. Photograph.

http://quest.eb.com/search/sunrise-view-from-conrad-hotel/1/111_1504527/Sunrise-view-
from-Conrad-Hotel.
This photograph is a cityscape view of Cairo in the morning sunrise through the window
of Conrad hotel. I used this photograph as the header image of my homepage.

Thomas, Benjamin E. "Cairo (Egypt)." Scholastic Grolier Online. Last modified 2017.
http://ea.grolier.com/article?id=0070500-00.
This database article gives a detailed overview of Cairo's basic land features, city plan,
different building installments, economy and background history that includes important
structures like construction of the Sphinx and the Pyramids at Giza. Particularly, I
focused on the overview of land features, because within that information, I was able to
describe the city's main coverage on the east bank and the majority of Cairo's suburbs
covering the west bank. I was also able to extract facts on Cairo's two islands Roda and
Gezira and their important features like Roda's Nilometer that measures the water levels
of the Nile. This source was useful for providing site information on the homepage.
However, this article also has a summary on Cairo's economy, which helped my fill out
my Economy page.

Tuller, Rutger. Cairo cab. May 7, 2005. Photograph. Accessed May 26, 2017.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/bennecontentos/360674373/in/photolist-xSxVF-4v8LWd-
7q2sch-882u1x-885FgE-882smx-882zUT-nm67M-882svk-882ypi-h6spg-64maG-
DJfVV-7271Zi-4xPrqd-882xGx-rtezSQ-64kf94-4R8Xdp-8VUeH9-5Y54KW-3bcPgG-
882s42-882uAD-882rKM-7SKKVZ-7S948k-4JWuxA-4KhH7p-4brH3W-882rTB-
aZpv3-882rhz-882rtv-882rBV-tw4S5-9VWqMw-d7wSkA-Sbxxvo-48TwT1-5SN1Z9-
33YVSx-4PHM7d-4xs2S3-882uEn-7FKgQG-2BGW2V-61s3du-sFAMm-33YUJV.
 This photograph is an example of what the inside of a cab looks like in Cairo. I used this
image for my section on tertiary industry services on my Economic Activity page.

UIG. Egypt. Photograph. http://quest.eb.com/search/the-hanging-church/1/312_1297846/Egypt.

This photograph shows the Hanging Church in the Religious Complex, which is also
known as the Church of the Virgin Mary. I used this photograph for my Cultural
Characteristics page under my descriptions of sacred sites.

Universal Images Group. EGYPT Cairo. School children walking past rubbish dump with
chickens and dogs scavenging in the City of the Dead. 2017. Photograph. Accessed May
22, 2017. http://quest.eb.com/search/environmental-issues-cairo/1/300_2267193/EGYPT-
Cairo.-School-children-walking-past-rubbish-dump-with.
This photograph depicts how in a certain part of Cairo known as the City of the Dead,
children are accustomed to walking past piled up garbage and foraging stray animals
every day. I used this image to provide a visual that shows the magnitude of just how bad
Cairo's environmental issues have become.

. Laboratory for the processing of iron objects. Photograph. Accessed May 24, 2017.
http://quest.eb.com/search/cairo-economy/1/300_164479/Laboratory-for-the-processing-
of-iron-objects.
This photograph shows someone working with metal in a laboratory for iron processing,
which is located in Al-Fayoum, an area that is 150 km far from Cairo. I used this photo
for my economy page, because iron ore and iron processing are major parts in Cairo's
economy.

World Book Student. "Cairo." Map. World Book Student. 2017. Accessed May 22, 2017.
http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/media?id=mp001529&st=cairo.
This map is a political map that has all of the major parts of Cairo and Cairo's
metropolitan area in detail with each important location labeled for the reader. I used this
map on my homepage to support my site information on Cairo and give readers a helpful
visual to understand the layout of important locations in Cairo.

World Population Review, ed. "Cairo Population 2017." World Population Review. Last
modified October 26, 2016. Accessed May 25, 2017.
http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cairo-population/.
This website source gives an overview of Cairo's population statistics and different facts
that should be known about Cairo's population of 12 million and metropolitan area
population of 20.5 million. The source especially summarizes the city's situation with
minority groups, adult literacy rate, age groups in population and infant mortality rate.
Then, the rest of the website goes into a brief summary of Cairo's history and population
growth over the years. I used this source to describe the population demographics of
Cairo.