Webaccess code: nyu 3529 7573

Integration of trigonometric polynomials.

To integrate Z
sinm x cosn x dx

When one of them ( either m or n) is odd. Let n = 2k + 1 be odd Put u = sinx.

Z
um (1 u2 )k du

Let both both be even. m = 2k and n = 2. Use sin2 x = (1cos 2

2x)
and cos2 x = (1+cos 2x)
2
Z
1
+k
(1 cos 2x)k (1 + cos 2x) dx
2
Simplify. Put y = 2x. Various powers of cos y show up. Odd powers can be handled. Even
powers use half angle formula. Cut down the power by a factor 2. Repeat till done.
Example 1.
Z Z
2 2 1
sin x cos xdx = (1 cos2x)(1 + cos 2x) dx
4
Z Z
1 2 x 1
= (1 cos 2x)dx = (1 + cos 4x) dx
4 4 8
x x 1 x 1
= sin 4x + C = sin 4x + C
4 8 32 8 32
Example 2.
Z Z
ax 1 ax a
e sin bx dx = e cos bx + eax cos bx dx
b b
Z
1 ax a ax a2
= e cos bx + 2 e sin bx 2 eax sin bx dx
b b b
Z
a2 1 a
(1 + 2 ) eax sin bx dx = eax cos bx + 2 eax sin bx
b b b
Z
1
eax sin bx dx = 2 [b eax cos bx + a eax sin bx] + C
a + b2
Example 3. Integrating Z
dx
a x2 + bx + c
Depends on the roots of the quadratic a x2 + bx + c. Two distinct real roots.

a x2 + bx + c = a(x )(y )

1
Then partial fraction works. If we have two coincident roots, it is a square. Becomes
Z
dx
dx
a(x )2

If no real roots it becomes by completing the square

a[(x )2 + 2 ]

Substituting x = + y this reduces to

Z
1 dy
= arctan y + C
a 1 + y2

Other things to remember from calculus I.

What is 100.1 =?. 10.005
It is nearly 10. Say 10 + x. Then

(10 + x)2 = 100 + 20x + x2 = 100.1

.1
20x + x2 = 0.1; x = .005
20
For more accuracy try 10.005 + x. Then

10.0052 + (20.01)x + x2 = 100.1

100.1(10.0052)
Ignore x2 . Next approximation is 10.005 + 20.01
= 10.00499875
Home work Problems: Calculate the Integrals.
Z 1
3
x 2 (1 x)2 dx
0
Z
2
(sin x)4 (cos x)4 dx
0
Z 1
xe2x dx
0
Z 1
dx
0 x2 +4
Z 1
dx
0 x2 4