Korean Grammar Guide ()

Korean Grammar Guide

Allan C Simpson

1. Subject Markers (, )
& Topic Markers (, )
Remember that / is used in such contexts when you introduce
something happening now; something that is compared/comparable to
or contrasting with something else; to mention a location where
something takes place; informing the reader/listener that you are going
to say something about the Topic

. .

Remember that / puts a spotlight on the noun it follows.;

introduces something new and worthy of lots of attention as a
Subject; used with many question words; can appear arrogant or
rude if over-used or if used in certain situations like self-introductions,
job interviews, and so on

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2. The Copula
This is the to be . Its antonym is . It conjugates,
depending on consonant/vowel endings, as follows:

(past)

(past)

3. (too, also, even)

. (note that can be used after certain particles,

such as the plural marker but usually not before such particles)

4. Possessive

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Like the English apostrophe + s, or (possessive) pronouns such as

his (), her (, ). Add this to the end of the main noun.

5. &
This is essentially to have and to not have. It can, however,
sometimes appear to have a meaning closer to the copula ().

. (as opposed to , which is also correct, but using

the copula)

Often used with the particles /:

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6. (in, at)

7. (and, with)
This is, like a conjunction, used simply to connect nouns, however not to
start sentences. It is often used to make lists, and has a less formal feel.
There are no changes regardless of whether the preceding noun ends in a
vowel or consonant.

8. (The Plural Marker)

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This is not always used in Korean, even if the context is plural. That
is, you will often have to infer or be open to multiple translations. It
can also be used before such particles as / & /.

9. Verbs & Adjectives

(Dictionary/Raw Form)

In most dictionaries, the raw, unconjugated form of verbs and

adjectives in Korean will end with . In use, the is most often
chopped of and the appropriate conjugational ending is added to
what is left-over (the stem).

Step 1. to sit (raw)

Step 2. - (- has been removed and the stem remains)

Step 3. (the appropriate conjugational ending has been added to

the stem, in this case a simple polite present ending [i.e. sit; sits;
Please sit])

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10. Verbs & Adjectives (some

examples of the Special
Consonant Base)

~ verbs/adjectives

()

w ~ verbs/adjectives

()

S-irregular verbs/adjectives

()

()

11. Verbs with Vowel Bases

This refers to verbs and adjectives that have vowel-ending stems and
maintain this stem unchanged in the simple present conjugated form.
This includes bases ending in , , and .

e.g. (raw verb) - (stem) () SUBJECT sleep/sleeps

12. Verbs & Adjectives with

Stems

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This refers to verbs and adjectives that have -ending stems. In the
simple present conjugated form, this - becomes , which is then
contracted to .

e.g. (raw verb) - (stem) () SUBJECT

teach/teaches

13. Verbs & Adjectives with

Stems
This refers to verbs and adjectives that have -ending stems. In the
simple present conjugated form, this becomes .

e.g. (raw verb) - (stem) () SUBJECT learn/learns

e.g. (raw verb) - (stem) () SUBJECT give/gives

14. Verbs & Adjectives with

Stems
This refers to verbs and adjectives that have -ending stems. In the
simple conjugated form, this becomes , which is then contracted to
.

e.g. (raw verb) - (stem) () SUBJECT come/comes

15. Verbs & Adjectives with

Stems
This refers to verbs and adjectives that have -ending stems. In the
simple conjugated form, this becomes , OR if there is a preceding
syllable with or .

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e.g. (raw adjective) - (stem) () SUBJECT are, is etc big

e.g. (raw adjective) - (stem) () SUBJECT are, is etc

busy

16. Verbs & Adjectives with L-

doubling bases
This refers to verbs and adjectives that have stems doubling the and
dropping the . The conjugated form is typically , but when the
vowel of the preceding syllable is or .

e.g. (raw adjective) - (stem) () SUBJECT are, is etc

fast

e.g. (raw verb) - (stem) () SUBJECT sing/sings

17. Verbs & Adjectives with L-

extending bases
This refers to verbs and adjectives that have stems ending in . Their
conjugated forms, however, may end in or , depending.

e.g. (raw verb) - (stem) () SUBJECT play/plays

e.g. (raw verb) - (stem) () SUBJECT live/lives

e.g. (raw verb) - (stem) () SUBJECT open/opens

e.g. (raw verb) - (stem) () SUBJECT know/knows

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18. The Direct Object

Particle
This is basically the / particle, which denote an object typically
receiving an action.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

19. & - Particles of

Direction
These are, respectively, like the English to and from. Like particles
such as /, they should be attached to the end of the preceding noun
(no space).

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

20. Manner Adverbs

These are specific adverbial words, common examples including: ,
, and . Remember that these adverbs almost always take the
penultimate position in the sentence.

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e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

21. &
These typically precede a verb with the function of negating that verb.
There should also be a space between them and the verb. typically
implies [does] not ___ or that something is not ___ because there was
no original intention, something is not ___ out of the speakers
principles, etc; typically, in contrast, implies cannot, or that the
speaker cannot ___ despite an intention, due to an unavoidable fact,
etc.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. A: ?

B: , . ( can also be used with adjectives)

22. The Honorific Marker ()

-
This refers to the honorific - -containing verbs and adjectives, hence
only to be used toward or when talking about honoured subjects. You
should not use it with I or us.

e.g. (non-honorific raw verb) (honorific raw verb)

() HONOURED SUBJECT go/goes

Note that, in the simple present tense conjugation, the - becomes

in the infinitive, but most typically in speech especially to 2nd

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person or group listeners that do not include I/us it becomes ,

or () in the FORMAL HONORIFIC.

e.g. ?

e.g. .

e.g. ?

e.g. .

23. The Instrumental

Particle ()
This particle can translate in various ways, depending on the context.
Most typically it translates as through, with, by use/means of,
toward, in. If your noun ends in a consonant, use the full ; if it
ends in a vowel, use only . Caution: if the noun ends in , then it
behaves like a vowel-ender (i.e. [with a knife] and not !)

e.g.

e.g.

e.g.

e.g.

e.g.

24. () with/and
This particle typically translates as with or and, and it is quite often
used in spoken Korean and less formal contexts. Use the full if your
preceding noun ends in a consonant; use only if it ends in a vowel.

e.g. .

e.g. .

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25. Past Tense, Polite Style

This refers to the simple base double consonant ending denoting
past tense.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

26. Past and Past-Past

This refers to a past tense which reflects more the sense of, for
example, he went (but is back now) or he came (but left again so he
isnt here anymore). This is made by simply adding () to the
simple past tense conjugation.

e.g. .

27. -/- and Particles

This is one of the grammar points to be cautious about: for preceding
nouns ending with consonants, you should attach ; for vowel-ending
nouns, add (contrary to the opposite, which has been the general
pattern with some other particles). This and tends to have a more
formal, textual feel.

e.g.

e.g.

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28. Together/With, /
and often have a space preceding an and/-with-ending noun.
It can also start a sentence typically followed by a verb.

e.g. .

e.g. !

It is worth noting that can also carry the adverbial sense of like or
as, similar to the particle-like -.

e.g. . (compare with: .)

29. /like~
This like behaves like other particles, attaching to the end of your
noun.

e.g. .

e.g. .

30. to be like ~
Quite similar to the () form, this is a simpler way to say, for
example, that something looks or seems to be something. It should
have a space after the preceding noun.

e.g. .

e.g. .

31. The Purposive Form ()

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This refers to the in order to~ pattern. Hence, there are normally two
clauses making up one sentence: the objective first, and then the
action taken to achieve that objective.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

Note that, with L-extending verbs, we get the following pattern:

e.g. .

32. want to~

This is the SUBJECT + want/s to grammar. Typically a verb is added to
the front of this in its unconjugated stem form, and the is the part
conjugated.

e.g. .

e.g. ?

e.g. .

33. , -, -, and
Respectively, these are translatable as each/every; only/just;
per/apiece; and about/approximately/by.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. . (note here does not translate as

one, but about or roughly, together with efectively further
emphasising the sentence)

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34. & -, from~ & to~

Often used together in a sentence, these particles are typically used
when describing lengths of time, distances between places, etc.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

35. Formal Style

This refers to the and sentence endings. With vowel-
ending stems, use the former; for consonant-ending stems, use the
latter.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

36. Suspective Form

This refers to verbs and adjectives typically in the first clause of a
sentence which ends with a but conjunction or a long negative.

e.g. .

e.g. , .

e.g. .

e.g. , .

There is also the use of negative imperatives or suggestions:

e.g. !

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e.g. !

e.g. !

e.g. .

37. The Particle : Noun

Agreement
This refers to a special use of the particle. In this case, the nouns
preceding the particles of your sentence agree with each other in
the sense that you are saying the same thing about them.

e.g. . .

e.g. , .

38. ()()? Shall we~?,

Might ___ be~?
This grammar typically translates as Shall we___? with preceding
verbs, but it may also be more of a supposition when preceded by
adjectives or nouns. If your preceding conjugated stem ends with a
consonant, use the full (); if it is vowel-ending, use ().
Caution: for --ending stems, treat them like vowel-enders (i.e. ?
and not ?)

e.g. ?

e.g. ?

e.g. ? ?

e.g. ?

e.g. ?

By adding a space after () and then (), the sense of the

sentence now becomes SUBJECT think/s of doing ___.

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e.g. .

e.g. .

39. , -, and ()
Respectively, these translate as yet more/moreover/and; also/as
well/too; and about/approximately/any(-)/every/nor/or/~or
something/or the like/when-.

For (), with consonant-ending preceding nouns use the full-; for
vowel-ending nouns use only -.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. ?

e.g. ?

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. , .

e.g. , .

e.g. .

e.g. ?

e.g. .

40. The wanna Form in ()

()

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This refers to the suggestive form, used both for questions (i.e. Do you
wanna ___ ?) and also expressing what the subject feels like (i.e. I
wanna ___., I feel like ___.)

For consonant-ending present tense conjugated verbs (with the

exception of -ending stems such as -), use the full (); for
vowel-ending verbs use only ().

e.g. ?

e.g. .

e.g. ? ?

e.g. ?

e.g. .

41. the Sequential Form ()

()
This refers to the as/since subject do/does~, often followed by a
clause giving a result or efect of the first explanation or reason. This is
more commonly a spoken and less formal form. With consonant-ending
preceding stems, use the full (); for vowel-ending preceding
stems, use only (). Note that by removing () you give the
sentence a more formal, literary feel.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

This form can also carry the meaning of When, [I realised or

discovered].

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e.g. , .

e.g. .

42. & Particles

These are essentially the honorific equivalents of the particles -/-
and /, respectively.

e.g. .

e.g. ?

e.g. .

e.g. ?

43. Probable Futures with

()
This form of the future tense has the meanings of going to~ or will
probably~. With preceding stems ending in consonants (with the
exception of -ending stems such as -), use the full ; with
vowel-ending stems use only .

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

44. Rhetorical Retorts in -

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This sentence ending is often used in more informal contexts, carrying

the bracketed sense of ~, isnt it obvious? or ~, dont you think? It is
typically used when responding to an utterance.

e.g.

A: , .

B: ?!

e.g.

A: ?

B: !

45. Present
Progressive/-ing Grammar
This pattern is basically used when a subject is currently performing an
action, or still continues to be ing something for a period of time.
Simply start it with an unconjugated verb stem (also leaving no space)
and conjugate the pattern ending.

e.g. .

e.g. .

46. As soon as~

Pattern

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This is a grammar pattern basically used to imply as soon as A is/was

done, B is/was done. There should be no space between the preceding
verbal, unconjugated stem and this pattern.

e.g. , .

e.g. .

47. plus negative

Often interchangeable with -, this pattern typically translates as
has/have nothing but~, there is only one~, can only do~, and so on.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

48. () as many as~

By adding after consonant-ending preceding nouns (and after
vowel-ending nouns), this grammar can convey the sense of as many
as~ or as much as~.

e.g. , .

e.g. .

49. Future-Presumptives in
-
This is a basic form of the future tense made by simply adding with
the appropriate conjugation to a preceding verb or adjective stem. It
carries the meaning more of (definitely) will or will not.

e.g. .

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e.g. .

e.g. .

50. Past-Future and Past-

Past
This basically refers to the tense pattern of will have~ or must
have~, hence often demonstrating an assumption.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

51. Immediate Futures in

()
This refers to a near-present form of the future, implying that the
relevant action or description will take place or be realised quite soon
after the utterance. For consonant-ending preceding vowel or adjective
stems, use the full (with the exception of -ending stems such
as -); for vowel-ending stems, use only .

e.g. . .

e.g. . .

52. Suppositives in -

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This refers to the tag questions , right?, , isnt it?, and so on; it can
also be more emphatic as if to imply of course~!, surely~, and so on.
It may also translate as , I wonder? or , again? when asking
questions or seeking to be reminded of something; alternatively it
might convey a suggestion or instruction in an informal setting. This
pattern should follow the verb or adjective stem without a space.

e.g. .

e.g. ?

e.g. ?

e.g. , .

e.g. () !

53. The Form

This form is essentially ~and~ - where an adjective or verb comes

before and after the form, typically joining two clauses. You do not need
to conjugate the stem.

(example):

54. Past Infinitive/Past

Honorific Infinitive/Honorific
Infinitive

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This is basically, respectively, conjugating the endings as follows:

:
:
:

55. the Infinitive II: with the

Particle

This relates to the two diferent uses of (BECAUSE OF A, B~ & A

HAPPENED AND THEN B~). You need to conjugate the stem.

: .

: !

56. -

This is basically like saying Im glad/happy/pleased that~. Note

that the - is only for verbs/adjectives that conjugate as such (e.g.
, ), and for others you need to conjugate the stem
accordingly (e.g. , ).

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Note that you dont necessarily have to use any past tense
conjugations the past in Korean is often implied.

: .

: .

57. -() Copula +

The important thing to remember about this construction is that it

relates to nouns, essentially translating as because it/sth./smb.
is~. The bracketed depends on whether or not your noun ends in
a consonant.

: .

: .

58. Unfinished Sentences

and Afterthoughts with
and -
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This refers to adding () or () to a new sentence that has the

function of completing a previously unfinished sentence/answering it
with a reason, or adding extra information. There should be no
space between the preceding conjugated stem and this grammar.

e.g. . .

e.g.

A: ?

B: .

59. & -
(about~ &
concerning/regarding~)

The former is more commonly used and has a more general, less
formal translation of about~. The latter, however, tends to be used
in more formal or bookish contexts, translated more like
concerning~ or regarding~. There should be no space between
the preceding noun and the part of this grammar.

e.g. .

e.g. .

60. () , you know?,

,you see?
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This sentence ending is a matter-of-fact pattern that is best used in more

informal contexts, and perhaps even then sparingly (it can sometimes
sound touchy or arrogant). It is attached, without a space, after verb and
adjective stems.

e.g. . .

e.g. . .

61. / etc + 3rd

Person Form
Often used when describing what some other subject has said they
want to do, how they felt, etc. There should be no space between
the preceding verb or adjective stem and the / etc part of this
grammar; the part should be conjugated accordingly.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

62. The Exploratory

Pattern ( etc + )
This refers to the grammar carrying the meaning of try~ or have a
go at~ (preceded by a verb stem). There should be no stem
between the preceding simple present tense conjugation and the
etc part of this grammar.

e.g. .

e.g. .

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e.g. ?

e.g. .

63. -() do ~ for~ Pattern

You can use this, preceded by a simple present tense conjugation verb
stem, to imply such meanings as someone does something for someone.
There should be a space between the verb stem and ().

e.g. ?

e.g. . .

e.g. .

64. Nominalizer Form -

This refers to turning a verb or adjective into an ing verbal or adjectival
noun. Simply add , without a space, to the end of the raw
verb/adjective stem.

e.g.

e.g.

Note also the pattern:

e.g. () .

e.g. .

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e.g. ?

Note also the pattern:

e.g. , .

e.g. .

Note also the pattern:

e.g. .

e.g. .

65. ~ as only when~, only

if~
Typically following without a space a verbal conjugated stem, this ends
a clause that states an absolute condition that must be met before the
objective in the second clause can be achieved. In speech there is often a
pause after the , and itself is often intonated.

e.g. 1,000 .

e.g. .

66. ~ + and
With a space between the and the / ending, this pattern
respectively implies that a subject must and should.

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e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. ?

67. as even though~,

even if~
Typically preceded by a verbal or adjectival conjugation without a space
this is often followed by an opposing clause.

e.g. , .

e.g. .

Note also the Special Copular Form ():

e.g. .

e.g. , .

Note also the pattern relating to permission:

e.g. ?

e.g. ?

e.g. ?

Note also the pattern carrying the sense of even if ___ doesnt/dont~:

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e.g. .

e.g. .

68. The gets~, becomes~

Grammar
This is attached to the end of an unconjugated adjectival stem, used to
imply that something gets or comes to be a certain way.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

69. Can~/cannot~ ()
/
Attach the former to a verbal or adjectival conjugated stem to imply
can~, and add attach the latter to imply cannot. For both, if the
preceding stem ends in a consonant (with the exception of -ending
stems such as -) use the full / pattern; if the stem is vowel-
ending, use only /. Conjugate the ending accordingly.

e.g. .

e.g. ?

e.g. .

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70. The Formal and/while -

()~
This is a much more formal or bookish equivalent to the simple and
conjunction. (), however, also changes depending on the preceding
consonant or vowel ending of the stem. If the stem is consonant-ending
(with the exception of -ending stems such as -), use the full -; if it
is vowel-ending, use only . Remember that this is a conjunction joining
clauses it cannot be used to start a sentence.

e.g. .

e.g. .

71. ~/ (), through the

agency of
This refers to a more formal equivalent to (), typically translating as
through or by means of. If the preceding noun ends in a consonant, use
; if it ends in a vowel, use .

e.g. .

e.g. .

72. ~ Arrange/Plan to~

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This is a somewhat more formal way of expressing your arrangement,

resolution, plan, or intention to do something. It should follow without a
space a raw verb stem. Conjugate the ending of this pattern accordingly.

e.g. .

e.g. 10 .

e.g. .

73. () Pre-Modification
Grammar
This grammar precedes a noun. If the modification stem ends in a
consonant (with the exception of -ending stems as -), use the full ; if
it is vowel-ending, use only -. It typically implies, in tense terms, the
thing that was~. In general pre-modification, it is simply to initially
describe a subject/object, and it is more complicated than post-
modification (i.e. as opposed to )

e.g.

e.g.

e.g.

74. - Pre-Modification
Grammar
This grammar implies something that is being~ or something that is
possessed/owned. Attach it to the end of unconjugated verb stems.

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e.g.

e.g.

e.g.

75. ~ ()~, on the way to~

This pattern, preceded without a space by an unconjugated verbal stem,
implies on the way~, followed typically by a second clause detailing
something achieved before the final destination is reached.

e.g. .

e.g. ?

76. & , Experience &

Occasion to~
Typically used when describing things one has had or not had the one
experience of doing. It is often used with the ~ (try/have a go at~)
form.

e.g. ?

e.g. .

Note the present tense modification grammar implying the subject

does, sometimes does, etc:

e.g. ?

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e.g. .

77. The Retrospective Modifier

-
This form of past tense typically implies that the subject has been
doing~, had been doing~ Attach it to the end of the conjugated verbal or
adjectival stem.

e.g. .

e.g. .

78. rather than~, instead

of~
Attached without a space to the end of a noun, this particle compares
two things, with the first clause often followed by an opposing clause.

e.g. .

e.g. .

79. Conditional Form in ()

This refers most basically to if~ or when~. It is preceded without a

space by a verbal unconjugated raw stem, or by a conjugated adjectival
stem. For consonant-ending preceding stems, use the full (except for
-ending stems such as - [from to live]); for vowel-ending stems use
only . It may also carry the meaning of [subject] hope/s, [subject]

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wish/es, and it can also denote a polite request followed by ~, ~

, etc.

e.g. .

e.g. , .

80. The Intentive ()():

intending to
This refers to a typically first-clause pattern denoting the subjects
ultimate objective, after which in a second clause the method taken to
achieve that objective is usually stated. For consonant-ending preceding
stems, use without a space - the full (except for -ending stems
such as - from to live); for vowel-ending stems, use only .

e.g. .

e.g. .

Note also the pattern if [the subject] intend/s to~ in ():

e.g. .

e.g. .

81. First Realizations with ()

!

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This refers to the commonly exclamatory ending used when the speaker
has just come to know or learn something about a subject. The () here
is what follows raw verbal stems, however this ending is also seen with
the copula or with a more adjectival sense.

e.g. !

e.g. , !

82. ()() (even) while~

The grammar () is often used to describe two or more things that
happen at the same time usually verbal rather than adjectival. By
adding the pattern becomes even while~, followed often in the next
clause by an opposing statement. For consonant-ending preceding stems
(except for -ending stems such as - from to play), use the full
(); for vowel-ending stems, use only ().

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

Note also the pattern by~, by~ with ():

e.g. .

e.g. .

83. Mild Exclamations in -

This refers to a sentence ending that does not always require a listener
it can be spoken to oneself or used when writing 1st person thoughts.

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e.g. .

e.g. !

84. Verbs: Transferentive

()
This refers to a clause-joining grammar which implies one thing was
being done when the subject was interrupted by another occurrence. It
may also imply that one action is completed by the subject and then the
subjects attention is transferred to another action. In spoken form, there
is often a pause after before progressing to the next clause.

e.g. ?

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. 10,000 .

Note also the pattern denoting that the subject intended to~, but~ in
():

e.g. , 1 .

e.g. .

85. the Auxiliary Verb

This refers to the imperative dont~ grammar. It is most commonly
preceded by a verb stem with attached, followed by a space.

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e.g. .

e.g. .

Note also the lets not~ in the formal pattern with :

e.g. , .

e.g. .

Note also the dont do A, do B pattern in , ~:

e.g. , .

e.g. , .

Note that can also be a pseudo-particle, allowing nouns to be

joined:

e.g. ?

e.g. .

86. ()/- ~ while

youre at it~
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Quite similar to the ~ pattern, this pattern is broader and is not

restricted to coming and going. The () and here represent the
past tense and present tense pre-modification grammars, respectively.

e.g. .

e.g. , .

87. seems like~, looks

as though~
Ideally used after a past/present/future pre-modification grammar, this
pattern is commonly used to make presumptions. There should be a space
on either side of , and should be conjugated accordingly.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

88. Imminent Elaboration

(), -()()
This refers to a very common, flexible pattern in Korean translated
variably depending on the context. Generally, it is used either to give the
listener/reader information and then indicate that they will add more
detail (thus adding more detail in a following clause just like and or but
conjunctions), or it is used to indicate that the listener/reader should infer
beyond the statement and/or respond. It may also be used to deflect a
question or a statements incorrect assumption; it can have an
exclamatory efect; and it may also be used to create an elliptical efect.

e.g.

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e.g. , .

e.g.

A: ?

B: . .

e.g.

A: ?

B: .

e.g. ()!

Note also the pattern -/-() carrying the meaning of despite~:

e.g. .

e.g. ?

89. Prospective Modifier ()

This refers basically to the third grammar of the pre-modification triplet.

That is, it can pre-modify a noun using the future tense. For consonant-
ending stems, use the full (except for -ending stems such as the -
from to live); for vowel-ending stems use only .

e.g.

e.g.

90. () when(ever)~

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This grammar pattern follows verbal or adjectival stems without a space

generally with the sense of when or whenever. can also be used
with spaces on either side after a noun or other type of word to denote
at~.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. , .

91. () after ~ing~

Starting with the past tense pre-modification grammar, this is a way of
saying after doing~/-ing~. can, however, simply be used with a
space after nouns.

e.g. 1 .

e.g. .

e.g. .

92. While~, during~, in the

midst of~ (~, ~, ~)

These three are relatively interchangeable and are similar to ~, but

() and () may be preceded with a past tense pre-modified verbs,
whereas cannot. can, however, do this with pre-modified
adjectives.

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e.g. ~

e.g. ~

e.g. ~

e.g. .

e.g. .

93. ()/- Because

of~, due to~
This form of because is generally more formal-sounding, and it is also
often followed by a negative clause. The ()/- here represent the past
and present tense pre-modification grammars, respectively, which
precede ~.

e.g. .

e.g. 30 .

94. Adverbative Form -

This refers to the ly-similar adverb ending attached to the end of raw
verb and adjective stems to modify something (which often follows the
).

e.g. ?

e.g. , .

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95. Causatives
This grammar implies that a passive subject (object) is made to do
something by an active subject. This form should be preceded without a
space by a raw verbal or adjectival stem.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

Note also the pattern becomes~, ends up like~, turns out to be~ in
:

e.g. .

e.g. ?

96. ()/- as soon as~;

as one wills; as another does
This grammar pattern has two main translations: one is as soon as (quite
like ); the other is to do something as one wishes, or as another
wishes or instructs to do. The ()/- here reflects the past and present
tense pre-modification grammars preceding this pattern.

e.g. .

e.g. .

e.g. .

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e.g. .

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