Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet

by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

About 1.1 Scalars and Strings (cont) 1.2 Arrays and Lists (cont)

This is version 2 of the perl reference card. f decimal floating point @a = split(/-/,$s); split string into @a
(cl) 2008 Michael Goerz <goerz@physik.fu- g, G shorter %e or %f / $s = join(, @c); join @a elements into
berlin.de>. %E or %f string
http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~goerz/
o signed octal @a2 = array slice
Information taken liberally from the perl
s string of chars @a[1,2,6..9];
documentation and various other sources.
You may freely distribute this document. @a2 = grep(!/^#/, remove comments from
u, x, X unsigned decimal int /
hex int / hex int in @a); @a

1 Variable Types caps

Perl image
p address pointer
1.1 Scalars and Strings n nothing printed
chomp($str); discard trailing \n modifiers: h,l,L arg is short int / long
$v = chop($str); $v becomes trailing int, double/ long
char double

eq, ne, lt, gt, le, ge, string comparison More:

cmp chr, crypt, hex, lc, q/STRING/,
$str = 0 x 4; $str is now 0000 lcfirst, length, oct, ord, qq/STRING/, reverse,
pack uc, ucfirst
$v = index($str, $x); find index of $x in $str,

$v = rindex($str, $x); starting from left or right

1.2 Arrays and Lists
$v = substr($str, extract substring
@a = (1..5); array initialization
$strt, $len);
$i = @a; number of elements
$cnt = $sky =~ tr/0- count the digits in $sky
in @a
9//; 1.3 Hashes
($a, $b) = ($b, $a); swap $a and $b
$str =~ tr/a-zA-Z/ change non-alphas to
%h=(k1 => val1,k2 hash initialization
/cs; space $x = $a[1]; access to index 1
=> 3);
$v = sprintf(%10s format string $i = $#a; last index in @a
$val = $map{k1}; recall value
%08d,$s,$n); push(@a, $s); appends $s to @a
@a = %h; array of keys and
Format String: %[flags][0] $a = pop(@a); removes last values
[width][.precision][mod]ty element
pe %h = @a; create hash from array
chop(@a); remove last char
types: foreach $k iterate over list of keys
(per el.)
(keys(%h)){..}
c character $a = shift(@a); removes first
foreach $v iterate over list of
d(i) signed decimal int element
(vals(%h)){..} values
e(E) scientific notation reverse(@a); reverse @a
while (($k,$v)=each iterate over key-
@a = sort{$ela <=> sort numerically
%h){..} value-pairs
$elb}(@a);
delete $h{k1}; delete key

exists $h{k1} does key exist?

defined $h{k1} is key defined?

3 References and Data Structures

$aref = \@a; reference to array

$aref = anonymous array

[1,"foo",undef,13];

$el = $aref->[0]; $el = access element of

@{$aref}[0]; array

$aref2 = [@{$aref1}]; copy array

$href = \%h; reference to hash

By Nikolay Mishin (mishin) Published 2nd June, 2012. Sponsored by Readability-Score.com
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 Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet
by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

3 References and Data Structures (cont) Link to perl cheat (cont) 6 Regular Expressions (cont)

$href ={APR => 4,AUG => 8}; anonymous 20-killer-perl-programming-tips Syntax:

hash http://www.cheatography.com/mishin/cheat-
\ escape
$el = $href->{APR}; $el = % access sheets/20-killer-perl-programming-tips-
. any single char
{$href}{APR}; element of for-beginners/
^ start of line
hash
2 Basic Syntax $ end of line
$href2 = {%{$href1}}; copy hash
($a, $b) = read command line ,? 0 or more times (greedy /
if (ref($r) eq "HASH") {} checks if $r
shift(@ARGV); params nongreedy)
points to hash
sub p{my $var = shift; define subroutine +, +? 1 or more times (greedy /
@a = ([1, 2],[3, 4]); 2-dim array
...} nongreedy)
$i = $a[0][1]; access 2-dim
p(bla); execute subroutine ?, ?? 0 or 1 times (greedy / nongreedy)
array
if(expr){} elsif {} else {} conditional \b, \B word boundary ( \w - \W) / match
%HoA=(fs=>["f","b"], sp=> hash of arrays
except at w.b.
["h","m"]); unless (expr){} negative conditional
\A string start (with /m)
$name = $HoA{sp}[1]; access to while (expr){} while-loop
hash of arrays \Z string end (before \n)
until (expr){} until-loop
$fh = *STDIN globref \z absolute string end
do {} until (expr) postcheck until-loop
$coderef = \&fnc; code ref (e.g. \G continue from previous m//g
for($i=1; $i<=10; $i++) for-loop
callback) [...] character set
{}
$coderef =sub{print "bla"}; anon (...) group, capture to $1, $2
foreach $i (@list){} foreach-loop
subroutine
last, next, redo end loop, skip to next, (?:...) group without capturing
&$coderef(); calling anon
jump to top {n,m} , at least n times, at most m times
subroutine
eval {$a=$a/$b; }; exception handling {n,m}?
sub createcnt{ my $c=shift; closure, $c
warn $@ if $@; {n,} , {n,}? at least n times
return sub { print "$c++"; }; } persists
{n} , {n}? exactly n times
*foo{THING} foo-syntax for
6 Regular Expressions
creating refs | or
($var =~ /re/), ($var !~ matches / does not
\1, \2 text from nth group ($1, ...)
/re/) match
Link to perl cheat Escape Sequences:
m/pattern/igmsoxc matching pattern
perlcheat \a alarm \e escape
http://www.cheatography.com/mishin/cheat- qr/pattern/imsox store regex in
(beep)
sheets/perlcheat/ variable
\f \n newline
perl-reference-card s/pattern/replacement/ig search and replace
formfeed
http://www.cheatography.com/mishin/cheat- msoxe

sheets/perl-reference-card/ Modifiers:

i case-insensitive o compile once

g global x extended

s as single line (. e evaluate

matches \n) replacement

By Nikolay Mishin (mishin) Published 2nd June, 2012. Sponsored by Readability-Score.com

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 Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet
by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

6 Regular Expressions (cont) 6 Regular Expressions (cont) 6 Regular Expressions (cont)

\r carriage \t tab [:punct:] punctuation $^R result of last (?{...})

return [:space:] whitespace [\s\ck] @-, @+ offsets of starts / ends of groups
\cx control-x \l lowercase next char [:upper:] uppercase chars http://perldoc.perl.org/perlrequick.html
\L lowercase \U uppercase until \E
[:word:] alphanum + '_' http://habrahabr.ru/post/17126/
until \E
[:xdigit:] hex digit
\Q diable \E end case modifications Debugging regexp
[:^digit:] non-digit
metachars until
\E Extended Constructs use re 'taint';
# Contents of $match are tainted if $dirty was
Character Classes: (?#text) comment
also tainted.
[amy] 'a', 'm', or 'y' (?imxs- enable or disable option ($match) = ($dirty =~ /^(.*)$/s);
imsx:...) # Allow code interpolation:
[f-j.-] range f-j, dot, and dash
(?=...), positive / negative look-ahead use re 'eval';
[^f-j] everything except range f-j
(?!...) $pat = '(?{ $var = 1 })'; # embedded code
\d, \D digit [0-9] / non-digit execution
(?<=..), (? positive / negative look-behind
\w, \W word char [a-zA-Z0-9_] / non- /alpha${pat}omega/; # won't fail unless under -T
<!..)
word char # and $pat is tainted
(?>...) prohibit backtracking use re 'debug'; # like "perl -Dr"
\s, \S whitepace [ \t\n\r\f] / non-
(?{ code embedded code /^(.*)$/s; # output debugging info during
space
}) # compile time and run time
\C match a byte use re 'debugcolor'; # same as 'debug',
(??{ code dynamic regex
\pP, \PP match p-named unicode / # but with colored output
})
non-p-named-unicode
(? condition corresponding to
\p{...}, \P{...} match long-named unicode / 4 System Interaction
(cond)yes| captured parentheses
non-named-unicode no) system(cat $f|sort -u>$f.s); system call
\X match extended unicode (? condition corresponding to look- @a = readpipe(lsmod); catch output
Posix: (cond)yes) around
$today = Today: .date; catch output
[:alnum:] alphanumeric Variables better: use IPC::Open3 'open3';!
[:alpha:] alphabetic $& entire matched string chroot(/home/user/); change root
[:ascii:] any ASCII char $` everything prior to matched string

[:blank:] whitespace [ \t] $' everything after matched string

[:cntrl:] control characters $1, $2 ... n-th captured expression

[:digit:] digits $+ last parenthesis pattern match

[:graph:] alphanum + punctuation $^N most recently closed capt.

[:lower:] lowercase chars

[:print:] alphanum, punct, space

By Nikolay Mishin (mishin) Published 2nd June, 2012. Sponsored by Readability-Score.com

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 Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet
by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

4 System Interaction (cont) 5 Input/Output (cont) 7 Object-Oriented Perl and Modules (cont)

while (<*.c>) {} operate on all c-files open(OUT,">out.txt") or open output file sub name { #method

unlink(/tmp/file); delete file die; my $self = shift;

if (@_) { $self->{NAME} = shift }
if (-f file.txt){...} file test open(LOG,">>my.log") or open file for
die; append return $self->{NAME};
File Tests: }
open(PRC,"caesar <$file read from
-r, -w readable, writeable sub DESTROY { #destructor
|"); process
my $self = shift; -- ${$self->{"_CENSUS"} };}
-x executable
open(EXTRACT, "|sort write to process 1; # so the require or use succeeds
-e exists >Tmp$$"); Using the class:
-f, -d, -l is file, directory, $line = <INFILE>; get next line use Person;
symlink $him = Person->new();
@lines = <INFILE>; slurp infile
$him->name("Jason");
-T, -B text file, binary file
foreach $line loop of lines from printf "There's someone named %s.\n", $him-
-M, -A mod/access age in (<STDIN>){...} STDIN >name;
days use Data::Dumper; print Dumper($him); #
print STDERR "Warning print to STDERR
@stats = 13-element list with 1.\n"; debug
stat(filename); status http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/3152/Perl-
close INFILE; close filehandle
Object-Oriented-Programming
File Tests in Perl http://www.devshed.co
More: http://ynonperek.com/course/perl/oo.html
m/c/a/Perl/File-Tests-
in-Perl/ binmode, dbmopen, select, syscall,
dbmclose, fileno, flock, sysreed, sysseek, Installing Modules:
More:
format, getc, read, readdir, tell,
chmod, chown, opendir, readlink, perl -MCPAN -e shell;
readline, rewinddir, seek, telldir,truncate,
chroot, fcntl, glob, rename, rmdir, seekdir pack, unpack,
ioctl, link, lstat, mkdir, symlink, umask, utime vec 8 One-Liners

- (zero) specify the input record separator

5 Input/Output 7 Object-Oriented Perl and Modules 0

open(INFILE,"in.txt") open file for input Defining a new class: - split data into an array named @F
or die; package Person; a

open(INFILE,"<:utf8","fil open file with use strict; - specify pattern for -a to use when splitting
e"); encoding my $Census; F
sub new { #constructor, any name is fine
open(TMP, "+>", open anonymous -i edit files in place
my $class = shift;
undef); temp file - run through all the @ARGV arguments as
my $self = {};
open(MEMORY,'>', open in-memory-file $self->{NAME} = undef; # field n files, using <>
\$var); $self->{"_CENSUS"} = \$Census; # class data - same as -n, but will also print the contents
++ ${ $self->{"_CENSUS"} }; p of $_
bless ($self, $class);
return $self;
}

By Nikolay Mishin (mishin) Published 2nd June, 2012. Sponsored by Readability-Score.com

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8 One-Liners (cont)
Interactive perl -de1;use Term::ReadKey;
Mode:
http://szabgab.com/using-the-
built-in-debugger-of-perl-as-
repl.html
perl- http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/05
debugger /perl-debugger/
The Perl http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/perl/pro
Debugger g3/ch20_01.htm
-T enables taint checking, which
instructs perl to keep track of data
from the user and avoid doing
anything insecure with it. Here this
option is used to avoid taking the
current directory name from the
@INC variable and listing the
available .pm files from the
directory recursively.
-l enables automatic line-ending
processing in the output. Print
statements will have the new line
separator (\n) added at the end of
each line.
By Nikolay Mishin (mishin)
cheatography.com/mishin/
mishin.narod.ru
Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet
by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/
8 One-Liners (cont)
-w prints any warning messages.
-e indicates that the following
string is to be interpreted as a
perl script (i.e., sequence of dictionary file
commands).
http://perldoc.perl.org/perlrun.html /usr/dict/words
Perl flags -pe, perl -e '$x = "Hello world!n";
-pi, -p, -w, -d, print $x;' file
-i, -t? perldoc
perlrun
perl -MO=Deparse -p -e 1
perl -MO=Deparse -p -i -e 1
perl -MO=Deparse -p -i.bak -e
1
https://twitter.com/#!/perloneliner
Examples:
1. just lines 15 to 17, efficiently
perl -ne 'print if $. >= 15; exit if $. >= 17;'
2. just lines NOT between line 10 and 20
perl -ne 'print unless 10 .. 20'
3. lines between START and END
perl -ne 'print if /START$/ .. / END$/'
4. in-place edit of *.c files changing all foo to
bar
perl -pi.bak -e 's/\bfoo\b/bar/g' *.c
5. delete first 10 lines
perl -i.old -ne 'print unless 1 .. 10' foo.txt
6. change all the isolated oldvar occurrences to
newvar
perl -i.old -pe 's{\boldvar\b}{newvar}g' *.[chy]
Published 2nd June, 2012.
Last updated 5th June, 2014.
Page 5 of 6.
Examples: (cont)
7. printing each line in reverse order
perl -e 'print reverse <>' file1 file2 file3 ....
8. find palindromes in the /usr/dict/words
perl -lne '$_ = lc $_; print if $_ eq reverse'
9. command-line that reverses all the bytes in a
perl -0777e 'print scalar reverse <>' f1 f2 f3
10. word wrap between 50 and 72 chars
perl -p000e 'tr/ \t\n\r/ /; s/(.
{50,72})\s/$1\n/g;$_.="\n"x2'
11. strip and remove double spaces
perl -pe '$_ = " $_ "; tr/ \t/ /s; $_ =
substr($_,1,-1)'
12. move '.txt.out' to '.out'
perl -e '($n = $_) =~ s/\.txt(\.out)$/$1/ and
not -e $n and rename $_, $n for @ARGV' *
13. write a hash slice, which we have come as
a reference to a hash
perl -E'my $h={1..8}; say for @{$h}
{1,3,5,7}'
14. If you had installed any modules from
CPAN, then you will need to re-install all of
them. (Naveed Massjouni)
perl -E 'say for grep /site_perl/,@INC'| xargs
find | perl -Fsite_perl/ -lane 'print $F[1] if
/\.pm$/' | cpanm --reinstall
15. Give executable rights to all perl file in dir
find /home/client0/public_html -type f -name
'*.pl' -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 0755
16. Find files matching name-pattern
https://gist.github.com/563679
perl -MFile::Find -le 'find(sub{print
$File::Find::name if /\b[a-z]{2}_[A-Z]
{2}/},"/usr")'
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