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 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 14751485

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

An assessment on performance of DCDC converters for renewable

energy applications
S. Sivakumar a,n, M. Jagabar Sathik b,2, P.S. Manoj c,1, G. Sundararajan b,3
a
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Saranathan College of Engineering, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620012, India
b
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, J.J. College of Engineering and Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620009, India
c
Independent Researcher in Power Electronics, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 621302, India

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: At present, power shortage became a huge problem in many countries, due to cumulative load demand
Received 8 January 2015 which cannot be met by Conventional Energy Power Generation. These challenging situations lead
Received in revised form researchers to focus on non-conventional energy sources to extract Electric Power. In order to extract the
17 August 2015
electric power, DCDC converters are adopted at the primary stage to increase the efciency Power
Accepted 15 December 2015
Conversion. This paper presents an assessment of current and future trend of non-isolated DCDC
converters (Such as Buckboost, Cuk and Sepic) with various parameters and are analyzed using MATLAB
Keywords: Simulink. Based on the simulation result, the performances of non-isolated converters are evaluated and
Non isolated DC/DC converter are helps to determine the suitable converter with a particular power rating for renewable energy based
Buckboost converter
applications. In addition, the state space mathematical modeling of DCDC converters are also presented
SEPIC converter
which will be useful in the design of controllers for different non isolated DCDC converters.
CUK converter
LUO converter & 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Renewable energy applications

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1475
2. Different DCDC converter topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1476
2.1. Buckboost converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1476
2.2. Cuk converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1478
2.3. SEPIC converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1478
2.4. Positive-output super-lift Luo converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1478
2.5. Ultra-lift Luo converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1478
3. State space modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1478
3.1. Buckboost DCDC converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1478
3.2. Cuk DCDC converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1478
3.3. SEPIC DCDC converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1479
3.4. Positive-output super-lift Luo DCDC converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1479
3.5. Ultra-lift Luo DCDC converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1479
4. Comparative performance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1481
5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483

n
Corresponding author. Tel.: 91 9865936451. 1. Introduction
E-mail addresses: ct.s.sivakumar@gmail.com (S. Sivakumar),
jagabarsathik@gmail.com (M.J. Sathik), psmanoj24@gmail.com (P.S. Manoj), Demand for electric power keeps on increasing nowadays;
sundarg.74@gmail.com (G. Sundararajan).
1 hence, the world is switching over to the eld of renewable energy
Mobile: 91 8903445159.
2
Mobile: 91 9500525422. sources as it is pollution-free, free of cost, and easy to access in
3
Mobile: 91 9842253235. remote areas. About 7582 percent of thermal pollution is caused

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.057
1364-0321/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1476 S. Sivakumar et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 14751485
Nomenclature
Vdc input DC voltage to the converter, V
Ii input DC Current to the converter, V
Vo regulated output DC voltage, V
Io output DC current, A
k duty ratio
L, L1, L2 inductance of inductor(s), Henry
C, C1, C2 capacitance of capacitor(s), Farad
Rin internal resistance of input DC source, Ohm
Ro load resistance, Ohm
IL, IL1, IL2 current through inductor(s), A
IC, IC1, IC2 current through capacitor(s), A
M voltage gain of converters|Vo/Vdc|
by thermal power plants that bring undesirable changes in the
environment. The extraction of fossil fuel is increasing day by day,
and it leads to complete depletion within a few years. The normal
distribution system is quite difcult to implant on hilly region and
is quite expensive. This scenario can be overcome by a stand-alone
renewable energy system (SARES), which is commonly known as a
remote area power supply (RAP).
In the case of renewable energy, solar and wind are mostly
utilized among all other renewable energy resources such as tidal,
biomass, and geothermal. These resources have future scope on
grid parity, especially in India due to its climatic conditions [1].
Several other countries such as Mexico, China, Finland, and Europe
have been investigating various issues regarding renewable energy
to deploy [25]. Researchers are mainly focusing on solar PV
generation as it is more reliable and easy to install. The output
voltage of a photovoltaic system is variable due to uncertainty of
irradiances. However, to provide a constant or regulated output
voltage, power electronic DCDC converters are employed.
A DCDC converter technique was established in 1920s. It has
been in research for the past six decades, and it plays a pre-
dominant role in power engineering and drive. This is widely used
in many industrial applications, computer hardware circuits, and
especially renewable energy power generation. Power electronic-
based DCDC converters are employed to resolve the use of con-
ventional simple voltage divider circuits such as rheostat and
potential divider. In this method, the output voltage is lesser than
the input voltage and efciency is less.
Nowadays, several DCDC converter topologies are adopted to
modulate the input voltage according to the application. Basically, DC/
DC converters are classied into two types, namely isolated DCDC
converter and non-isolated DCDC converter. In isolated DCDC con-
verter, input and output of the converter are isolated by electrical
barrier using a high-frequency transformer. The main advantage of the
isolated DCDC converter is that it protects the sensitive load. The
output of the converter can be congured in either positive or nega-
tive polarity. It has the high noise interference capability. In case of
non-isolated DCDC converter, electrical barrier is absent. When
compared with isolated DCDC converters, non-isolated DCDC con-
verters are simple in design and of low cost. Numbers of non-isolated
DCDC converters are present in the literature. Different DCDC con-
verter topologies are developed concerning higher efciencies, reliable
control switching strategies, fault-tolerant congurations, and mostly
on renewable energybased applications as shown in Fig. 1. [638].
This paper mainly focuses on performance analysis of different
non-isolated DCDC converters such as buckboost, cuk, SEPIC,
and Luo converters (positive-output super-lift Luo, ultra-lift Luo)
as shown in Fig. 2. Each converter topology has its own unique
characteristics as described in [3942]. These converters are
iL, iL1, iL2 peak-to-peak inductor(s) ripple current, A
VC, VC1, VC2 peak-to-peak capacitor(s) ripple voltage, V
IL,rms, IL1,rms, IL2,rms RMS inductor(s) current, A
ID,rms, ID1,rms, ID2,rms, ID3,rms RMS diode(s) current, A
IS,rms RMS switch current, A
IC,rms, IC1,rms, IC2,rms RMS capacitor(s) current, A
VT voltage stress on switch, V
f switching frequency, Hz
PO output power, W
Pi input power, W
PD total power loss in diode, W
PS total power loss in switch, W
PSt total power loss in energy storage element, W
PL total power loss (PL PD PS PSt), W
employed in several other applications such as electric traction;
electric vehicles; machine tools; distributed DC systems such as
space stations, ships, and airplanes [13,43]; fuel cell with the
storage system [15,4445]; solar PV-based applications [46]; and
conventional, special electrical machine drives [47,48].
2. Different DCDC converter topologies
2.1. Buckboost converter
The buckboost converter is a combination of basic buck and boost
DC converter topology, and this converter is successfully implemented
in different applications such as stand-alone/grid-connected photo-
voltaic system and motor drives [49]. However, the buckboost con-
verter is still under research to increase the efciency of solar PV-
based applications [5056]. In order to increase the voltage gain, the
researchers worldwide are developing different non-isolated DCDC
converter topologies such as cuk, SEPIC, and Luo converters, which are
designed based on buckboost topology.
Young-Joo Lee et al. [57] analyzed the effect of discontinuity in
non-inverting buckboost converter that occurred because of the
effective duty cycle, and this can be rectied by using a novel
compensation technique for a smooth transition during mode
changes. Hongfei Wu et al. [58] proposed that a novel multiport
converter based on DC link inductors, which can step up or step
down the voltage between any two of the ports, is implemented,
and it offers an alternate solution for renewable energy applica-
tions. Kumiyoshi Kobayashi et al. [59] proposed a novel solar cell
power supply system using a buckboost type two-input DCDC
converter, which employed a solar PV array and commercial AC
line as power sources and is integrated using two input windings
of the energy storage reactor. Moreover, a simple and inexpensive
optimum operating point tracker has been developed to track the
optimum operating voltage.
Elie lefuvre et al. [60] focused on the optimization of power of
miniature seismic piezoelectric energy harvesters that convert
surrounding vibrations into electrical power, which is ready to be
used as power source for autonomous sensing networks and is
veried using experimental prototype. Biranchinath Sahu et al.
[61] presented a dynamic, non-inverting, synchronous, buck
boost converter with wide input supply and output voltage range
with on-the-y output voltage conversion. The characteristics of
this proposed converter system are revealed through the time-
averaged model. Mark Gaboriault et al. [62] proposed a highly
efcient, non-inverting, buckboost to provide system voltage
within the range for portable electronics applications by using a
smooth transition control strategy.
 S. Sivakumar et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 14751485 1477

Fig. 1. Typical renewable energy system with DCDC converter.

Fig. 2. Different DCDC converter topologies for assessment. (a) Buckboost converter, (b) Cuk converter, (c) Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC), and
(d) positive output.
1478 S. Sivakumar et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 14751485

Feel-soon Kang et al. [63] presented an experimentally simple, generate an output voltage in arithmetic progression. A positive-
robust, and efcient photovoltaic power interface circuit using a output super-lift Luo converter operates in rst quadrant with
DCDC buckboost converter and full-bridge converter. Nicholas large voltage amplication and high voltage transfer gain. How-
D. Benavides et al. [64] discussed a multi-input buckboost con- ever, this type of converter is still under research with regard to its
verter for power budgeting, and it uses input from various sources. usage in industrial and domestic applications [9699].
Geoffrey R. Walker and Paul C. Sernia [65] proposed an alternative Luo et al. [100] introduced a new super-lift technique equipped
solution of a panel of DCDC converters (cascaded conguration) with series capacitors and series inductors that implements the output
connected in series to provide a high-voltage string. voltage rise in higher geometric progression, and similarly, Yem
Berkovich et al. [101] also introduced modications in positive-output
2.2. Cuk converter super-lift Luo converter that increase the voltage transfer gain.
Kumar et al. [102] applied sliding mode control technique in par-
Cuk converter is a negative-output capacitive energy y-back allel positive-output elementary super-lift LUO converter to balance
DCDC converter, and it is a developed topology from the basic the proper load current sharing and the load voltage regulation.
buckboost converter that uses a capacitor rather than an inductor
for energy storage and power transfer [66]. The polarity of the 2.5. Ultra-lift Luo converter
output voltage of the cuk converter is reversed with respect to the
input. However, the output is inverted; with suitable connections, Ultra-lift Luo converter performs very high voltage transfer
the converter produces ripple-free output, and it can be used in gain conversion. Its voltage transfer gain is the product of those of
many applications [47,6769]. Different topologies are introduced voltage lift Luo converter and super-lift Luo converter [43]. The
based on the conventional cuk converters that are given in the closed-loop controller design is complex because it can generate
literature [7075]. high output voltage by small variation in duty ratio. Its efciency is
The overall efciency is signicantly improved in the modied cuk high compared to all other non-isolated DC converters [103].
converter, and this is recommended for optimal bidirectional opera-
tion to control voltage and current [76]. In closed-loop system, several
control techniques (such as conventional proportional integral (PI) and
3. State space modeling
sliding mode control) are used along with the fuzzy logic controller to
regulate the output voltage [8384]. Despite this, this converter is
The state space model is the mathematical model that provides
implemented in BLDC motor drive [47] and renewable energy, espe-
a dynamic model of a physical system, including switching con-
cially in PWM-based photovoltaic system [7781,82].
verters by a set of rst-order differential equations. It consists of
state equation and output equation that reveals the characteristics
2.3. SEPIC converter
of the particular physical system. It exhibits the dynamic behavior
of a system or switching converter using computer simulations,
Single-ended primary inductance converter is commonly
which is very useful in the design of feedback controllers. The state
known as SEPIC converter. In general, switching ON time should be
space averaging technique is the most sophisticated key for the
greater than the OFF time in order to obtain a higher output vol-
linear control technique's applications [43].
tage (due to longer charging of the inductor). Otherwise converter
This section presents the state space average model of different
fails to provide the required output (due to the inability of the
non-isolated DCDC converters including averaged state equations
capacitor to charge fully). Several parameters should be con-
and output equations. Using this state space average model of
sidered in designing of the converter. The amount of output vol-
different DCDC converters, one can obtain the small signal model
tage ripple is reduced by adding a high-frequency transformer
and transfer function of different DCDC converters, which will be
with the conventional SEPIC converter. This type of arrangement
very useful in the design of closed-loop controller using various
leads to obtain continuous output current, low switching stress,
control techniques [104113].
and minimized output ripple [43,8587]. ACDC conversion is
required to obtain DC power from the available AC line. This
conversion leads to the injection of harmonics and distortion of AC 3.1. Buckboost DCDC converter
current waveform resulting in poor power factor. SEPIC converter
is proposed for power factor correction in AC line and is achieved As shown in Fig. 3a, the state variables of buckboost converter

T
by operating it in boundary conduction mode (BCM) [88]. are x iL vc
Likewise, in the eld of solar power generation, SEPIC converter The state spaceaveraged model of buckboost converter is
is widely used to regulate ickering in DC voltage. Further to the given as follows:
increase in the robustness, there are different control methodol- " # " #" #  
iL 0  1=L1  k iL k=L
ogies such as PI control, fuzzy logic control, sliding mode control, 1 vdc 
vc 1  k=C Ro C vc 0
and dP/dV feedback control, are recommended to obtain maximum " #  " #
power [8991]. Sensorless control of solar-fed DC motor is per- vo 0 1 iL
formed through the SEPIC converter [92], and this proposed drive
ii k 0 vc
system can be a solution to solar-based transportation. Conduction
and switching losses are major criteria in the converter design, it
can be reduced by using soft switching technique [93], and it is 3.2. Cuk DCDC converter
further used to minimize the output current ripple [94]. The
hybrid topology (the combination of SEPIC and y-back con- As shown in Fig. 3b, the state variable of cuk converter is
verters) is proposed for fuel cell generation system [95]. 2 3
iL1
2.4. Positive-output super-lift Luo converter 6 7
6 iL2 7
x6 7
6 vc1 7
4 5
Super-lift technique is more powerful than cuk and SEPIC
vc2
converters; it has high power density has high efciency, and can
 S. Sivakumar et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 14751485 1479

2 3 2 3
1  2k=L1 iL1
" #  6 7
6 0 7 vo 0 0 0  1 6 iL2 7
6 7 6 7
6 7vdc 
4 0 5 ii 1 0 0 0 4 vC1 7
6
5
0 vC2

3.3. SEPIC DCDC converter

As
2 shown3 in Fig. 3c, the state variable of the SEPIC converter is
iL1
6 7
6 iL2 7
x6 6 vc1 7
7
4 5
vc2
The state space-averaged model of SEPIC converter is given
below
2 3 2 32 3
iL1 0 0 1  k=L1 1  k=L1 iL1
6 7 6 76 7
6 iL2 7 6 0 0 1  k=L2 1  k=L2 76 iL2 7
6 7 6 76 7
6 V C1 7 6 1  k=C 1 k  1=C 1 0 0 7 6 7
4 5 4 54 V C1 5
V C2 1  k=C 2 1  k=C 2 0 1  2k=C 2 Ro V C2
2 3 2 3
1  2k=L1 iL1
" #  6 7
6 k  1=L 7 vo 0 0 0 1 6 iL2 7
6 2 7 6 7
6 7vdc  6 vc1 7
4 0 5 ii 1 0 0 0 4 5
0 vc2

3.4. Positive-output super-lift Luo DCDC converter

As shown in 2Fig. 3 3d, the state variables of P/O super-lift Luo

iL1
6 7
converter is x 4 vc1 5
vc2
The state space-averaged model of P/O super-lift Luo converter
is given below
2 3 2 32 3
iL1 0 k  1=L1 1  k=L1 iL1
6 v 7 6 1  2k=C 76 v 7
4 c1 5 4 1 0 0 54 c1 5
vc2 1  k=C 2 0  1=C 2 Ro vc2
2 3 2 3
1  2k=L1 " # " # iL1
6 7 vo 0 0 1 6 7
4 k=Ri C 1 5vdc  4 vc1 5
ii 1 k=Resr 0
0 vc2

where Resr is effective series resistance of capacitor C1.

3.5. Ultra-lift Luo DCDC converter

As shown2in Fig. 3 3e, the state variables of ultra-lift Luo con-

iL1
6 7
6 iL2 7
verter is x 6
6 vc1 7
7
4 5
vc2
The state spaceaveraged model of ultra-lift Luo converter is
Fig. 3. (a) Buckboost DCDC converter, (b) Cuk DCDC converter, (c) SEPIC DCDC
given below:
converter, (d) Positive output super lift Luo DCDC Converter and (e) Ultra lift DC
DC converter.
2 3 2 32 3
iL1 0 0 1  k=L1 0 iL1
6 7 6 76 7
6 iL2 7 6 0 0  1=L2 1  k=L2 76 iL2 7
6 7 6 76 7
6 vc1 7 6 k  1=C 1 1  2k=C 1 0 0 7 6 7
The state space-averaged model of cuk converter is given below 4 5 4 54 vc1 5
vc2 0 1  k=C 2 0  1=C 2 Ro vc2
2 3 2 32 3 2 3
iL1 0 0 k=L2 0 iL1 2 3
k=L1 iL1
6 7 6 76 7 " #  6 7
6 iL2 7 6 0 0 k 1=L2 1=L2 76 iL2 7 6 k=L 7 v0 0 0 0 1 6 iL2 7
6 7 6 76 7 6 27
6 vc1 7 6 k=C 1 76 vc1 7 6 7vdc  6 7
4 5 4 1  k=C 1 0 0 54 5 4 0 5 ii k k 0 0 4 vc1 7
6
5
vc2 0  1=C 2 0  1=C 2 Ro vc2 0 vc2
 1480
Table 1
Comparison of various mathematical expressions for different non isolated DCDC converter topology.

Parameters Buckboost SEPIC Cuk Positive output super lift Luo Ultra-lift Luo
         
Voltage gain  Vo   Vo   Vo   Vo  2  k  V o  k2  k
V dc  1 k k V dc  1 k k V dc  1 k k V dc  1  k V dc  1  k2
Peak-to-Peak inductor(s) ripple current iL Vfdc:Lk iL1 Vf :Ldc1k iL1 Vf :Ldc1k iL1 Vf :Ldc1k iL1 Vf :Ldc1k

S. Sivakumar et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 14751485

 
V k1 k V dc k V dc k
iL2 dc iL2 iL2
L2 k1 f :L2 f :1  kL2

Peak-to-Peak capacitor(s) ripple voltage io k

V c C:f V c1 iin C11
:f
k
V c1 iin C11
:f
k in k1k
V c1 I2k f C 1
V 1 C 1 :fi1
ok
 k
io k
V c2
1 kI in L2  V dc k V dc k C 2 :f io k
V c2 V c2 V c2
C 2 L2 f C 2 L2 f k
2 C 2 :f

q q q q q

1 2
RMS inductor(s) current 2 2 2
I in 2 2
I L;rms Iin 2 k i4L I L1;rms Iin 2 k i4L1 I L1;rms Iin 2 k i4L1 I L1;rms 2k
i4L1 IL1;rms Io 2 1  k

q v
! s
 
u
I L2;rms  I in 2 1  kk u iL1 2 1
I L1;rms t Iin 2 k 1  k I L2;rms Io 2
1 k
4

r q q r
q

1 
RMS diode (s) current
I in 2 1  k I in 2 1  k I D1;rms I2o 1 
2 2
I D;rms I D;rms Iin 2
I D;rms I in 2 k i4L 1  k q v I D1;rms 2k
i4L1 1 k kI D2;rms I
k D2;rms v
u ! v
q u !
 I in 2 1 kk u iL1 2 u ! u k
2
t Iin 2 k 1  k u I 2 iL1 2 I o 1 kI D3;rms tI 2o
2
4 t in 1 k 1 k
2k 4

q q q q r

RMS switch current 2 2 2
Iin 2 2
I S;rms I in 2 k i4L I S;rms I in 2 k i4L I S;rms I in 2 k i4L I S;rms i4L1 I S;rms I o 2 1 1k2 1  1
q s
v2
k
! k
u
I 2in 1 k iL 2 u I 2
iL1 2 1  k
t in
2
I in 2 k  k 1 k
4 2 k 4 k

q q r
 2 q


RMS switch current I C;rms ID;rms  I o;rms 2p
I C1;rms I in 2 1  kIC2;rms I in 2 1  k IC1;rms i2o 1 k k
2
I C1;rms I in
2k
i4L1 1 k k
 I L1;rms
 I o;rms I C2;rms IL1;rms  I o;rms IC2;rms I o;rms

Voltage stress on switch V T V dc 1 k k V T V dc 1 k k V T V dc 1 k k V T V dc 1 

1
k V T V dc 1 k k2
 S. Sivakumar et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 14751485 1481

4. Comparative performance analysis

This section compares the theoretical performance of different

non-isolated DCDC converters using MATLAB/SIMULINK and is
computed based on the mathematical expressions given in the
Table 1. Each converter has its own characteristic properties in
various aspects which are exposed here.
Taghvaee et al. [42] studied the buck, boost, buckboost, cuk,
and SEPIC DCDC converters for photovoltaic systems with max-
imum power point tracking algorithm. In addition, individual
performances of DCDC converters for optimum operating point
are presented. Taghvaee et al. concluded that the buckboost DC
DC converter gives optimum MPPT operation in any solar irra-
diation and load condition.
Farahat et al. [114] examined the effect of varying cell tem-
perature and solar irradiance on the selection and design of dif-
Fig. 5. Efciency () versus output power (Po).
ferent topologies of DCDC converters used in PV systems. This
study showed that only the buckboost converter and the cuk
converter are capable of achieving the optimal operation. The lter
capacitance must be larger than the maximum value of boundary
capacitance in order to limit the ripple in the output voltage.
Fig. 4. compares the voltage gain (M) of different non-isolated
DCDC converter topologies under various duty ratios (k). It is
obvious that voltage transfer gain (M) of ideal buckboost, cuk,
and SEPIC DCDC converters is similar in nature regardless of its
conguration. But the voltage gain (M) of positive-output super-
lift Luo converter and ultra-lift Luo converter has higher voltage
transfer gain (M) as compared to buckboost, cuk, and SEPIC
converters.
Comparison of various mathematical expressions for different
non-isolated DCDC converters is given in Table 1. By using the
peak-to-peak inductor(s) ripple current and peak-to-peak capa-
citor(s) ripple voltage mathematical expressions, the values of L
(inductor) and C (capacitor) for maximum permissible duty ratio Fig. 6. Efciency versus input power for different DCDC converter topologies.

can be determined.
In order to compute the power loss in individual circuit ele-
ments and to compute efciency through total power loss, the
RMS current owing through the individual elements in the circuit
at operating conditions has to be determined.
Voltage stress on the power semiconductor switch provides the
maximum voltage across the switch for the operating duty ratio,
which is useful in the choice of switch rating while designing the
DCDC converter.
Efciency of switching converter is a prime factor while
choosing or designing DCDC converter for renewable energy
applications. Figs. 5 and 6 show the efciency of different DCDC
converters with respect to output and input power. The efciency
of different DCDC converters with respect to input and output
power has very small variation only. The efciency of the buck
boost converter is reasonable for particular input and output
Fig. 4. Duty ratio (k) versus voltage gain (M) of different DCDC converter
topologies.
power rating, beyond which its efciency reduces with increase in
power ratings and is very low as compared to other non-isolated
DCDC converters. Ultra-lift Luo converter has higher efciency at
higher input and output power ratings. It is clear that the super-
lift, cuk, and SEPIC converters are applicable to medium-power
applications and buckboost converter is well suitable for low-
power applications. For high-power renewable energy-based sys-
tem, it is advised to use ultra-lift Luo converters as it retains higher
efciency (industrial applications) and is proved experimentally in
[97,103], but the ultra-lift Luo converter produces inverted output
with respect to the input voltage similar to buckboost and cuk.
Even though the efciency of ultra-lift Luo DCDC converter
(elementary circuit) is higher as compared to other converters, the
voltage stress on the switch is large as the duty ratio increases;
this directly increases the ratings of the power semiconductor
switch as well as cost.
Various literature studies have analyzed the power loss in
switching converters especially in non-isolated DCDC converters
[115127]. It is important to note that the efcient energy con-
version also lies in the minimum loss in the elements used in
switching converters. Figs. 7. and 8. show the total power loss in
power diodes and power semiconductor switches with respect to
the input current. The losses increase with increase in input cur-
rent. It is evident that super-lift Luo and ultra-lift converters have a
high power loss in diodes because of its conguration, and for the
constant input current, if the super-lift and ultra-lift Luo con-
verters are expanded from its elementary conguration, the diode
loss will increase further. In contrast to the super-lift and ultra-lift
Luo converters, SEPIC has less power losses in the diode. Cuk and
buckboost topologies have a moderate power loss in diodes, but
not high as super-lift and ultra-lift Luo converters and not low as
1482 S. Sivakumar et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 14751485

Table 2
Summary of various parameters of non-isolated DCDC converter topology.

Parameters Buck boost converter Cuk converter SEPIC converter Super lift converter Ultra lift converter
No. of passive components (capacitor, inductor) 1,1 2,2 2,2 1,2 (for elementary circuit) 2,2 (for elementary circuit)

Efciency Higher for low Po Moderate Moderate Moderate Higher at higher Po

Diode losses Moderate Moderate Low High High
Switching losses Low High High Moderate Low
Losses in C and L Low at Lower Pi Moderate Moderate High High
Total power losses Low at lower Pi Low at higher Pi High Low at higher Pi Low at higher Pi
Switching stress Less Moderate Moderate High High

Fig. 9. Total loss in energy storage elements (Pst) versus input current (Ii) for dif-
Fig. 7. Total power loss in diode (PD) versus input current (Ii) for different DCDC ferent DCDC converter topologies.
converters.

Fig. 8. Total switching power loss (Ps) versus input current (Ii) for different DCDC
converter topologies.
SEPIC. Frequency of operation and loss in the conduction of switch
in a power converter determine its durability. Switching loss in
Fig. 8 includes the conduction losses and loss during turn ON and
OFF of the switch. The switching loss can be minimized by using
high-performance soft-switching techniques. It is apparent that
the switching loss in SEPIC and cuk is high, and buckboost and
ultra-lift Luo converters have low switching loss. As the input
current increases, the total switching loss in the different non-
isolated DCDC converters varies with variation in duty cycle.
Fig. 9 shows the power loss analysis of energy storage ele-
ments. The total loss in energy storage elements (PSt) includes the
power loss in the inductor and power loss in the capacitor. In
buckboost converter, the energy stored from input and pumped
to output is accomplished by a single inductor alone, and hence,
the power losses in energy storage elements of buckboost con-
verter are small and increase with increase in input current. From
the evaluation of converters, the SEPIC converter has a higher
power loss in energy storage elements, and losses in cuk, super-
Fig. 10. Total power loss versus input current for different DCDC converter
topologies.
lift, and ultra-lift converters are quite similar and smaller at
higher-output power ratings. In an electronic circuit, capacitors
have a higher failure rate. So, power loss in energy storage ele-
ments plays a vital role in the choice and design of energy storage
elements such as choice of core for inductor and choice of capa-
citors with low ESR (effective series resistance). Fig. 10. shows the
total power loss in different non-isolated DCDC converters. Total
power loss is the summation of the losses in switching operations,
power diodes, and energy storage elements.
In buckboost converter, the total power loss is minimum for
lower values of input power and maximum at the higher power
rating, and hence, it is suitable for power regulation in low-power
applications. Inversely, the ultra-lift Luo converter has very low
total power loss at higher power ratings, and so, it has higher
efciency at high power ratings as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Cuk,
SEPIC, and super-lift Luo converters show reasonable total power
losses at higher power ratings.
 S. Sivakumar et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 14751485
5. Conclusion
The non-isolated DCDC converters are welcomed in order to
reduce the system cost and increase the efciency. This paper has
reviewed the various non-isolated DCDC power converters (such
as buckboost, SEPIC, cuk, and Luo) regarding the researches done
in design aspects, and applications. Most of the state-of the-art
high-step-up topologies are summarized and classied into sev-
eral categories based on the circuit structure. The limitations of the
buckboost, cuk, SEPIC, and Luo converters are discussed. Efforts
had taken to analyze the different parameters of non-isolated DC
DC converter such as switching losses, output power losses, ef-
ciency, total power losses from the state space model.
Voltage gain, peak-to-peak inductor ripple current, peak-to-
peak capacitor(s) ripple voltage, RMS inductor(s) current, and
voltage stress on switch of different non-isolated DCDC con-
verters are expressed mathematically, in order to help researchers
to design the magnetic components, choose proper capacitor and
rated power semiconductor switches. Finally, the summary of
different non-isolated DCDC converters are listed in Table 2, it
will be helpful in choosing the suitable converter for specic
applications.
It is concluded that the buckboost converter is best suited for
low-power applications as it has higher efciency, has lower
power losses at low input and output power, and is applicable to
various low-power applications such as solar PV, fuel cell-powered
space craft, portable appliances, and drives for solar PV-based low-
power stepper motor, permanent magnet DC motors.
Due to the high efciency and low switching loss possessed by
positive-output super-lift Luo and ultra-lift Luo converters, it can
be used in applications where large voltage boost is needed from
available low-voltage sources. The controller design for positive-
output super-lift Luo and ultra-lift Luo converters is difcult as a
very small variation in duty ratio makes a large change in output
voltage and as the duty ratio increases, the voltage stress on the
switch increases. So it is advisable to operate this positive-output
super-lift and ultra-lift Luo converters at stable duty ratio. The
efciency, losses in energy storage elements and switching stress
is moderate in cuk and SEPIC converters and hence applicable for
medium-rated power applications.
Future work of this paper continues to assess the various
control techniques for the non-isolated DCDC converter which
will give the stable operation under various load and input
conditions.
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