HeadLossesinPipes,BendsandFittings

Itisclearthemwhenfluidflowsthroughapipe,thefluidexperiencesome
resistanceduetowhichsomeenergyoffluidislost.
Energylossiscategorizedas

suddenexpansionofpipe
suddencontractionofpipe
bendinpipe
anyobstructioninpipe

MajorLoss:ItiscalculatedbyDarcyWeisbachformulas
Lossofheadduetofriction

where,L=Lengthofpipe,v=Meanvelocityofflow
d=Diameterofpipe,f=Coefficientoffriction

frictionfactor

Forturbulentflow,coefficientoffriction
ChezysFormula:Influiddynamics,Chezysformuladescribesthemean
flowvelocityofsteady,turbulentopenchannelflow.

j=Lossofheadperunitlengthofpipe

(hydraulicslopetan)
m=Hydraulicmeandepth
Meanvelocityofflow

RelationbetweenCoefficientofFrictionandShearStress
Weget

where,f=Coefficientoffriction
0 =Shearstress
MinorLoss:Theanothertypeofheadlossinminorlossisinduceddueto
followingreasons
LossduetoSuddenEnlargement
Headloss

LossduetoSuddenContraction
Headloss,

Rememberv 1 isvelocityatpointwhichliesincontractedsection.
LossofHeadatEntrancetoPipe
Headloss,
LossatExitfromPipe
Headloss,

Note:Incase1and2,flowoccursbetweenpipetopipe,whileincase3
and4,flowoccursbetweentankandpipe.Wearetakingentryorexit
w.r.t.pipe.So,becareful.
CombinationofPipes:Pipesmaybeconnectedinseries,parallelorin
both.Letseetheircombinations.
PipeinSeries:Aspipesareinseries,thedischargethrougheachpipe
willbesame.

Q=A 1 v 1 =A 2 v 2 =A 3 v 3
Totallossofhead=Majorloss+Minorloss

Majorloss=Headloss
duetofrictionineachpipe
While,minorloss=Entranceloss+Expansionloss+Contractionloss+
Exitloss

Ifminorlossareneglectedthen,

PipesinParallel:Inthisdischargeinmainpipeisequaltosumof
dischargeineachofparallelpipes.
Hence,Q=Q 1 +Q 2
Lossofheadineachparallelpipeissame

where,

and

areheadlossat1and2respectively.
EquivalentPipe:Acompoundpipewhichconsistsofseveralpipesof
differentlengthsanddiameterstobereplacedbyapipehavinguniform
diameterandthesamelengthasthatofcompoundpipeiscalledas
equivalentpipe.

(where,L=L 1 +L 2 +L 3 )
Iff=f 1 =f 2 =f 3
Then,

HydraulicGradientLine(HGL)andTotalEnergyLine(TEL)

HGLItjoinspiezometrichead

atvariouspoints.
TELItjoinstotalenergyheadatvariouspoints

Note:HGLisalwaysparallelbutlowerthanTEL.
PowerTransmissionthroughPipe(P)
Powerdeliveredbyagivenpipelineismaximumwhentheflowissuch
thatonethirdofstaticheadisconsumedinpipefriction.Thus,efficiency
islimitedtoonly66.66%
Maximumefficiency,

WaterHammer:Whenaliquidisflowingthroughalongpipefittedwitha
valeattheendofthepipeandthevalveisclosedsuddenlyapressure
waveofhighintensityisproducedbehindthevalve.Thispressurewave
ofhighintensityishavingtheeffectofhammeringactiononthewallsof
thepipe.Thisphenomenonisknownaswaterhammer.
Intensityofpressureriseduetowaterhammer,

Whenvalveisclosedgraduallywhenvalveclosedsuddenlywithrigid
pipe
Whenvalveclosedsuddenlywithplasticpipe

Ifthetimerequiredtoclosethevalve

Valveclosureissaidtobegradual.

Thevalveclosureissaidtobesudden.
Where,L=Lengthofpipe
D=Diameterofpipe
C=Velocityofpressurewaveproducedduetowaterhammer

v=Velocityofflow
K=Bulkmodulusofwater
E=Modulusofelasticityforpipematerial.
t=Timerequiredtochoosethevalve.