International Journal of Chemistry and Applications.

ISSN 0974-3111 Volume 4, Number 4 (2012), pp. 319-331

International Research Publication House
http://www.irphouse.com

Multiple utilization of non-edible seeds for production

of eco-friendly products

1
Prerna Singh Chauhan, 2Harish Chandra Joshi, 3V.K.Chhibber
1
Dept. Of Chemistry, J.B. Institute of Techonology,
Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, India
2
Department of Chemistry D.A.V. (P.G.) College,
Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, India
3
Department of Chemistry Shivalik College of Engineering,
Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, India
E-mail:vchhibber14@yahoo.com

Abstract

Conventional energy resources being limited, non-eco-friendly and if

continuously used will further lead to rise in global warming, pollution of air,
water, land and change in climatic conditions. Today also we depend on
mineral oil for lubrication of automobile, industrial and transport sector. This
paper mainly reveals about complete utilization of non-edible seed for
production of bio lubricant, biodiesel, biogas, bio fertilizer and there
byproducts like glycerol from biodiesel for production of glycerin soap, cream
and other products. Further if addition of methane is done with biogas and
bottled into cylinder it will be equivalent to compressed natural gas and if this
is used in metro cities like Delhi which is completely dependent on C.N.G
being costly, we can now move for bio methane gas for transport sector and
also for cooking purposes as liquefied petroleum gas is costly. In this paper
non- edible seeds of karanja, neem and jatropha has been completely utilized
for various purposes as an eco-friendly product.

Keywords: Biodegradable, Non-edible seeds, Bio lubricant, Biodiesel,

Biogas.

Introduction:
Due to shortage of edibles oil in our country for consumption, we have to depend on
non-edible energy resources of wasteland for production of bio lubricant, biodiesel,
biogas, bio fertilizer and other eco-friendly products. One of the major problems
320 Prerna Singh Chauhan et al

arising in the coming years is disposal of seeds cake after expelling oil from non-
edible seeds [1]. The seed cake can neither be used for animal feeding nor for
agricultural farming due to its toxic nature [1]. Its utilization for production of biogas
would be the best solution for its efficient utilization. Biogas from cake provides
energy for heating, lighting and engine operation and digested cake slurry can be
directly put for agricultural farming (1).
India stands at the sixth place in the world energy needs and overall demand of
crude oil which is expected to rise annually by 6.2% up to 2015.Moreover, increased
consumption and high dependence on non-renewable sources which substantially
contributed to global warming and environmental pollution. India has a lot of
potential of non-edible oil tree born seeds. The country is endowed with more than
100 species of tree born non-edible oil seeds occurring in the potential availability of
some non-edible oil seed in the country (14). Mostly tree borne oil seeds yield about
25% and 70% oil. Considering 5% losses in the oil extraction process using
mechanical expeller. Bio diesel is an eco-friendly, renewable alternative to petroleum
diesel prepared from vegetable oil-mainly from non-edible vegetable oil. It is non-
toxic, biodegradable and produces significantly less serious air pollutants such as
particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and other air toxics when burnt as an
engine fuel. Blends of 20% bio diesel with 80% petroleum diesel (commonly referred
to as B20) can generally be used in unmodified diesel engines. It can also be used in
its pure form (B 100), with minimal engine modifications. There has been a constant
demand eco-friendly lubricant. A significant lubricant market of some 9 million
metric tons per year of industrial and automotive lubricant exists. There is an outdoor
activities such as forestry, mining, railroads, dredging, fishing an increasing concern
for environmental pollution from excessive petroleum based lubricants use and their
disposal especially in lost lubrication, military applications, and in outdoor activities
such as forestry, mining, railroads, dredging, fishing, agriculture systems. The eco
toxic properties of lubricating materials depend on the base oils and on the additives
that have been used for their production .The biodegradability of lubricant are
primarily influenced by the main component that is the base oil [2, 3] which accounts
for70-80% in engine oils and up to 90% in industrial lubricants. Manufacturers of
lubricating base oils are supposed to convey information about the biodegradability,
eco toxicity and bioaccumulation of their products by specifying relevant data in
paragraph 12 of the safety data sheet for chemical products [4, 5]. The
biodegradability of base oils needs to be evaluated by International Standards
Organization (ISO) or Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) standard methods that ensure comparable and reproducible results in
different laboratories. During formulation of environmentally acceptable lubricants,
using these methods we receive information on whether or not the base oil applied is
readily biodegradable. As for the base oils that are not classified as readily
biodegradable, ISO and OECD standard methods enable their inherent
biodegradability to be evaluated. Currently, the manufacturers of readily
biodegradable base oils fails to account for more than 5% of global oil production,
hence a careful choice of the base oils from among those displaying a high inherent
biodegradability and their application to the manufacture of lubricant can also
Multiple utilization of non-edible seeds 321

noticeably reduce the negative effect they exert on environment . The biodegradability
of organic compounds depends on their chemical structure. That is why even ester
based fluids used for the production of lubricants can differ in biodegradability from
one species to another [2].
Non-edibles seeds are grown of their own but never days stress are given for
cultivation of trees which not only provides us with vegetation, but it also provides
employment to tribal, poor people and finally with different products which is
superior to mineral oil being biodegradable, cheaper and eco-friendly. Non-edible oil
is easily available in many parts of the world including India and it is cheaper to
edible oils (1 6).Non-edible oil seeds mainly contain lipid protein, protein portion and
carbohydrates. Pongamia pinnata, Ajadirachta indica and Jatropha are some of the
promising feed stocks. Some of the non-edible oil seed are mentioned in Table 1.

Table1: Potential availability of some non-edible oil seeds in India

S.N Botanical Name Potential million Oil Content

metric tons /year
Seed Oil Cake
1 Pongamia pinnata 0.20 0.055 0.145 27-39%
2 Azadirachta indica 0.50 0.100 0.400 28-31%
3 Jatropha curcas 0.05 0.015 0.035 30-40%
4 Scheleichera oleosa 0.08 0.025 0.055 34%
5 Salvadora oleoides 0.05 0.017 0.033 33%
6 Citrullus collocynthis 0.10 0.021 0.079 21%
7 Shorea robusta 1.50 0.180 1.320 12-13%
8 Madhuca indica 0.50 0.180 0.320 35%
9 Magnifera indica 0.50 0.045 .455 7.5

Biodegradable:
American society of testing and materials (ASTM) defines biodegradable as capable
of undergoing decomposition into carbon dioxide, methane, water are less later,
inorganic compounds, or biomass in which the predominant mechanism is the
enzymatic action of microorganisms that can be measured by standardized tests, in a
specified period of time, reflecting available disposal conditions.
Biodegradability (6) is the ability of matter to be decomposed by several
microorganisms it can also be defined as assessing the degree of appropriateness of a
specific lubricant through various biodegradability tests such as CEC-L-33-A-94.
Biodegradable lubricants are less toxic and remain harmless in various applications
from automotive to industrial due to their capability of maintaining maximum
protection to nature and minimum health hazard to humans. They remain eco-friendly
and biodegradable in its whole cycle from production to application and degradation
by microorganisms .Due to biodegradable in nature they can be renewed and provide
a better option with bright future aspects to be adopted as a next generation
lubrication solution .They can be proved as a source of income and employment for
322 Prerna Singh Chauhan et al

peoples or both. Research and development is worldwide done on utilization of non-

edible oils for the production of biodiesel, bio-lubes, additives for lubricating oils,
saturated and unsaturated alcohols and fatty acids and many other values added
products .Technology for bio-lubricant such as Engine oils,2T Oils .Compressor Oils,
Aviation Oil, Metal Working Fluids, Insulating Oil, Gear Oil, Hydraulic Oil, etc. are
expected to be commercialized soon (7). Bio-diesel is mainly obtained by
esterification and transesterification process .After oil extraction the non-edible toxic
seed cake which is harmful for consumption by animals and also toxic to biota this
non-edible seed cake is utilized for production of Biogas. The slurry lastly is used as
enriched organic manure.

Materials and methods:

Extraction of oil from three non-edible seeds:
The seeds were sun dried separately and then oil were extracted by mechanical
separator and then by solvent extraction for removal of gummy impurities.
The fatty acid profiles of above three oils are as follows.

Fatty acid composition of karanja oil

Fatty Acid Molecular Formula % Structure

Palmitic Acid C16H32O2 11.65 CH3(CH2)14COOH
Stearic Acid C18H36O2 7.5 CH3(CH2)16COOH
Oleic Acid C18H34O2 51.59 CH3(CH2)14 (CH=CH)COOH
Linoleic Acid C18H32O2 16.64 CH3(CH2)12 (CH=CH)2COOH
Eicosanoic Acid C20H40O2 1.35 CH3(CH2)18COOH
Dosocasnoic Acid C22H44O2 4.45 CH3(CH2)20COOH
Tretracosanoic Acid C24H48O2 1.09 CH3(CH2)22COOH
Residual 6.83

Fatty acid composition of jatropha oil

Fatty Acid Molecular Formula % Structure

Myristic Acid C12H28O2 .5-1.4 CH3(CH2)12COOH
Palmitic Acid C12H18O2 12-8.5 CH3(CH2)14COOH
Stearic Acid C18H36O2 5.0-8.7 CH3(CH2)16COOH
Oleic Acid C18H34O2 38-63 CH3(CH2)14 (CH=CH)COOH
Linoleic Acid C18H32O2 19-41 CH3(CH2)12 (CH=CH)2COOH
Multiple utilization of non-edible seeds 323

Fatty acid composition of neem oil

Fatty Acid Molecular Formula % Structure

Oleic Acid C18H34O2 12.01 CH3(CH2)14 (CH=CH)COOH
Stearic Acid C18H36O2 12.95 CH3(CH2)16COOH
Linoleic Acid C18H32O2 34.09 CH3(CH2)12 (CH=CH)2COOH
Palmitic Acid C16H32O2 38.26 CH3(CH2)14COOH
Lignoceric Acid C24H48O2 0.3 CH3(CH2)24COOH

Oilcakes:
After oil is extracted from oilseeds, the remaining solid portion is dried as cake which
can be used as manure. The oil-cakes are of two types:
1. Edible oil-cakes which can be safely fed to livestock, e.g.: Groundnut cake,
coconut cake etc.,
2. Non-edible oil cakes which are not fit for feeding livestock e.g.: Castor cake,
neem cake, mahua cake etc.

Both edible and non-edible oil-cakes can be used as manures. Nutrients present in
oil-cakes, after mineralization, are made available to crops 7 to 10 days after
application. Oil-cakes need to be well powdered before application for even
distribution and quicker decomposition. The average nutrient content of different oil-
cakes is presented.

Complete utilization of non-edibles seeds

Biogas:
Biogas is obtained by the anaerobic fermentation of animal and plant wastes in
presence of water. Organic compounds decompose under anaerobic condition to yield
324 Prerna Singh Chauhan et al

bio gas. The techniques used for the conversion of organic materials to bio gas have
been in existence for many years (14). Fermentation is carried out by anaerobic
micro-organisms in the presence of water. The micro-organisms or bacteria
decompose the complex carbon compounds present in bio-mass into simple
compounds such as methane. In United States there has been considerable interest in
the process of anaerobic digestion as an approach to generating a safe fuel as well as
source of fertilizer (13). Biogas is cheapest and easily available bio fuel which is
mainly composed of 55% methane, 35% carbon dioxide, hydrogen7%, nitrogen2.6%.
It burns with a blue flame and its average calorific value is about
5300kcal/m3.Generally biogas is generated from cattle dung + water in ratio 1:1,but
now a days it is also generated from biodegradable wastes or by use of energy crops
fed into anaerobic digesters to supplement gas yields. There are several microbes
which help in fermentation process by following steps:

(Cellulose Decomposer microbe Soluble

Hemi Cellulose Compound
Protein or Fat)
Fermenting microbes Organic acid Methanogenic

Methane + CO2
Biogas plants being used in our country are namely (1) Fixed-dome type. (2) Floating-
gas holder type.
Considering the future scenario of non-edible seeds utilization for biodiesel
production in the country
From Jatropha curcas (Jatropha) and Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) there is need for
efficient utilization of their cakes (1). After oil extraction from non-edible seeds the
seeds cakes which can neither be used for neither animal feeding nor agricultural
farming due to its toxic nature. The generation of biogas from these cakes would be a
best solution for its efficient utilization. Biogas from cakes provides energy for
heating, cooking, lighting and engine operation and the remaining digested slurry can
be utilized for agricultural farming and is used as bio fertilizer. Bio fertilizers are the
organisms which increase the nutrient availability to crop plants either directly or
through soil enrichment. The main sources of bio fertilizers are the micro-organisms
such as bacteria, fungi and cyano bacteria these organisms are present in digested
slurry and can be fully utilized. If the above biogas is methane enriched and bottled
into cylinder (Bio-Methane) which is equivalent to CNG (Compressed natural gas)
which can be widely used for various applications such as automotive and transport
purposes, Converted Diesel Engine for Power Generation and Agricultural Unit
operations (1).
Multiple utilization of non-edible seeds 325

Non edible de-oiled seed Industrial waste

cakes
Crop and domestic
Waste

Animal waste Biogas plant

Original nitrogen back Fuel Electrical and heat Mechanical Energy

to soil used as bio (CH4+CO2) energy
fertilizer

More addition of CH4 to above Fuel and bottled in

to cylinder as equivalent to CNG

Bio-Diesel processing:
The process of converting the triglyceride (fatty acids) in the vegetable oil into methyl
or ethyl esters (the methyl/ethyl ester is bio diesel) is called Trans esterification.
Chemically, Trans esterification involves taking triglycerides molecule or a complex
fatty molecule, neutralizing its free fatty acids, removing the glycerol component and
creating an alcohol ester or bio diesel (8). If 100 gm of vegetable oil is taken, then
1gm of alkaline catalyst (KOH) and 12gm of CH3OH would be required. At first step,
the alkaline catalyst is mixed with methanol and the mixture is stirred oil and the
resultant mixture is made to pass through reflux condensation at 650C. The mixture at
end is allowed to settle. The lower layer will be of glycerin and is drained off. The
yield of glycerin (a by-product having medicinal value) is about 11%. The upper layer
of bio-diesel (a methyl ester) is washed to remove entrained glycerin. The excess
methanol is recycled by distillation. This reaction works well with high quality oil. If
the oil contains up to 1% Free Fatty Acid (FFA), then difficulty arises because of soap
formation. If FFA content is more than 2% the reaction becomes unworkable and the
FFA will have to be removed of transformed into bio diesel using special pre-
treatment technologies. Methanol is inflammable and KOH is caustic, hence proper
and safe handling of these chemicals is a must (8). The bio diesel yield is 90%.There
are four ways in which oils and fats can be converted into biodiesel are direct
use/blending trans esterification, micro emulsions and pyrolysis (9). Pyrolysis refers
to a chemical change caused by application of thermal energy in absence of air or
nitrogen. The liquid fractions of the thermally decomposed vegetable oil are likely to
approach diesel fuels. The pyrolyzate has lower viscosity, flash & pour points than
diesel fuel but equivalent calorific values. The cetane number of the pyrolyzate is
lower. The pyrolysed vegetable oils contain acceptable amounts of Sulphur, water and
sediment with acceptable copper corrosion values but unacceptable ash, carbon
residue and pour point. The formation of micro-emulsions (co-solvency) is a potential
solution for reducing the viscosity of vegetable oil. Micro-emulsions are defined as
transparent, thermodynamically stable colloidal dispersions. A micro-emulsion can be
made of vegetable oils with an ester and dispersant (co-solvent), or of vegetable oils,
an alcohol and a surfactant and a cetane improver, with or without diesel fuels. The
process of converting the raw vegetable oil into biodiesel, which is fatty acid alkyl
ester, is termed as Trans esterification. There are three basic routes to biodiesel
326 Prerna Singh Chauhan et al

production from oil are such as base catalyzed Trans esterification of the oil, direct
acid catalyzed trans esterification of the bio lipid and Conversion of the bio lipid to its
fatty acids and then to bio diesel. Trans esterification being the most commonly used
method (10).Table 2 gives the fuel properties of three oils and by these properties it is
quite clear that karanja is best among them.

Table 2: Comparison of fuel properties of Jatropha, karanja and Neem oil

Properties Unit Jatropha Karanja Neem

Density @150C gm/cc .918 .935 .946
0 2
Viscosity @40 C cm /s 35.4 38.8 65.04
0
Flash point C 186 212 204
0
Pour point C -6 -4 -9
Water content % -5 <0.05 8
Ash content % 0.7 0.05 .07
Carbon residue % 0.3 0.8 0.9
Sulphur content % 0.2 0.025 0.07
Acid value mg of KOH gm 11.0 16.8 20
Iodine value 101 86.5 66
Saponification value 194 185 166
Calorific value Mj/kg 33 87 42
Cetane number 23 38 31

Bio lubricant:
Continued growing environmental concerns are providing the impetus for increased
demand and usage of vegetable oil utilization in lubricants for many applications. Of
the 5-10 million tons of petroleum based oleo chemicals entering the biosphere every
year, about 40% comes from spills,
Industrial and municipal waste, urban runoff, refinery processes, and condensation
from marine engine exhaust. Oleo chemical pollutants are derived from the food
industry, petroleum products, and by products such as lubricating hydraulic and
cutting oils. Vegetable oil can offer significant environmental advantages with respect
to resource renewability, biodegradability and adequate performance in a variety of
applications.
Synthetic esters based fluids also offer these advantages, but their cost is
prohibitive for many markets. Formulating with vegetable oils present many
challenges is tailoring specific products for lubrication. The notable challenges
includes oxidative stability, hydrolytic stabilities, low temperature properties that are
innate characteristics of the triglyceride molecule.
Bio lubricant is a product, other than food or feed, substantially composed of
certain biological products agricultural materials or forestry materials. The product is
used in place of a petroleum based lubricant. Vegetable oils with high oleic content
are considered to be potential candidates to substitute conventional mineral oil-based
lubricating oils and synthetic esters (11). The term bio lubricant applies to all
Multiple utilization of non-edible seeds 327

lubricants which are rapidly biodegradable and nontoxic for humans and aquatic
environments. Bio lubricant can be:
Vegetable oil (e. g : Jatropha, karanja, neem, rape seed, palm oil etc)
Animal oil (Fish oil, seal oil, tallow oil)
Based on synthetic esters manufactured from modified renewal oils from
mineral oil-based products.

Bio lubricants must be used in priority for all applications where there is
environmental risk. Vegetable oils are by their chemical nature long chain fatty acid
tri esters of glycerol (triglyceride) and provide most of the desirable lubricant
properties such as good lubrication, load carrying capacity, anti-wear, high viscosity
index, high flash point and low volatility (12). These advantages are mainly due to
polar ester structure and higher molecular weight in comparison to petroleum derived
hydrocarbons. The major performance limitations of vegetable oil based bio-lubes
stocks are thermo-oxidative stability, hydrocarbon solubility and flow behavior. The
fluidity in vegetable oils depends upon double bonds present in the fatty chain. But
these double bond leads to poor thermo-oxidative stability of vegetable oil
triglyceride. The fatty acid composition of most of the vegetable oils that are available
indicates that most of vegetable oils (in the triglyceride form) are not suitable for
lubrication application due to their high saturated structure having high pour point or
poly unsaturated fatty acid content having low thermo-oxidative stability. This
problem can be overcome by chemical modification of the vegetable oils. One of the
commonly used techniques is to converting it into mono ester. Unsaturated vegetable
oils can be converted into thermo-oxidatively stable products without sacrificing their
favorable viscosity temperature characteristics, lubricity characteristics and lower
freezing points. Process for chemical transformations of vegetable oils is as follows:
Selective Partial hydrogenation
Transesterification with higher alcohols
Epoxidation
Alkarylation
Acetylations (Particularly for castor oil)
Mix chemical modification

These esters have relatively good thermal oxidative stability, hydrolytic stability,
high VI, and additive & mineral oil compatibility. These esters can be used as
lubricants. However, viscosity of these mono esters dropped so much that it became
unsuitable for base stock of gear oil, grease and 2T oil. To tackle this problem
alkarylation is a very useful option.

Alkarylation:
Friedel Craft addition of alkyl aromatics and phenols to the unsaturated double bonds
of fatty acids, esters and vegetable oils to obtain alkaryl derivatives result in improved
thermo-oxidative stability and decreased freezing points of the original oil. The
viscosity index of the oils is not greatly affected. The viscosity of the ester also
increases to give oils of somewhat higher viscosity than fatty acids monoesters alone.
328 Prerna Singh Chauhan et al

The side reactions such as polymerization of the acid and the oils to dimer and
trimmer derivatives, besides Fridel craft alkarylation, limit the utility of this reaction.
The effects are more pronounced in poly unsaturated mono esters while using
anhydrous aluminum chloride as catalyst. Catalysts like HF, boron tri fluoride, ferric
chloride and zinc chloride minimize the side reactions, such as dimer and trimer
products. Toluene has been added to oleic acid in presence of HF, which contained
tolyl stearic acid and phenyl stearic acid. Similarly euricic acid, castor oil, fatty acids
of tall oil was reacted with toluene, xylene, anisole, naphthalene and phenol. Alkyl
benzene has been reacted with unsaturated carboxylic acid esters in presence of AlCl3
as catalyst in 70 80% yield. Stannic chloride with esters yielded 40% phenyl
derivatives of the esters. Ethyl iodide on heating with linseed oil and refluxing with
sodium ethylate in ethanol gives and ethylated linseed oil derivatives. The reaction is
useful in partially saturating the double bonds in polyunsaturated fatty oils to improve
stability. Commercial bleaching earth can be used as aluminum silicate catalyst which
resulted in addition of alkyl phenol to oleyl when heated.

Partially hydrogenated oil:

The above oils were partially hydrogenated in a high pressure reactor having
hydrogen at 100 - 200 psi, 100-130C and in presence of Raney Nickel as catalyst
until Iodine value of < 5 was obtained.

Transester:
Ethyl hexanol, vegetable oil (in equal quantity) and 0.1 % of sodium hydroxide
powder were added in a reactor. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 40 hours under
reduce pressure. The product was washed by water to remove sodium hydroxide and
glycerol. Excess ethyl hexanol was removed by distillation under vacuum.

Epoxy ester:
Mono-ester from vegetable oil was treated with per acetic acid (in one third quantity).
Per acetic acid was added drop wise to rice bran oil fatty acid. The addition was
completed in such a manner to avoid any temperature rise. The product was extracted
in Diethyl ether and washed repeatedly with water to remove acetic acid and ether
was distilled-off. The remaining epoxidized ester was washed with hot water to
remove acid traces.

Alkarylation:
Mono-ester from vegetable oil was dissolved in excess of toluene and cooled to 20C.
Anhydrous FeCl3 (25-50% by weight of ester) was slowly added over a period so that
the temperature was not rise above 40C and reaction mixture was maintained at that
temperature for 16 hours with constant stirring. The contents were poured into the
water and 10% hydrochloric acid. After 12 hours, the upper layer was washed
repeatedly with water to remove acidity. The entrained water in the upper layer was
removed by Dean & stark trap. The toluene was distilled off and last traces removed
under vacuum.
Multiple utilization of non-edible seeds 329

Conversion of triglyceride or its fatty acids in to ethyl hexyl ester will give rise in
thermo-oxidative and hydrolytic stability. Kinematic viscosity of these esters is in the
range of 4.2 5.29 Cst and viscosity index in the range of 184 300. The ranges are
narrowed in comparison to triglyceride. The problem of stability is tackled but
problem of low viscosity is appeared.
Partial hydrogenation of vegetable oil (triglyceride) will also give rise in thermo-
oxidative and hydrolytic stability. Kinematic viscosity of these partial hydrogenated
esters is in the range of 5.18 6.26 Cst and viscosity index in the range of 170 250.
The ranges are more or less remaining same in comparison to ethyl hexyls ester. The
problem of stability is tackled but it is less effective than transesterification. Problem
of low viscosity persist. Epoxidation of ethyl hexyls ester will also give rise in
thermo-oxidative and hydrolytic stability. It is beneficial in comparison to partial
hydrogenation in the sense that the pour point of ester remain low than the partial
hydrogenated ester (11). Kinematic viscosity of these epoxidized ethyl hexyls esters
is in the range of 6.73 12.31 Cst and viscosity index in the range of 115 158. The
ranges are widened for viscosity and narrowed for viscosity index in comparison to
ethyl hexyls ester. Problem of low viscosity persist.
Alkarylation of ethyl hexyls ester will also give rise in thermo-oxidative and
hydrolytic stability. It is beneficial in comparison to partial hydrogenation and
epoxidation in the sense that the pour point, solubility and stabilities of ester properly
modified. Kinematic viscosity of these alkarylated ethyl hexyls esters is in the range
of 9.91 22.09 Cst and viscosity index in the range of 103 133. The ranges are
widened for viscosity and narrowed for viscosity index in comparison to ethyl hexyls
ester. The minimum requirement of viscosity and viscosity index are fulfilled by this
chemical modification. Because of their renewable nature, biodegradability and eco-
friendliness vegetable oil-derived base stocks and esters are used in environmentally
sensitive applications. These lubricants can be used over a wide temperature range,
and their high viscosity does not vary as much with temperature as mineral oils
viscosity. This allows them to be used in lubricants of high viscosity and VI such as
gear oil, 2T oil or grease. Vegetable oil-based chemistries are chemically modified to
alter their fatty acid distribution for enhanced high-temperature performance,
hydrolytic and thermo-oxidative stability (12).

Conclusion:
Edible oils are in use in developed nations such as USA and European nations but in
developing countries the production of edible oils are not sufficient. In a country like
India, there are many plant species whose seeds remain unutilized and underutilized
have been tried for biogas, bio lubricant, bio diesel production. Non-edible oil seeds
are the potential feedstock for production of eco-friendly products in India. These
species have shown promises and fulfills various biodiesel standards. India, with its
huge waste/non-fertile lands, has taken a well noted lead in the area and commercial
production. Proper processing of non-edible oil seeds and transesterification can
ascertain the quality of biodiesel and can be fulfill the large commercial application
.The future success of these non-edible oil as a sustainable source of feedstock for
330 Prerna Singh Chauhan et al

the bio fuels industry is reliant on an extensive knowledge of the genetics, physiology,
and propagation of these species. In particular, research should be targeted to
maximizing plant growth as it relates to oil biosynthesis. If the complete process, that
is from oil extraction to production of biogas, bio lubricant, bio diesel ,compressed
natural gas, organic manure, and byproduct glycerin after treatment should be utilized
for preparation of soaps and other products is done in single unit it will be energy
efficient process. Neem, Karanja and Jatropha yet has different medicinal and many
other properties which is useful for us.

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