qhin L r

Design and Construction

WRITTEN BY A GROUP O F AUTHORITIES
ROBERT TAGGART, EDITOR
1980
Published by The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers One World Trad
e Center, Suite 1369 New York, N.Y. 10048
Foreword
With the passage of time since the 1969 ediLior~ Ship Design arzd Constrilctiofi
,progof ress in the related arts and sciences has increasingly dictated the need
for an updated version. Accordingly, in February, 1976 the Society's Executive
Committee directed that the revision proceed promptly. In March 1976, President
L. V. Honsinger appointed the Control Committee and in April 1976, the Editor wa
s appointed. The purpose of the book remains essentially the same as that of the
prior editions; namely, a textbook "to assist students and others entering the
field of shipbuilding towards a knowledge of how merchant ships are designed and
constructed and to provide them with a good background for further study." Neve
rtheless, a number of considerations led the Committee to modify extensively the
scope and organization of the book. At the outset, the Committee recognized tha
t within a few years the Society's book Principles of Naval Architecture would a
lso be revised and that it contained material which more properly pertained to d
esign and construction rather than theoretical naval architecture. Therefore it
recommended, and the Publications Committee as well as the Executive Committee a
pproved, the inclusion in Ship Design and Construction of new chapters on Load L
ines, Tonnage, and Launching which would then be deleted from future editions of
Principles of Naual Architecture. As a partial trade-off toward page reduction,
the Committee eliminated the 1969 edition chapter on Submersibles because of it
s relatively narrow field of interest and the lack of major new developments for
commercial operations. In an effort to accord the subject matter more uniform t
reatment, the five chapter concentration on structure of the prior edition gave
way to a shorter three chapter version. On the other hand, the Committee sensed
a need for material which would give the student familiarity with a greater vari
ety of important vessel types. Therefore, it enlarged the treatment of Basic Des
ign into two chapters, the first to describe the basic design in its general app
lication and the second to show how basic designs are developed for vessels with
a wide variety of missions. Thus, a central theme is expounded in the early cha
pters which pervades the entire book and emphasizes the effects which the type o
f cargo and the vessel's mission have in developing markedly different configura
tions and basic designs. Because of the importance of cargo on design, more spac
e is allocated to cargo handling with separate chapters devoted respectively to
dry and liquid cargos. As an overall guide to organization of text material, Cha
pters I and I1 constitute the Basic Design section, while Chapters I11 to XIV co
ver Final Design; the remainder pertains to various aspects of Ship Construction
. Along the line of more even treatment to the overall subject matter, the Commi
ttee enlarged the section on Ship Construction by adding chapters on Contractual
Arrangements and Trials as well as the chapter on Launching mentioned previousl
y. Significant strides in the application of computers to both design and constr
uction since the 1969 edition prompted consideration of a special chapter devote
d to the role of computers. However, difficulties of integrating such a chapter
into the remainder of the teat led to a decision calling upon the authors to inc
lude computer applications in each chapter as appropriate. Additionally, in keep
ing with the trend toward increased use of metrication both in the United States
and abroad, the Committee received approval to accord primacy to measurements i
n accordance with the Systeme International d'Unites ( S I ) in the text and ill
ustrations with English units retained only in secondary status as an aid to stu
dents learning the metric system. After first drafts of the various chapters of
S h i p Design and Construction ( S D C ) had been prepared, the Executive Commi
ttee decided to proceed with a new edition of Principles of Naval Architecture (
P N A ) . I t then became more important to harmonize the contents
FOREWORD
of the two books with PNA containing the theoretical aspects of nava! architectu
re with SDC applying that theory to practice. Fortunately, John J. Nachtsheim, C
hairman of the Control Committee and Edward V. Lewis, Editor of PNA were members
of the SDC Control Committee, greatly facilitating the integration process. Thi
s bore fruit especially with the treatment of the strength of ships and the desi
gn of principal structural members which had not achieved sufficient coordinatio
n in earlier editions. We are indebted to the Editor and the members of the Cont
rol Committee who have painstakingly reviewed all of the chapters and made many
valuable comments. In some cases they actually provided some of the text which t
he authors greatly appreciated. Special mention is due Past President Young, who
in spite of the extra work and responsibility placed on his shoulders after his
election to the Presidency, continued to serve as an active Committee member th
roughout his entire term. Additionally, we would like to express our sincere app
reciation to the American Bureau of Shipping. Not only have five Bureau personne
l served either as authors or Control Committee members, but the Bureau has cons
istently provided assistance and information to other authors and to the Society
in the preparation of this volume. As a result of the collaborative effort invo
lved in its preparation the 1980 edition of S h i p Design and Construction will
better meet the needs of all naval architects. Because of its comprehensive tre
atment and the near impossibility for one person to retain specialized knowledge
in every technical field covered by this edition, the book should be valued by
practicing naval architects as well. E. SCOTT DILLON Chairman, CONTROL COMMITTEE
Preface
The 1980 edition of S h i p Design a n d Construction is a descendant of the Des
ign a n d Construction of Steel Merchurlt S11ips, published by the Society in 19
55, and the rekrision of that book entitled S h i p Desigrl a n d Construction p
ublished in 1969. Although its antecedents covered much of the same general subj
ect matter, the present volume has been essentially completely rewritten and thu
s stands alone as a significantly different form of treatise on the subject. The
emphasis has been placed upon the design and construction of ships to fulfill s
pecific missions; throughout the text the rationale for configuring the ship to
do a specific job or of a specified m~ltiplicit~y jobs is highlighted. -4s a res
ult, few of the chapters contained herein are directly comparable to those found
in the previous editions. Additionally chapters on Load Lines, Tonnage, and Lau
nching, previously covered in the Principles of Naval Architecture are now more
logically contained within this volume as well as chapters on Contracting Arrang
ements and Trials and Preparations for Delivery. A general format has been adopt
ed that leads the reader through the derivat.ion of mission requirements, develo
pment of conceptual and preliminary designs, including hull form and arrangement
s, deriving acceptable load lines, and performing tonnage calculations. Ensuillg
chapters deal with the overall structural design, the design of structural comp
onents, and with the selection and connectiou of hull materials. With these basi
c elements decided upon, the more detailed aspects of design are treated includi
ng hull outfit and fittings, and cargo handling techniques and equipment for dry
, liquid, and hazardous cargos. 'l'he final design aspects wind up with treatmen
ts of maneuvering, navigation, and motion control, techniques for controlling th
e interior environment of the ship, and methods and materials for preservation o
f the hull. In making the transition from design to construction the various sta
ges of cost estimating, contracts, and governmental oversight are discussed foll
owed by a detailed explanation of the equipment and techniques involved in ship
construction. The various processes used in ship launching, including the most m
odern methods of transferring a vessel from the building site t o a waterborne c
ondition, are described and launching calculation techniques are delineated. The
volume concludes with a discussion of ship trials and the final preparations re
quired for delivery from the shipyard to the owner. In this 1980 edition, the 19
69 edition Glossary has been significantly expanded to cover all unfamiliar term
s used in both design and construction of ships rather than only the constructio
n terms defined previously. Acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols have been defin
ed as they appear within t h e text instead of the previous practice of includin
g them in separate tables. In general, the symbols used are in accordance with t
he 1963 International Towing Tank Conference Committee on the Presentation of Da
ta.
UNITS OF MEASURE
The Metric Conversion Act of 1975 (P.L. 94-168) declared a national policy of co
ordinating the increasing use of metric systems of measurement and established t
he United States Metric Board to coordinate voluntary conversion to the Internat
ional System of Units, SI. One of the major departures of SI from previous metri
c systems is the use of distinctly separate units for maas and force. In SI, the
unit of force, the newton (N), instead of being related to gravity, is defined
as being equal to the acceleration it imparts to a unit mass, the kilogram (kg).
T h e SI unit for mass (not force) is the kilogram, used to specify the quantit
y of matter in a body. T h e SI unit for force is the newton. One newton applied
t o a mass of one kilogram gives a n acceleration of one meter per second squar
ed. Weight is sometimes defined as the force which, when applied to a body, woul
d give it an acceleration equal to the local acceleration of free fall. However,
this technical use of the term is generally of disregarded in commercial and ev
eryday use, when reference to the w ~ i g h t a body is used
PREFACE
to indicate its mass. Because of'this conventional usage, it has not been possib
le to delete the dual use of the tern1 weiqht as a quantity thrzughout the entir
e text nor to specify whether mass or force is intended. 'Yo this extent, the pr
esent \volume must be considered process between past thinking and more precise
as an initial step in the mental co~lversion engineering definition of terms of
mensuration. The practice followed throughout the hook has been to present ail d
imecsions in SI units followed by U.S. Customary units in parentheses. Occasiona
lly, to avoid confusion, separate comparable tables or graphs are presented in t
he two sets of units. Also, on some illustrations, SI units only are given to el
iminate unnecessary crowding. When expressing displacement, deadweight, buoyancy
, or other vertical forces associated with gravitational acceleration the conven
tional use of long tons has been retained; furthermore, long tons and metric ton
s have been used interchangeably because of the small difference between these t
wo measures. Similar treatment has been used in dealing with horsepower. For a c
omplete listing of the SI unit terms and conversion factors used throughout the
text, the reader is referred to the Glossary under SI Units.
THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL MARITIME CONSULTATIVE ORGANIZATION
The Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) is a relatively
new forum for the consideration of international maritime problems. I t was crea
ted in 1958 and comprises a forum in which worldwide maritime problems, except t
hose concerning rates and tariffs, are presented, evaluated, and solved. It is a
standards-making body, a medium of exchange of information on shipping matters,
and a means of promoting measures to facilitate the movement of ships and their
cargo. IMCO has facilitated many international agreements on safety, pollution,
and ship requirements and a mechanism has been established for keeping these ag
reements up to date. T h e organization does not possess direct regulatory power
s. However, international agreements developed by IMCO on the subject of shippin
g and other sea-related questions, when brought into effect by assent of the req
uired number of participating national governments, do become binding upon marin
ers of those nations through the respective national legislative processes. IMCO
also functions as a source of information and counsel to other elements of the
United Nations organization having an interest in maritime matters. In its relat
ively brief existence, IMCO has dealt with a wide variety of problems related to
the sea. The types of craft discussed range from conventional displacement ship
s with a variety of missions to offshore structures, hydrofoils, and air cushion
vehicles together with their equipment and requirements for the personnel to op
erate them. Not only is operation of the ship considered, but the impact of the
ship on the environment as well. The concepts of traffic separation and ship con
trol disciplines have been considered as they relate to the Rules of the Road in
various restricted areas of the world's sea lanes. Some significant agreements
which IMCO has evolved are: T h e International Convention of Safety of Life a t
Sea 1960; International Conve1:tion on Loadlines 1966; International Convention
on Tonnage Measurement of Ships 1969; the International Convention on Facilitat
ion of International Maritime Traffic 1965; the International Convention of Inte
rvention on the High Seas in case of Oil Pollution Casualties 1969; Internationa
l Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969; International Con
vention for Prevention of Pollution of the Seas by Oil 1973; Revision of the Saf
ety of Life a t Sea Convention 1974; International Fire Safety Amendments of 196
6 and 1967; Conventions on Containers in International Trade 1972; International
Regulation for Preventing Collisions a t Sea 1972; Code for the Construction of
Chemical Ships; and Code for the Construction of Gas Carriers. These various co
nventions and their effects on ship design and construction are mentioned in sev
eral chapters of this book. Additional details on how t h e IMCO actions have be
en transformed into rules and regulations for the building and operating of Unit
ed States ships are given in Chapter X I "Design for Transport of Liquid and Haz
ardous Cargos."
PREFACE
The authors of the chapters of this edition of S h l p Design and Construction w
ish to extend their appreciation for the following contributions: Mr. Iciss (Cha
pter I) is indebted to r?umerous individuals and organizations for suggestions,
advice, photographs, and insights which led to the creation of this chapter. Mr.
E. Scott Dillon, author of this chapter in the previous edition is deserving of
the initial individual acknowledgment, since he provided an excellent basis on
which to build and since he served as one of the author's principal mentors in t
he area of ship design. Special thanks are due to Sharon Bowers for her accurate
typing and reproduction of numerous drafts of the text. In addition the followi
ng individuals provided essential assistance in gathering data, preparing illust
rations, converting English units to Metric, and generally offering useful criti
cal reviews of the text: Charles B. Cherrix, Thomas G. Connors, Alexander C. Lan
dsburg, George H. Levine, Robert M. McNaull, Earl Schneider, Paul Speicher, Earl
Taylor, Wesley Williams, and Warren B. Wilson. Mr. Michel (Chapter 11) extends
his appreciation to numerous companies and individuals for the use of their data
and illustrations in the preparation of this text. Gratitude goes to the follow
ing people who contributed directly to this chapter: George C. Nickum, of Nickum
& Spaulding Associates, who prepared the sections on "Ferryboats and Fishing Ve
ssels" and who further contributed to the section on "Tugboats"; William W. Hami
lton, of Friede & Goldman, Ltd., who provided the section on "Towboats;" Ronald
I<. Kiss, MarAd, who contributed the section on "LNG Vessels"; and Calvin V. Nor
ton, of Friede & Goldman, Ltd., who collected the data, prepared many of the ill
ustrations, collated, and proofread the manuscript. Mr. Tapscott (Chapter 111) i
s grateful for the ship arrangement drawings supplied by Ronald K. Kiss and mate
rial used from Chapter XI of the previous edition authored by E. A. Maier and A.
E. Stanford. Mr. Ritola (Chapter IV) would like to thank James R. Graf of the A
merican Bureau of Shipping; Mr. Graf provided immeasurable assistance in the tec
hnical aspects and provided the excellent sketches. Chapter VI was initially aut
hored by Dr. J . Randolph Paulling and a later draft was coauthored by Dr. Rolf
Glasfeld. However, although the output of these two authors was of high technica
l caliber, the Control Committee decided that the material was more applicable t
o Principles of N a v a l Architecture than to S h i p Design a n d Constrnction
. As a result of this decision, and concurrence by the P N A Control Committee,
this material will be readapted for that publication. The tremendous effort put
forth by these authors in attempting to meet S D C deadlines is sincerely apprec
iated. The revised text of Chapter VI was prepared by David B. Bannerman and Hsi
en Y. J a n and is directed toward those aspects of structural design that are p
articularly applicable to the problems encountered by the shipyard naval archite
ct in developing a structure that is not only technically adequate but is also i
n consonance with regulatory agency requirernents. The present chapter incorpora
tes material from the 1969 edition of S h i p Design a n d Construction, specifi
cally from Chapter 111, by Henry A. Schade, and Chapter IV by David B. Bannerman
and Robert S. Little. These coauthors would like to express their appreciation
to the American Bureau of Shipping and particularly to Stanley Stiansen for maki
ng available the resources of that organization and to Drs. Paulling and Glasfel
d for the material extracted from their earlier drafts. In addition they would l
ike to acknowledge the assistance of Matias Wojnarowski, Hsao H. Chen, and Donal
d Liu in preparing the text, and Robert Curry in reviewing the text. Mr. Stianse
n (Chapter VII) wishes to acknowledge the contributions, in preparing and review
ing the text, of Matias Wojnarowski and Robert Curry, both of the American Burea
u of Shipping, and of Antonios Latsis, formerly of ABS. Hugo Petri110 of ABS par
ticipated in the preparation of the figures. The present chapter incorporates ma
terial from the previous edition's chapter of the same title by Thomas M. Buerma
nn.
PREFACE
Mr Stern (Chapter VIII) expresses his appreciation to B. L. .4lia end M. F. Whea
tcroft for their helpful suggestions, to C. R. Herbert for his preparation of th
e figures, and to Mrs. A. Tessalone for her assistance in preparation of the man
uscript. Mr. Mallett (Chapter IX) acknowledges the contribution of MacGregor-Com
arain, Inc., in providing illustrations for the text. T h e majority of the rema
ining illustrations were adaptations from the previous edition of S h i p Design
and Construction. h4r. Boylston (Chapter X) appreciates the assistance in obtai
ning, and the permission given to publish the numerous illustrations for this ch
apter furnished by the following organizations: MacGregor-Comarain, Inc.; Line F
ast Corp.; Friede & Goldman, Ltd.; Morgan
Engineering Co.; Navire; Shipping World and Shipbuilder; Paceco, Inc.; Dravo Cor
p.; Siwertell; and A. B. Hagglund and Soner. Vice Admiral Price (Chapter XI) is
indebted to the following for their assistance in either the development of the
text or the use of figures and tables from their own articles pertaining to the
subject: the late J . L. Moss, Marcona Corp. concerning slurry; George E. Nickum
, Nickum & Spaulding Associates, regarding fish: S. Fraser Sammis, National Carg
o Bureau, on ore and grains; T. R. Farrell, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, on che
micals; George B. King, BP Tanker Co., Ltd., on inerting of tankers; Robert J .
Lakey, Helge Rindal Inc., on gasses and chemicals; W. Hickman, National Steel an
d Shipbuilding Co., on tanker piping; Walter Neal, Keystone Shipping Co., on com
patible cargo; William DuBarry Thomas, J . J . Henry Co. Inc., on LNG; William K
ime, USCG, on damage criteria; William M. Benkert, American Institute of Merchan
t Shipping, on the overall outline of the chapter. The author's ability to meet
the Control Committee's schedule is attributable to two dedicated secretaries, P
at Woolridge and Marilyn Poppe. Mr. Hunley (Chapter XII) would like to note that
although he is listed as a co-author of this chapter, his contributions were pr
imarily the reorganization and consolidation of material furnished by Arthur Pit
chersky and Abraham Taplin (Ship Control). These gentlemen prepared the multiple
drafts involved. Additionally, George Prentiss is to be thanked for his assista
nce in preparing the section on anchors and anchoring and Robert Taggart for the
material on environmental force calculations and on dynamic positioning. Mr. De
voluy (Chapter XIV) appreciates the assistance of William Briggs and John Peart
in supplying information on shop plate priming. Messrs. Hoffmann and Bachko (Cha
pter XV) are grateful for the assistance and information supplied by the U. S. C
oast Guard, the Maritime Administration, and the American Bureau of Shipping. Pr
of. Bartlett (Chapter XVI) wishes to acknowledge the assistance rendered by Fili
ppo Cali of Cali Associates, Inc. and by his former colleague, James F. Hallock.
Additionally he is indebted to the personnel of Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporatio
n for several of the illustrations provided. Mr. Leavitt (Chapter XVII) wishes t
o state that the greater part of the end launching material is based on unpublis
hed notes developed during his many years as Chief Naval Architect of the Ingall
s Shipbuilding Corporation. Several of the figures, with modifications, have bee
n taken from Principles o f N a u a l Architecture. Side launching formulas are
from Static and Dynamics of t h e S h i p , T h e o r y of Buoyancy, Stability a
nd Launching by V. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, Peace Publishers with symbols changed
for consistency. The Ingalls Shipbuilding Division of Litton Industries is thank
ed for making available time and office, typing, and reproduction facilities for
the preparation of this chapter. Mr. Jack (Chapter XVIII) expresses his appreci
ation to Joseph C. Czudak, former Construction Representative for MarAd, fgr his
valuable contributions toward the development of the chapter and particularly i
n the preparation of the sections on "Testing" and "Delivery"; also to Michael W
. Walsh, MarAd, for his guidance and assistance in the preparation of the sectio
n on "Stability Tests." We must note with regret the death of one of the co-auth
ors of Chapter IX, Norman J. Thompson. Although he had faithfully completed his
obligations as an author prior to his
PREFACE
death, and had com~letec!his re:.iev; of th;.. galley proof, he did no: have the
opportu~iit:: to see the results of his efforts in published form. This dedicat
ion on the part of Norman Thompson mas characteristic of that exhibited by all o
f the Authors and the Control Committee who took part in the preparation of this
book. T h e Editor was indeed fortunate to have been closely associated with al
l of these outstanding and highly competent individuals rvho gave unstintingly o
f their time and effort in bringing this publication to fruition. Particularly w
orthy of' note is the work performed by David B. Bannerman who had served the So
ciety as Chairman of the Control Committee for the previous edition of Ship Desi
gn. a n d Construction. When the selectee for preparation of the Glossary and th
e Index requested relief from that task midway through the preparation of the bo
ok, Mr. Bannerman cheerfully took over. Additionally, when problems arose with t
he text of Chapter VI, he again jumped into the breech and orchestrated a comple
te rewriting of that chapter between March 1980 and the publication date. T h e
Editor is very grateful to the people on the staff of Robert Taggart Incorporate
d who have suffered through the lengthy procedure of developing the text and ill
ustrations of this book. Miss Evelyn Cerny kept careful track of the movements o
f the many chapters through the various stages of development, completely typed
several of the chapters froin handwritten drafts, made editorial corrections in
all chapters for each of three submissions to the Control Committee, and reprodu
ced more than 75,000 pages of text to meet the requirements for review by all co
ncerned. Jeffrey Lown and Caren Cathers prepared the majority of the illustratio
ns t h a t are used throughout the text. T h e staff a t Society headquarters ha
s done a masterful job of final editing, the correcting of the galley and page p
roofs, and the layout of the latter; Trevor Lewis-Jones is due specific credit f
or keeping these final phases of preparation on schedule despite t h e inevitabl
e last minute problems t h a t arose. T h e Society's Technical Coordinator, Phi
lip Poullada, was of signficant help in the work, particularly many of t h e ill
ustrations in Chapter 111. Finally, the Editor would like to express his appreci
ation to the Control Committee, and to its Chairman, E. Scott Dillon. Although m
any Comtnittee members doubled as authors they all continued t o lend full suppc
?rt to the Editor throughout more than four years of preparation of this edition
of Ship Design a n d Construction. I t is our sincere hope t h a t the final pr
oduct proves worthy of this dedication.
ROBERT TAGGART Editor
Table of Contents
. Chapter I .
M I S S I O N A N A L Y S I S A N D BASIC D E S I G N
RONALDK. KISS, Director, Office of S h i p Construction, M a r i t i m e Adminis
tration Page Page 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Si. 1 4 Steps in the Preliminary Design Process . 24 2 Mission Requirements . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 Summation and Adjustment ........... 45 6 Desig
n Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3 Concept Design . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Chapter I1 MISSION IMPACT O N VESSEL DESIG
N
WALTER H . MICHEL, Vice P r e s i d e n t , Research & Design, Friede & G o l d
m a n , L t d . Page Page 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 51 3 Industrial Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4 Se
rvice Vessels ...................... 96 2 Commercial Ships ....................
52 C h a p t e r I11 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT Page 105 106 113 126 Page 128 123 134 1
37
ROBERT TAPSCOTT, Executive Vice P r e s i d e n t , George G . S h a r p , Inc.*
J.
1 2 3 4
General ............................ Cargo Spaces ....................... Crew a
nd Passenger Spaces ........... Machinery Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
5 6 7 8
Tanks ............................. Relationship Between Spaces and Access Misce
llaneous Factors ............... Ship Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
Chapter IV
L O A D LINE A S S I G N M E N T
WILLIAM A. CLEARY,JR., Chief, S h i p Characteristics B r a n c h , U. S. Coast
G u a r d ANGELO P. RITOLA, P r i n c i p a l Surveyor-Hull SOLAS, American Bure
au of S h i p p i n g 1 2 3 4 Page General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 173 Considerations Affecting Freeboard . . . . 175 Load Line
Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Conditions of Assignment .........
... 189 Page
5 Seasonal, Fresh-Water, and Timber Freeboard Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 6 Domestic Load Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Subdivision Load L
ines ..............
190 192 194
Chapter V
TONNAGE MEASUREMENT
R. T. CUNNINGHAM, o n s u l t a n t C PHILLIPS STITT, Chief, A d m e a s u r e m
e n t Branch, U. S. Coast G u a r d *
1 Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
200 201
Page
Page
4
2 History Leading to the 1969 Convention. 3 International Convention on Tonnage
Measurement of Ships, 1969 ........ Chapter V I
Precautions to Minimize Adverse Economic Impact of the Tonnage Convention ......
................
202
ANALYSIS A N D D E S I G N O F P R I N C I P A L H U L L S T R U C T U R E B u r
e a u of Shipping DesignLoads ....................... Stresses and Deflections
............. Application of Classification Rules ..... Other Design Criteria an
d Procedures . . Page 230 245 259 268
DAVIDB. BANNERMAN, C o n s u l t a n t JR., HSEINY. JAN, Assistant to Vice Presi
dent, American Page 1 ShipTypes ......................... 207 4 2 Framing System
s ................... 212 5 3 Development of Ship Types .......... 215 6 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter VII
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
Page Page Transverse Side Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Trmsverse Deck Bea
ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Bulkhead Stiffeners and Plating ...... 304 Pill
ars. Girders. and Hatch Coamings . 312 Machinery Casings . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 318 Superstructures and Deckhouses . . . . . 319 Foundations . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Bow and Stern Structures . . . . . . .
. . . . 326Bossings and Struts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Bilge Keels
and Fenders .............. 335
STANLEY . STIANSEN. G Vice President. American Bureau of Shipping
1 The Function of Ship Structural Cornponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 2 Design Philosophy and Procedures . . . 3 Relation of Structu
re to Molded Lines . 4 Structural Alignment and Continuity . 5 Sections Used for
Frames. Beams and Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Transverse Frame Spacing . . . . . . . . . . 7 Longitudinal Framing . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 8 Double-Bottom Construction . . . . . . . . 9 Single-Bottom Con
struction . . . . . . . . . 10 Shell Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 11 Deck Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
275 276 278 230 288 289 290 291 295 296 297 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Chapter VIII
HULL MATERIALS AND WELDING
Page 339 339 345 349 353 Page 355 358 367 367 371
IRVING . STERN.Assistant Chief Surveyor. American Bureau of Shipping L
1 Prefacing Remarks .................. 2 Material Properties and Tests . . . . .
. . . 3 Structural Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Special Ste
els ...................... 5 Nonferrous Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
6 7 8 9 10 Non-Metallic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joining Metallic Mat
erials ........... Qualification Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondest
ructive Evaluation .......... Miscellaneous Processes ............
Chapter IX
HULL OUTFIT AND FITTINGS
DANIELT . MALLETT.Naval Architect & Assistant Head-Hull Department. George G. Sh
arp. Inc.* NORMAN . THOMPSON. Naval Architect. George G. Sharp. Inc.** J Chief N
ORMAN . LEMLEY.Chief. Survival Systems Branch. U. S . Coast Guard W
1 2 3 4
Page Closures for Hull Openings ........... 373 Deck Fittings ..................
..... 383 Hold sparring. Ceiling. and Gratings . . . 389 Deck Coverings ........
............. 391 Page Insulation ....................... 6 Stewards Outfit . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Lifesaving Systems . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 8 Pilot Boarding ......................
5 Joiner Bulkheads. Linings. Ceiling. and
395 407 409 417
Chapter X
CARGO HANDLING-DRY CARGO
Page 5 Roll-on/Roll-off Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 6 Heavy Lift Shi
ps .................... 460 7 Bulk Cargo Handling .................. 463
JOHN . BOYLSTON. W Marine Manager. El Paso Marine Company
1 Introduction
2 3 4
....................... The General Cargo Ship .............. Containerships ...
..................
Page 419 422 443 Barge Carrying Vessels .............. 451
Chapter XI
DESIGN FOR TRANSPORT OF LIQUID AND HAZARDOUS CARGOS
ROBERT I . PRICE. Commander. Atlantic Area and Third Coast Guard District. U . S
. Coast Guard
Page 1 Introduction ....................... 475 2 Cargo-Variety and Characterist
ics ..... 476 Page 3 Transport of Liquid Cargos ........... 492 4 Design Require
ments ................ 499
xii
TABLk OF CONTENTS
',:
-2
21
) ,
/
Chapter XI1
SHJP MANEUVERING, NAVIGATION AND MOTION CONTR3L
<
WILLIAM HUNLEY, H. Deputy Director Hull Group, Naval Sea Systems Command NORMAN
LEMLEY,Chief, Survival Systems Branch, U. S. Coast Guard W.
Page
1 Maneuvering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
2 Navigation and Control Systems ...... 3 Ship Motion Control ................
Page 554 560
Chapter XI11
CONTROL OF T H E SHIP'S INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT
Pege Page 574 575
VICTORR. SCHELLENBERG, Engineering Section Manager, Newport News Shipbuilding
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 2 Ventilation S
ystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
3 Air Conditioning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
4 Acoustical Habitability .............. 5 Vibrational Habitability ............
.
Chapter XIV
HULL PRESERVATION
RAYMOND DEVOLUY, P. Consultant DAVID BLOODGOOD, T. Coatings and Materials Engine
er, Bethlehem Steel Corporation
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 577
2 Objectives of a Hull Preservation and Maintenance Program . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 577
3 4 5 6
Corrosion .......................... Fouling ... ,. ....................... Pres
ervation Design ................. Selection of Preservation and Maintenance Syst
ems ............. 7 Planned Maintenance Programs .......
Page 578 580 580 583 586
Chapter XV SHIPBUILDING COSTING AND CONTRACT ARRANGEMENTS NICHOLAS BACHKO, Vice
President, United States Lines LUDWIG HOFFMANN, Consultant
Page 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 2 Genesis
and Framework of a Typical Ship Construction Program . . . . . . . . . 590 3 Gen
eral Aspects of Contracts ......... 594 Page
4
U.S. Government and Shipbuilding Contracts ........................ 5 Additional
Elements of the Contracting Process .......................... 6 U.S. Regulator
y Bodies and Construction 7 Financing ..........................
599 602 605 607
Chapter XVI
S H I P CONSTRUCTION
HAROLD ACKER,Engineer, Bethlehem Steel Corporation G. FRANCIS BARTLETT,Lecturer,
University of New South Wales G.
1 Introduction ....................... 2 Modern Shipyard Facilities . . . . . .
. . . . .
3 4 5 6 7
Page 609 609 Planning and Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 Lofting .....
....................... 617 Steel Ordering and Storage ........... 620 Steel Cut
ting and Forming ........... 621 Fabr&<on and Erection ............. 623 -
8 Dimensional Control ............... 9 Surface Preparation and Painting .... 10
Hull Steel Welding ................. 11 Aluminum Hull Construction ........ 12
Preoutfitting ...................... 13 General Outfitting ................. 14
Machinery Installations .............
Page 629 633 634 644 644 647 648
xiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter XVII CLYDEM. LEAVITT,Consultant
LAUNCHING
Page 657 660 662 663 667 669 Page 670 673 676 685
690
1 Launching Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Groundways . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Ground Way and Sliding Way Interface and Launch
ing Lubricants . . . . . . . . . 4 End Launch Cradle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 5 Side Launch Cradle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Platform Launch
Blocking and Cradle .
Releasing and Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Checking . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . End Launch Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . Side
Launch Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . Platform Launch Calculations . . . .
. . . Launching Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Instrumentation and
Equipment . . . . . Launch Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Launch Pre
parations, Crew and Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pos
t Launch Calculations . . . . . . . . . . .
691 692 693 694 695
Chapter XVIII
TRIALS AND PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY
Page 699 702 703 704 Page 5 Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 711 6 Guarantee Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Consultant ROBERTL. JACK,
1 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Stability Te
st . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Drydocking . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 SeaTrials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
GLOSSARY AND INDEX 717
* Now Retired
** Deceased
Note: The office affiliations given are those a t the time of writing the chapte
rs
xiv
CHAPTER I
Ronald K. Kiss
,
Mission Analysis and Basic Design
Section 1 Introduction
1.1 Definition. T h e term basic design refers to deterinination of major ship c
haracteristics affecting cost and performance. Thus, basic design includes the s
election of ship dimensions, hull form, power (amount and type), preliminary arr
angement of hull and machinery, and major structure. Proper selections assure th
e attainment of the mission requirements such as good seakeeping performance, ma
neuverability, the desired speed, endurance, cargo capacity, and deadweight. Fur
thermore, it includes checks and modifications for achievement of required cargo
handling capability, quarters, hotel services, subdivision and stability standa
rds, freeboard and tonnage measurement; all while considering the ship as part o
f a profitable t r a l ~ s portation, industrial, or service system. Section 2 d
escribes the procedures for establishing the mission requirements before the bas
ic design is undertaken. These requirements, such as the nature of the cargos an
dlor passengers t o be carried, have a powerful influence on the design. Basic d
esign encompasses both concept design and preliminary design. I t results in the
determination of major ship characteristics, permitting the preparation of init
ial cost estimates. In the overall design process, basic design is followed by c
ontract design and detail design. Contract design, as its name implies, develops
plans and specifications suitable for shipyard bidding and contract award. Well
prepared contract plans and specifications will be clear and in sufficient deta
il t o avoid costly contingency items and protect bidders from obscure or inadeq
uate description of requirements. Detail design is the shipyard's responsibility
for further developing the contract plans as required t o prepare shop drawings
used for the actual construction of the vessel. .4n understanding of the entire
design sequence is essential.to anyone seeking t o develop a basic design. T h
e four steps involved are illustrated in the Design Spiral, Evans (1959)' as a n
iterative process working from mission requirements to a detail design, Fig. 1.
These steps are amplified further below: a. Concept Design. T h e very first ef
fort, concept design,
translates the mission requirements into naval architect.ur;\~ and engineering c
haracteristics, Essentially, it embotlic.> technical feasibility studies to dete
rmine such fundament.i~I elements of the proposed ship as length, beam, depth, d
ritl'r , fullness, power, or alternative sets of characteristics, all which meet
the required speed, range, cargo cubic, a~lci deadweight. It includes prelimina
ry light-ship weight os timates usually derived from curves, formulas, or experi
enc:c.. Alternative designs are generally analyzed in parametric studies during
this phase t o determine the most economicitI design solution or whatever other
controlling parameters ;rrcs considered determinant. T h e selected concept desi
gn thc.11 is used as a talking paper for obtaining approximate col,. struction c
osts, which often determine whether or not I.,) initiate the next level of devel
opment, the preliminary tlcsign. b. Preliminary Design. A ship's preliminary des
igl1 further refines t h e major ship characteristics affecting cosl. and perfor
mance. Certain controlling factors such ;IS length, beam, horsepower, and deadwe
ight would not 11,: expected t o change upon completion of this phase. 1t.s comp
letion provides a precise definition of a vessel that will meet the mission requ
irements; this provides the basis I'or develop~nent contract plans and specifica
ti0.n~. of c . Contract Design. T h e contract design stage yields it set of pla
ns and specifications which form an integral part. of the shipbuilding contract
document. I t encompasses orit! or more loops around the design spiral, thereby
further refining the preliminary design. This stage delineates more precisely su
ch features as hull form based on a faired set of' lines, powering based on mode
l testing, seakeeping and maneuvering characteristics, t h e effect of number of
propellers on hull form, structural details, use of different types of steel, s
pacing and type of frames. Paramount, among the contract design features, is a w
eight and center of gravity estimate taking into account the location and weight
of each
(,I'
,
,
i
' Complete references are listed at end of chapter.
I
SHIP DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
MISSION REQUIREMENTS
PHASE
LARGE MERCHANT SHlF TYPICAL EFFORT
C O N C E P T DESIGtd
M-MAU-DAYS
II I]
P R E L I M I N A R Y DESIGN
3%-MAY-DAYS
CONTRACT DESIGN
5.000-MAX-DAYS
( H U L L & MACHY)
1
STRUCTURE
Fig. 1
Basic design spiral
'I
major item in the ship. T h e final general arrangement is is, the engineer's pr
oduct a t this point is no longer to be inalso developed during this stage. This
fixes the overall terpreted, adjusted, or corrected by any other engineer. volu
mes and areas of cargo, machinery, stores, fuel oil, fresh This engineering prod
uct must unequivocally define the water, living and utility spaces and their int
errelationship, desired end result and be producible and operable. In summary, t
his chapter considers basic design as that as well as their relationship to othe
r features such as cargo portion of the overall ship design process which commen
ces handling equipment, and machinery components. T h e accompanying specificati
ons delineate quality with concept design and carries preliminary design to the
standards of hull and outfit and the anticipated performance point where there i
s reasonable assurance that the major for each item of machinery and equipment.
They describe features have been determined with sufficient dependability the te
sts and trials that shall be verformed successfullv in to allow the orderly deve
lopment of contract plans and specifications. This development will form a basis
to obtain order that the vessel will be considered acceptable. Table 1A shows a
typical list of plans developed in the shipyard prices within a predetermined p
rice range that will contract design of a major ship. Smaller, less complex resu
lt in an efficient ship with the requisite performance vessels may not require e
very plan listed for adequate def- characteristics. inition, but the list does p
rovide a n indication of the level 1.2 General Aspects. T h e late 1960's and 19
70's saw a of detail considered in contract design. Table 1B is a list nurnber o
f major new developments which in one way or of the typical sections covered in
a commercial ship speci- another had an impact on the general basic design probl
em. fication. Among the most significant was the computer. While the d . Detail
Design. The final stage of ship design is the computer affects how basic design
is performed, other development of detailed working plans. These plans are the c
hanges have impacted on what constitutes the basic design installation and const
ruction instructions to the ship fitters, problem. For example, one revolutionar
y development was welders, outfitters, metal workers, machinery vendors, the cha
nge from breakbulk to containerized cargos in the pipefitters, etc. As such, the
y are not considered to be a part liner trades. Other developments in other ship
types of the basic design process. One unique element to consider created simil
ar new considerations. For tankers, size in this stage of design is that up to t
his point, each phase of mushroomed; the increasing demand for petroleum and the
design is passed from one engineering group to another. other raw materials by
the industrialized nations of the At this stage the interchange is from engineer
to artisan, that world has necessitated ever larger tankers and bulk carriers
MISSION ANALYSIS AND BASIC DESIGN
3
to meet t h e enormous d e m a n d a t acceptable ccsts. hlan is looking increas
ingly t o t h e sea for all major resources; offshore drilling for oil a n d gas
has burgeoned from a small industry located mainly i n t h e shallow areas of t
h e Gulf of Mexico t o a worldwide colossus moving into deeper water a n d more
severe sea conditions (Durfee et. al, 1976). These developments have caused a r
evolution in t h e design of offshore drilling rigs/ships/units a n d t h e e n
t i r e s u p p o r t fleet necessary for such a challenging undertaking. T h i
s includes crew boats, offshore supply boats, high powered towing vessels, pipe
laying bargeslships, a n d countless other specialized craft. F u t u r e develo
pments cannot b e foretold, b u t it, seems certain t h a t other minerals will
be sought from the sea necessitating entire new fleets of vessels designed for t
asks not yet known. T h u s , the difficulty of basic s h i p design will vary w
ith t h e degree of departure from p a s t practice. S o m e s h i p operating c
ompanies are closely tied t o successful previous d e signs, a n d they will per
mit little variation f r o m these baselines in t h e development of replacement
vessel designs. If t h e prospective mission a p p e a r s t o parallel existin
g operations, this may b e a sound approach. Consequently, in such ituations, ba
sic design m a y b e limited t o examination of minor modifications t o dimensio
ns, powering, a n d a r rangements. At t h e other extreme, totally new seagoing
missions, such a s t h e ocean transportation of liquified n a t u r a l gas (L
NG), when first introduced, caused t h e designer t o begin with a blank piece o
f paper a n d proceed t h r o u g h rational design engineering with crude assum
ptions subject t o frequent a n d painstaking revision a n d development. 1.3 Sh
ip Types. F o r convenience, T a b l e 2 separates watercraft into t h r e e cat
egories:
Table IA-Typical
Plans Developed During Contract Design Stage
Outboard Profile, General Arrangement Inboard Profile, General Arrangement Gener
al Arrangement of All Decks and Holds .",rrangement of Crew Quarters Arrangement
of Commissary Spaces Lines Midship Section Steel Scantling Plan Arrangement o f
Machinery-Plan Views Arrangement of Machinery-Elevations Arrangement of Machine
ry-Sections Arrangement of Main Shafting Power and Lighting System-One Line Diag
ram Fire Control Diagram by Decks and Profile Ventilation and Air Conditioning D
iagram Diagrammatic Arrangements of all Piping Systems Heat Balance and Steam Fl
ow Diagram-Normal Poa-er at Normal Operating Conditions Electric Load Analysis C
apacity Plan Curves of Form Floodable Lentrth Curves m Preliminary ~ h and Stabi
lity Booklet Preliminary Damage Stability Calculations
1. Commercial Vessels. T o t r a n s p o r t c a r g o o r passengers. 2. Indust
rial Vessels. T o perform specialized marine functions; s u c h a s fishing o r
p i p e laying, o f t e n using s p e cialized personnel. 3. Service Vessels. T
o provide s u p p o r t capability t o commercial ships and/or industrial vessel
s. T a b l e 2 is n o t i n t e n d e d t o b e all-inclusive. Moreover, there c
an be a wide variation of a design within a given t y p e
Table 1B-Typical Sections in a Commercial Ship Specification General Joiner Work
and Interior Structural Hull Decoration Stabilization Systems Houses and Interi
or Bulkheads Sideports, Doors, Hatches, Container Stowage and Handling Manholes
Main and Auxiliary Machinery Main Turbines Hull Fittings Deck Coverings Reductio
n Gears-Main Propulsion Main Shafting, Bearings, and Propeller Insulation, Linin
g, and Battens Kingposts, Booms, Masts, Davits Vacuum Equipment Rigging and Line
s Distilling Plant Ground Tackle Fuel Oil System Piping-Hull Systems Lubricating
Oil System Air Conditioning, Heating, and Sea Water System Ventilation Fresh Wa
ter System Fire Detection and Extinguishing Feed and Condensate Systems Painting
and Cementing Steam Generating Plant Navigating Equipment Forced Draft System L
ife Saving Equipment Steam and Exhaust Systems Commissary Spaces Machinery Space
Ventilation Utility Spaces and Workshops Air Conditioning Refrigeration Equipme
nt Ship's Service Refrigeration Furniture and Furnishings Cargo Refrigeration-Di
rect Expansion Plumbing Fixtures and System Accessories Liquid Cargo System Hard
ware Cargo Hold Dehumidification System Protection Covers Miscellaneous Equipmen
t and Pollution Abatement Systems and Equipment Storage Tank Level Indicators Na
me Plates,Notices, and Compressed Air Systems Markings Pumps General Requirement
s for Machinery Pressure Piping Systems Insulation-Lagging for Piping and hlachi
nery Emergency Generator Engine Auxiliary Turbines Tanks-Miscellaneous Ladders,
Gratings, Floor Plates, Platforms, and Walkways in Machinery Spaces Engineers' a
nd Electricians' Workshop, Stores and Repair Equipment Hull Machinery Instrument
s and Miscellaneous Gage Boards-Mechanical Spares-Engineering Electrical Systems
, General Generators Switchboards Electrical Distribution Auxiliary Motors and C
ontrols Lighting Radio Equipment Navigation Equipment Interior Communications St
orage Batteries Test Equipment, Electrical Centralized Engine Room and Bridge Co
ntrol Planning and Scheduling, Plans, Instruction Books, etc. Tests and Trials D
eck, Engine, and Stewards' Equipment and Tools, Portable
SHIP DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
Table 2- -Represent~liveVessel Types
COMMERCIAL VESSELS General Cargo Ships Containerships Tankers Liquefied Gas Carr
iers Bulk Carriers Ore/Bulk/Oil (OBO) Czrriers Integrated Tug/ Barges Roll-on/Ro
ll-off Ships Ferries Barge Carriers Hea~y-Lift Ships Chemical Tankers Lumber Car
riers Towboats with barges Passenger Ships
INDUSTRIAL VESSELS Suction Dred~es Pipe-laying Vessels Drilling Vessels Semi-Sub
mersibles Incinerator Vessels Hopper Dredges Fish Processing Vessels Fish Catchi
ng Vessels Fisheries Research Vessels Oceanographic Research Vessels Hydrographi
c Survey Vessels Ocean Mining Vessels Seismic Exploration Vessels
SERVICE VESSELS Tugboats without barges Offshore Supply Boats Crewboats Crane Su
pport Ships Diving Support Ships Fire Boats Pilot Boats Towboat without tow
the cargo ship ,neb range of vzssel. Fpr e ~ c r ~ ~ l p i e ,ge11evr-11 from: a
.;mall coaster tramping in the Mediterranean t o a larger liner in the Transpac
ific trade; a ship with several 'tween decks to a design with deep holds and lim
ited 'tween deck area; a multipurpose ship with capacity for liquid bulk cargo a
nd refrigerated cargo t o a n austere dry cargo ship. Some representative vessel
s from the list on Tahle 2 are shown in Figs. 2 through 13 which illustrate a wi
de diversity in the size, shape, and overall configuration of these vessels. One
may well ask, "Why? W h a t causes this?" T h e answer can be provided in one w
ord-MISSION. For commercial ships their mission is to function as a system t o c
arry cargo or passengers. T h e characteristics of t h e payload exert a powerfu
l influence on the overall design. Designs for carrying passengers differ signif
icantly from designs for carrying crude oil. People and their effects impose rel
atively light payload, and swift voyages are desired to permit adequate time in
port. On t h e other hand, the requirement t o ship crude oil in vast tonnages p
laces a premium on ship deadweight capacity. For example these contrasting requi
rements yield passenger ships, Fig. 9, with high freeboard, multiple decks, long
superstructures, extensive hotel facilities, fine hull forms
MISSION ANALYSIS AND BASIC DESIGN
5
Fig. 3
SS ROBERT E. LEE-LASH
barge carrying ship built in 1974 by Avondale Shipyards, Inc. for Waterman Steam
ship Corporation; Molded dimensions 272.3 m (893.3 n) by 30.48 m (100 n) by 18.3
m (60 n )
Flg 4
SS LNG AQUARIUS-f~rst L~quef~ed Natural Gas (LNG) tanker constructed In the Un~t
ed States at General Dynamics. Qu~ncy Shipbuilding Division in 1977 for Energy T
ransportat~on Cwporation. Molded d~mensions 285 3 m (936 n ) by 43 7 m (143 5 ft
) by 25 m (82 ft)
-
-- -
--