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For a discussion of conic sections, see In precalculus or calculus you may have studied conic sections with equations of the form
Appendix B.
Ax 2 Cy 2 Dx Ey F 0
1 Ax 2 Bxy Cy 2 Dx Ey F 0
X r cos Y r sin
x r cos y r sin
y P(x,y) y
Y Y
P(X,Y) P
X Y X
r y
0 x 0 x X x
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
EXAMPLE 1 If the axes are rotated through 60, find the XY -coordinates of the point
whose xy-coordinates are 2, 6.
SOLUTION Using Equations 3 with x 2, y 6, and 60, we have
X 2 cos 60 6 sin 60 1 3s3
1
2 ROTATION OF AXES
Now lets try to determine an angle such that the term Bxy in Equation 1 disappears
when the axes are rotated through the angle . If we substitute from Equations 2 in
Equation 1, we get
AX cos Y sin 2 BX cos Y sin sin Y cos
4 A
X 2 B
XY C
Y 2 D
X E
Y F 0
B
2C A sin cos Bcos2 sin2
C A sin 2 B cos 2
A C sin 2 cos 2
or
AC
5 cot 2
B
This will be true if 2 2, that is, 4. Then cos sin 1s2 and Equa-
X@ Y @ tions 2 become
xy=1 or - =1
2 2
y X Y X Y
X x y
Y s2 s2 s2 s2
4
x X Y X Y X2 Y2
0 1 or 1
s2 s2 s2 s2 2 2
AC 73 52 7
cot 2
B 72 24
cos 2 257
25
24
The values of cos and sin can then be computed from the half-angle formulas:
2
7
cos 1 cos 2
2
1 257
2
4
5
FIGURE 4
sin 1 cos 2
2
1 257
2
3
5
x 45 X 35 Y y 35 X 45 Y
30( 45 X 35 Y) 40( 35 X 45 Y) 75 0
which simplifies to 4X 2 Y 2 2Y 3
y X
Y
(0,1) 37
0 x
73+72xy+52+30x-40y-75=0
or
FIGURE 5 4X @+(Y-1)@=4
4 ROTATION OF AXES
Exercises
Answers
9. X 2 Y 29 1, ellipse
S Click here for solutions.
y
X
1. ((s3 4)2, (4s3 1)2)
Y
3. (2s3 1, s3 2) 4
sin! 5
5. X s2 Y , parabola
2
0 x
Y X
0 x Y
7. 3X 2 Y 2 2, ellipse 0 x
Y X
AC
5. cot 2 = = 0 2 =
2
=
4
[by Equations 2]
B
X Y X +Y
x= and y = . Substituting these into the curve equation
2 2
X
gives 0 = (x y)2 (x + y) = 2Y 2 2X or Y 2 = .
2
[Parabola, vertex (0, 0), directrix X = 1/ 4 2 , focus 1/ 4 2 , 0 ].
AC
7. cot 2 = = 0 2 =
2 =
4 [by
B
X Y X +Y
Equations 2] x = and y = . Substituting these into the
2 2
curve equation gives
X 2 2XY + Y 2 X2 Y 2 X 2 + 2XY + Y 2
1= + +
2 2 2
X2 Y2
3X 2 + Y 2 = 2 + = 1. [An ellipse, center (0, 0), foci on
2/3 2
Y -axis with a = 2, b = 6/3, c = 2 3/3.]
97 153 7
9. cot 2 = = tan 2 = 24
7
2 < 2 <
192 24
7
and cos 2 = 25
4
<< 2
, cos = 35 , sin = 4
5
3X 4Y
x = X cos Y sin = and
5
4X + 3Y
y = X sin + Y cos = . Substituting, we get
5
97
25
(3X 4Y )2 + 192
25
(3X 4Y )(4X + 3Y ) + 153
25
(4X + 3Y )2 = 225,
Y2
which simplifies to X 2 + = 1 (an ellipse with foci on Y-axis, centered
9
at origin, a = 3, b = 1).
AC 1 3X Y
11. cot 2 = = = x= ,
B 3 6 2
X + 3Y
y= . Substituting into the curve equation and simplifying gives
2
4X 2 12Y 2 8X = 0 (X 1)2 3Y 2 = 1 [a hyperbola with foci
on X-axis, centered at (1, 0), a = 1, b = 1/ 3, c = 2/ 3 ].
ROTATION OF AXES 7
AC 7 3X 4Y 4X + 3Y
13. (a) cot 2 = = so, as in Exercise 9, x = and y = .
B 24 5 5
2 2
Substituting and simplifying we get 100X 25Y + 25 = 0 4X = Y 1, which is a parabola.
1
(b) The vertex is (0, 1) and p = 16 , so the XY -coordinates of the focus are 0, 17
16
, and the xy-coordinates are
03
17 4 17 04
17 3 51
x = 5 16 5 = 20 and y = 5 + 16 5 = 80 .
15 4 3 15
(c) The directrix is Y = 16 , so x 5 +y 5 = 16 64x 48y + 75 = 0.
17. Choose so that B 0 = 0. Then B 2 4AC = (B 0 )2 4A0 C 0 = 4A0 C 0 . But A0 C 0 will be 0 for a parabola, negative for a
hyperbola (where the X 2 and Y 2 coefficients are of opposite sign), and positive for an ellipse (same sign for X 2 and Y 2
coefficients). So :
B 2 4AC = 0 for a parabola, B 2 4AC > 0 for a hyperbola, B 2 4AC < 0 for an ellipse.
Note that the transformed equation takes the form A0 X 2 + C 0 Y 2 + D0 X + E 0 Y + F = 0, or by completing the square
(assuming A0 C 0 6= 0), A0 (X 0 )2 + C 0 (Y 0 )2 = F 0 , so that if F 0 = 0, the graph is either a pair of intersecting lines or a point,
depending on the signs of A0 and C 0 . If F 0 6= 0 and A0 C 0 > 0, then the graph is either an ellipse, a point, or nothing, and if
A0 C 0 < 0, the graph is a hyperbola. If A0 or C 0 is 0, we cannot complete the square, so we get A0 (X 0 )2 + E 0 Y + F = 0 or
C 0 (Y 0 )2 + D0 X + F 0 = 0. This is a parabola, a straight line (if only the second-degree coefficient is nonzero), a pair of
parallel lines (if the first-degree coefficient is zero and the other two have opposite signs), or an empty graph (if the first-degree
coefficient is zero and the other two have the same sign).