SIX WEEK INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT ON WESTERN BASE Workshop COMPLETED AT GREF PATHANKOT By Anubhav Maheshwari (2012/13) 1303400 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BEANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,GURDASPURABSTRACT Training at “WESTREN BASE WORKSHOP (GREF) Pathankot” is a technical program and hence should be able to get principle knowledge in term of better quality work and engineering for future. BEANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GURDASPUR is a one of the reputed institute providing technical courses to their students As concerned with my degree program , it is practical knowledge about the mechanical engineering though this institute. During my industrial i learn many things that would pay in my near future. | would like to pay thanks to the ATPO of our college for their cooperation during my training.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We hereby take this opportunity to thankful who helped in successful our 6 week training work. This training gave us opportunity to learn a lot of new things and to meet great people who teach us so well. First we would like to express our deep gratitude & indebtedness Dr. NRIPJIT SINGH as ATPO of our department whose supervision and hard work contribute to successful completion of our industrial training. They consistently helped us and guided us in achieving the prime objective of our training. We also thank to the teacher of mechanical department of our college who consistently helped us in our study. Last but not a least, we would like to thank all who always gave their cooperation in help us to give useful knowledge about our training which will be helpful thought our future.Content S.No. Title Title Page Certificate Abstract Acknowledgment List of Figure 1. Introduction 1.1 About the GREF 1.2 Functioning of Western Base Workshop (i) Engine Wing (ii) Vehicle Wing (iii) Heavy Equipment Repairing Wing 2. Engine Wing 2.1 Various Types of Engine Page No. (uy (vy) wi) 1-4 1-2 2-3 3-4 cD) 2-4 5-14 5-7(i) Diesel Engine (ii) Petrol Engine 2.2 Parts of Engine 3. Vehicle Wing 3.1 Steering system 15-17 3.2 Suspension system 3.3 Braking system 3.4 Cooling system 3.5 Transmission system 4. Heavy Equipment Repairing Wing 4.1 Bulldozer 4.2 JCB 5. Conclusion References 5-6 6-7 8-14 15-22 17-18 18 18-22 22 23-26 23-25 25-26 27 28Fig. FIG . FIG . FIG . FIG FIG . FIG . No. List of Figure Page No. ENGINE WING VEHICLE WING HEAVY EQIPMENT REPAIRING WING PART OF DESIEL ENGINE PETROL ENGINE PART OF PETROL ENGINEFIG. FIG . FIG FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. INTAKE VALVE CYLINDER HEAD OIL SUMP SPARK PLUG EXHASUT VALVE 10 PISTON PISTON RING CONNECTING ROD CRANK SHAFT 13 CAM SHAFT 13 CYLINDER BLOCK RACK AND PINON STEERING SYSTEM WORM AND WORM WHEEL TYPE RECIRCULATING BALLFIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG FIG FIG. 17 21 18 22 18 23 19 24 20 25 22 26 23 27 24 28 25 29 26 LEAF SPRING SHOCK ABSORBER BREAK SYSTEM COOLING SYSTEM TRANSMISSION SYSTEM BULLDODZER BULLDOZER BLADE BULLDOZER RIPPER JCBIntroduction 1.1 About the GREF: Border Roads Organization was formed in 1960. Due to large-scale exploitation of mechanical equipment held in the organization, two Base Workshops, one at Pathankot with a capacity of 3.92 lakh man hours and the other at Tezpur with a capacity of 5.13 lakh man hours were established during 1961 to provide base repair facilities. The Base Workshops were organized broadly on the lines of Army Base Workshops. These were named as Western Base Workshop and Eastern Base Workshop, based on their geographi-cal locations. Initially, Western Base Workshop functioned under tentage in two temporary locations near Sujanpur and Air Force Station Pathankot. Later it moved to its present location in May 1963. The establishment of the Workshop was revised during Apr 1969 raising the production capacity to 5 lakh man-hours per year. At present, the capacity is 2.79 Lakh man-hours. The Workshop was placed under the administrative control of | CE (P) Beacon and technical control ofDirector (EME), HQ DGBR An inspection cell under a Major, from Corps of EME, consisting of a few EME personnel, was established during 1971. This was similar to Det, HQ Technical Group EME in Army Base Workshops. The Inspection cell functioned under the technical control of Director (EME), HQ DGBR.A Training Cell headed by an EE (E&M) and two other staff was established on 19 Aug 1993. This Cell undertakes all the training imparted at WBW Pathankot, viz Young Officers training, CHE/ Mechanic, VEH/Mechanic Course etc Based on the recommendations of the commit-tee the Store Section of the Base Workshop was re-organized as Western Stores Divi-sion to function independently with effect from July 1°, 1973. The Workshop came under the Administrative control of Project Sampark with effect from April 1°, 1986. The Role of Western Base Workshop is to: (a) Overhaul Vehicle/Equipment /Plants /Engine of all the projects of Western Sector. (b) Provide Field repair cover to all local units and transit vehicles. (c) Carry out deposit repairs of major and minor assignments as approved by HQ DGBR (d) Carry out fabrication/modification as ordered by HQ DGBR from time to time. (e) Receive, account, hold, maintain and issue repairable/overhauled Vehicles, Equipment and Engines. (f) Account and dispose of class DEE arising and non-progressiblesas per the existing procedure. (g) To carry out defect investigations on prematurely failed Vehicle/Equipment /Plant /Engine. 11] 1.2 Functioning of Western Base Workshop: () Engine Wing: In engine wing, they repair all kind of engine such as Beml engine, Cummins Engine, Diesel Engine and other type of engines. In this wing various type of machinery is used for repairing of engine parts such as crank shaft, cam shaft, replacing of worn piston, piston pins, piston rings and also its all parts. In engine wing their worker can assemble and disassemble of all types of engine with full of satisfaction. After assemble of engine they can testing the engine with the help of loading and unloading condition.wW ay Fig. 1 Vehicle Wing: Responsible for Overhaul of all kinds of Vehicles to include Tippers, Dumpers, and Water Bowsers etc. In vehicle wing there are various operation are operated such as change the wornout bodies of tipper truck and also many other function such as repairing of suspension system, air cylinder brakes, chassis welding an fully assembly of tipper truck etc. Fig. 2 Heavy Equipment Repairing Wing: Responsible for overhaul of Earthmoving equipment which includes Dozers, Excavation, Wheel Loaders, Tractors, Snow Cutters, Pavers, Stone Cutters, Road Rollers etc. In this wing there are various types of earth moving machine are repairs. HER Wing are having various machine for loading the heavy parts and various types ofmachinery such as lathe machine, air pressure is used for tighten or losing the bolt of heavy machinery in sequence order Fig. 3 2. Engine Wing: 2.1 Various Types of Engines: (l) Diesel Engine (Il) Petrol Engine () Diesel Engine: The diesel engine is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber is initiated by the high temperature which a gas achieves when greatly compressed or adiabatic compression. It is also known as a compression-ignition or 'ClI' engine. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as apetrol engine or gasoline engine or gas engine using a gaseous fuel as opposed to petrol, which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture.The diesel engine has _ the highest thermal efficiencyor engine efficiency of any practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very highcompression ratio and inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A small efficiency loss is also avoided compared to _ two-stroke non-direct-injection gasoline engines since unburnt fuel is not present at valve overlap and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust. Low-speed diesel engines which used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%. Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have been used insubmarinesand ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electricity generation plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used ina few automobile. [21 fut jection pure starter motor ‘connecting roa ol rtake screen assary © 2007 Enyce Gritunrica, we Fig. 4qw Petrol Engine: A petrol engine is aninternal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol or gasoline and similar to the volatile fuels. It is also Known as agasoline engine in American English) It was invented in 1876 in Germany by German inventor Nicolaus August Otto. The first petrol combustion engine was prototyped in 1882 in Italy by Enrico Bernardi which was one cylinder and 121.6 cm’ displacement. In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually pre-mixed before compression and although some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection. The pre-mixing was formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically controlled fuel injection, except in small engines where the cost/complication of electronics does not justify the added engine efficiency. The process differs from a diesel engine in the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to initiate the combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed and therefore heated, and the fuel is injected into very hot air at the end of the compression stroke, and self-ignites. [3]oll fiter sparking plug cylinder head timing chain ‘camshaft Timing Mark (Timing Bett Cover) Water g Pulley Camshaft ‘Sprocket Sprocket (Front) (Rean = ENSION IDE Timing Belt Tensioner Timing Mark (Oil Pump)2.2 Parts of Engine: « Intake Valves: A valve in the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine that opens at the proper moment in the cycle to allow the fuel-air mixture to be drawn into the cylinder. | F actuator _-- Valve up 5 Z____valve spring Keeper retention TET Fspring |-$—— Valve stem Apoay Transition _- "Bagion Fs. vaweseat || Seat Sa Vawenead “ —— Pett tt tt Valve face Pcombustion Fig. 7 « Valve Cover: The valve cover is a metal cover that is found on very top of the engine. The valve cover is attached to the engine by gasket made of rubber and cork. Projects the valves and valves springs. Keep dirt out and lubricating oil in. ¢ Intake Port: In automobile engineering, an intake port is the part of an engine that supplies the fuel-air mixture to cylinder. « Cylinder Head: In an IC Engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinder on top of the cylinder block, forming the combustion chamber.Fig. 8 * Coolant: Circulating water or any antifreeze fluid to keep the temperature regulate. ¢ Engine Block: The engine block is the linchpin of vehicles that run on internal combustion that run on internal combustion, providing the powerhouse for the vehicle. © Oil Pan: A Sump or Oil pan is a low space that collects any often undesirable liquids such as water or chemicals. A sump can also be an infiltration basin used to manage surface runoff water and recharge underground aquifers. on sarete St STRAINER Sic PAN SRaiIn Pou df bone Fig.9« Spark plug: A spark plug is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of a spark ignition engine to ignite the compressed air-fuel mixture by an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine. Fig. 10 spark plug « Exhaust Valve: In exhaust applications a pressure differential helps to seal thevalveand in intake valvesa_ pressure differential helps open it. Poppet valves date from at least the 1770s, when James Watt used them on his steam engines.EXHAUST sTOCK ULTRIK 23.250 a, 24.75 Fig. 11 e Piston: Apistonis a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. Se a y Fig. 12 PistonPiston Ring: A piston ring is a split ring that fits into a groove on the outer diameter of a piston in a reciprocating engine such as an internal combustion engine or steam engine. The three main functions of piston rings in reciprocating engines are : 1. Sealing the combustion chamber so that there is no transfer of gases from the combustion chamber to the crank. 2. Supporting heat transfer from the piston to the cylinder wall. 3. Regulating engine oil consumption. [41 ana eernpresion ive ow _ Ss on as eatha Fig. 13 « Connecting Rod: In a_ reciprocating piston engine, the connecting tod connects the piston to the crank or crankshaft. They connect with the crank together form a simple mechanism that converts reciprocating motion into rotating motion.Fig. 14 ¢ Crankshaft: A crankshaft related to crank is a mechanical part able to perform a conversion between reciprocating motion and rotational. In a reciprocating engine, it translates reciprocating motion of thepistoninto rotational motion whereas in reciprocating, it converts the rotational motion into reciprocating motion. In order to do the conversion between two motions, the crankshaft has "crank throws” or "crankpins", additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that of the crank, to which the "big ends" of the connecting rods from each cylinder attach. [5) Fig. 15 « Camshaft: A camshaft is a rotating cylindrical shaft used toregulate the injection of vaporized fuel in an internal combustion engine. These are occasionally confused with the crankshaft of the engine, where the reciprocating motion of the pistons is converted into rotational energy. Instead, camshafts are responsible for the accurately-timed fuel injections required by internal combustion engines. Camshafts have multiple cams on them, which are used to open valves through either direct contact or pushrods. A camshaft is directly coupled to the crankshaft, so that the valve openings are timed accordingly. {6 Cylinder Block: A cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinder(s) of a reciprocating engine and often some or all of their associated surrounding structures like coolant passages, intake and exhaust passages and ports, and crankcase. The term engine block is often used synonymously with "cylinder — block” (although technically distinctions can be made between engineblock cylinders as a discrete unit versus engine block designs with yet more integration that comprise the crankcase as well. In the basic terms of machine elements, the various main parts of an engine such as cylinders, cylinder heads, coolant passages, intake and exhaust passages, and crankcase are conceptually distinct, and these concepts can _ all be instantiated as discrete pieces that are bolted together. Such construction was very widespread in the early decades of the commercialization of internal combustion engines and it is still sometimes used in certain applications where it remains advantageous especially very large engines, but also some small engines. [7] 3. VEHICLE WING: 3.6 Steering system 3.7 Suspension system3.8 Braking system 3.9 Cooling system 3.10 Transmission system 3.1 STEERING SYSTEM: Steering is the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allow a vehicle to follow the desired course. Different types of steering systems are used in automobiles. « Rack and pinion type: Fig. 18 A Rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the pinion” engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational motion applied to the pinion causes the rack to move relative to the pinion, thereby translating the rotational motionof the pinion into linear motion. « Worm and worm wheel: A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm (which is a gear in the form of a screw) meshes with aworm gear (which is similar in appearance to a spur gear). The twoelementsare also called the worm screw and worm wheel. The terminology is often confused by imprecise use of the term worm gear to refer to the worm, the worm gear, or the worm drive as a unit. Like other gear arrangements, a worm drive can reduce rotational speed or transmit higher torque. The image shows a section of a gear box with a worm gear driven by a worm. A worm is an example of a screw, one of the six simple machines. ¢ Recirculating ball type: The recirculating ball steering mechanism contains a worm gear inside a block with a threadedhole in it; this block has gear teeth cut into the outside to engage the sector shaft (also called a sector gear) which moves the Pitman arm. The steering wheel connects to a shaft, which rotates the worm gear inside of the block. Instead of twisting further into the block, the worm gear is fixed so that when it spins, it moves the block, which transmits the motion through the gear to the pitman arm, causing the road wheels to turn. WORMSHAFT WORMSHAFT SALLS AND AQYUSTER PLUG LOCKNUT GUIDES (PRELOAD ADJUSTMENT) 3.2 SUSPENSION SYSTEM: Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two. Suspension systems serve a dual purpose — contributing to the vehicle's road holding/handling and braking for good active safety and driving pleasure, and keeping vehicle occupantscomfortable and a ride quality reasonably well isolated from road noise, bumps, vibrations, etc. [6] COMPONENTS OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM: e Leaf spring: Aleaf springis a simple form of spring commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. Originally called a laminated or carriage spring, and sometimes referred to as a semi-elliptical spring or cart spring, it is one of the oldest forms of springing, dating back to medieval times. Fig. 21 « Shock absorber: Pneumatic and hydraulic shock absorbers are used in conjunction with cushions and springs. An automobile shock absorber contains spring-loaded check valves and orifices to control the flow of oil through an internal piston.Fig. 22 One design consideration, when designing or choosing a shock absorber, is where that energy will go. In most shock absorbers, energy is converted to heat inside the viscous fluid. In hydraulic cylinders, the hydraulic fluid heats up, while in air cylinders, the hot air is usually exhausted to the atmosphere. In other types of shock absorbers, such as electromagnetic types, the dissipated energy can be stored and used later. In general terms, shock absorbers help cushion vehicles on uneven roads. 3.3 Breaking system: The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder. Other systems that are connected with the brake system include the parking brakes, power brake booster and the anti-lock system. [9]Typical Disk Brake Front Brakes Typical Automotive Braking System Fig. 23 Brake Hydraulics When you step on the brake pedal, you are actually pushing against a plunger in the master cylinder, which forces hydraulic oil (brake fluid) through a series of tubes and hoses to the braking unit at each wheel. Since hydraulic fluid or any fluid for that matter cannot be compressed, pushing fluid through a pipe is just like pushing a steel bar through a pipe. Unlike a steel bar, however, fluid can be directed through many twists and turns on its way to its destination, arriving with the exact same motion and pressure that it started with. It is very important that the fluid is pure liquid and that there are no air bubbles in it. Air can compress, which causes a sponginess to the pedal and severely reduced braking efficiency. 3.4 Cooling system: The purpose of the Engine Cooling System is to prevent the overheating of your vehicle's engine. With engine combustion reaching extremely high temperatures, the resulting heat needs to be dissipated. An efficient cooling system is essential toprevent the engine from burning!! Another function of the cooling system is to regulate the temperature inside the passenger compartment, insuring your comfort and that of your passengers. Fig. 24 On most recent vehicles, the engine cooling system is pressurized. You should not attempt to effectuate maintenance or repair work on the system. Servicing or repairing this system requires specific tools and adequate training. That is exactly what Autotech Performance can do for you. Main Components of the Engine Cooling System Cooling system: « Radiator * Cooling Fluid - Coolant ¢ Radiator Fan* Radiator Hoses « Water Pump « Heater Core « Temperature Knob Temperature Control Valve ¢ Thermostat The radiator: is the main component of the cooling system. The cooling fluid (or coolant) flows through the inner core of the radiator and transfers its heat to the metal cooling fins that surround the core. The airflow - provided by the radiator fan - that passes through the fins dissipates the heat from the coolant. Cooling fluid: is usually deep green in color but recent coolant formulas are the color of rusty water. Note that it is important to use a type of cooling fluid that is recommended for your vehicle's particular model. Moreover, you should not mix different types of coolants. The radiator hoses: link the upper and lower parts of the radiator to the engine so that the cooling fluid can flow to and from the engine. The water pump: circulates the coolant around the cooling system and into the engine block. The water pump is usually activated by either a belt located on the crank pulley or a timing belt that turns at about the same RPM as the engine. Heater Core, Temperature knob, Temperature control valve: Theheater core is a small radiator-type device located under the dashboard in the passenger compartment. The temperature knob on the instrument panel controls the temperature control valve located in the engine compartment. Turning the knob toward the warmer setting opens the temperature control valve, allowing coolant from the engine to circulate through the heater core and warm the interior of the car. Inversely, turning the temperature knob toward the cold setting does close the temperature control valve, allowing cool air from the air conditioning system if the car is equipped with this system to flow through the heater core and cool the interior of the vehicle. The thermostat: is located in the engine in line with the upper radiator hose. The purpose of the thermostat is to maintain the coolant and therefore the engine at a proper operating temperature. Note that the engine thermostat is not linked to the temperature knob which is controlled by the driver. When the engine is cold, the thermostat is closed, meaning that the coolant is circulated only through the engine and heater core, bypassing the radiator. This is to prioritize the warming of the engine and the use of the defroster and heater in the passenger compartment. Once the engine has reached its optimum operating temperature, the thermostat slowly opens allowing the coolant to flow through the radiator to prevent the temperature to rise higher. As the engine continues to operate, the thermostat constantly controls the flow of coolant to the radiator so that the engine continues to operate at optimum temperature. For instance, the thermostat will open when the engine temperature rises — when you are stuck in traffic - and close when the engine cools — such as when you are cruising on the highway. (10)3.5 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM: The transmission systems in vehicles are installed to send signals from one part to another such as from engines to wheels to ensure mobility. In this process, several components that are fixed in the back of the engine in a car play integral part. Engine Rear Wheel T cuten Ujolnt Differential Fig. 25 There is limited variety we find in the transmission devices across the globe. However, some of the essential components of transmission system are modulator, torque converter, planetary gears, governor, computer, seals, output shafts, differential, hydraulic designs, axles an pressure plate.[11]4. Heavy Equipment Repairing Wing: 4.1 Bulldozer: A bulldozer is a continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate, which is known as a blade, used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device, which is known as aripper, to loosen densely compacted materials. The term ‘bulldozer’ refers only to a tractor usually tracked fitted with a dozer blade. Most often bulldozers are large and powerful tracked heavy equipment. The tracks give them excellent ground holding capability and mobility through very rough terrain. Wide tracks help distribute the bulldozer's weight over a large area decreasing ground pressure, thus preventing it from sinking in sandy or muddy ground. Extra wide tracks are known as swamp tracks or LGP (low ground pressure) tracks. Bulldozers have transmission systems designed to take advantage of the track system and provide excellent tractive force. [12]Fig, 26The bulldozer's primary tools are the blade and the ripper. (|) Blade: The bulldozer blade is a heavy metal plate on the front of the tractor, used to push objects, and shove sand, soil and debris. Dozer blades usually come in three varieties: A straight blade ("S blade") which is short and has no lateral curve and no side wings and can be used for fine grading. N A universal blade ("U blade") which is tall and very curved, and has large side wings to carry more material. 3. An "S-U" combination blade which is shorter, has less curvature, and smaller side wings. This blade is typically used for pushing piles of large rocks, such as at a quarry. Blades can be fitted straight across the frame, or at an angle, sometimes using additional 'tilt cylinders’ to vary the angle while moving. The bottom edge of the blade can be sharpened, e.g. to cut tree stumps.(Il) Ripper: The ripper is the long claw-like device on the back of the bulldozer. Rippers can come as a single shank/giant ripper or in groups of two or multi shank rippers. Usually, a single shank is preferred for heavy ripping. The ripper shank is fitted with a replaceable tungsten steel alloy tip. Ripping tock breaks the ground surface rock or pavement into small rubble easy to handle and transport, which can then be removed so grading can take place. With agricultural ripping, a farmer breaks up rocky or very hard earth (such as podzol hardpan), which is otherwise unploughable, in order to farm Fig. 28 4.2 JCB: J.C. Bamford Excavators Limited which is also known as JCB, is a British multinational corporation, with headquarters in Rochester, Staffordshire, manufacturing equipmentfor construction, agriculture, waste handling and demolition. It is the world's third-largest construction equipment manufacturer. It produces over 300 types of machines, including diggers (backhoes), excavators, tractors anddiesel engines. It has 22 factories across Asia, Europe, North America, and South America; its products are sold in over 150 countries. JCB was founded in 1945 by Joseph Cyril Bamford, after whom it is named; it continues to be owned by the Bamford family. In the UK and India, ‘JCB’ is often used colloquially as ageneric description for mechanical diggers and excavators and now appears in the Oxford English Dictionary, although it is still held as a trademark. [13] Fig. 29Conclusion: The organization with its present technical resources of skilled manpower and modern equipment aims to strive towards enhanced infrastructure development, meeting all challenges through speed and quality. Expansion of the organization and modernization of its construction practices and its family of plant and equipment, with an aim to enhance its proficiency towards departmental construction, will continue to fully meet the strategic road infrastructure requirement of the Armed Forces as well as Aspiration of the people, living in the Border States for overall development in the interest of the Nation.References: . http://bro.gov.in/indexmain.asp?lang=1&projectid=37&cat_id=3 . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine . https://crankit.in/petrol-engine/ }. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_ring . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankshaft . http://www.howrah.org/camshaft.html . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_block . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle Senranr on . http://www.carparts.com/brakes.htm 10. http://westislandgarage.com/en/auto-repairs/53-circuit-de-refroi dissement-du-moteur 11. http://automobiles.mapsofindia.com/useful-information/devel opment-in-transmission-system.html 12. _ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozer 13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCB_(company)