National Conference INNOVATIONS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND COMMUNICATION (NCICSC) 20th March, 2014

A Comparative Study of Various Digital Modulation

Techniques
Harpreet Kaur Channi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India.
Email- harpreetchanni@yahoo.in

Abstract Digital communication is a transfer of information from

source to destination in the form of discrete signals. These signals
are manipulated by electronic circuits (analog or digital) for
making it possible to transmit and receive the data or
information. Digital transmission is the physical transfer of data
over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
communication channel such as copper wires (guided and unguided
channels), optical fibres, wireless communication channels,
and storage media. The data is represented as
an electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage, radiowave,
microwave, or infrared signal. In communication systems, the noise
is an error or undesired random disturbance of a useful
information signal, introduced before or after the detector and
decoder. The noise is a summation of unwanted or disturbing
energy from natural and sometimes man-made sources. If we Fig 1 Block Diagram of DCS

transmit the baseband signals directly, the signals from different
transmitters will get mixed up and the information will be lost.
Because of these reasons, we use the technology of modulation, for
transmitting message signals effectively for long distances
Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a
high frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a
modulating signal which typically contains information to be
transmitted. The main goal of modulation today is to squeeze as
much data into the least amount of spectrum possible. That
objective, known as spectral efficiency, measures how quickly data
can be transmitted in an assigned bandwidth expressed in terms of
bits per second per Hz (b/s/Hz). Multiple techniques have emerged
to achieve and improve spectral efficiency. There are various
analog and digital modulation techniques used to transmit the
signals. Due to various advantages of digital signals over analog
signals, digital modulation techniques are preferred widely. This
paper presents a brief study of different digital modulation
methods and their uses for a particular application.
Keyword: Discrete, manipulated, guided, unguided, undesired,
noise, random, baseband, periodic, spectral efficiency, bandwidth
I. Introduction
Digital Communication System is a system in which digital
signals are transmitted via digital modulation and demodulated
as a digital signal at the receiver. Figure 1 illustrates the basic
elements of a digital communication system [1]. The source
output may be either an analog signal, such as an audio or video
signal, or a digital signal, such as the output of a teletype
machine, that is discrete in time and has a finite number of
output characters. In a digital communication system, the
messages produced by the source are converted into a sequence
of binary digits. The process of efficiently converting the output
of either an analog or digital source into a sequence of binary
digits is called source encoding or data compression. The
sequence of binary digits called information from the source
encoder is passed to the channel encoder. The purpose of the
channel encoder is to introduce, in a controlled manner, some
redundancy in the binary information sequence that can be used
at the receiver to overcome the effects of noise and interference
encountered in the transmission of the signal through the
channel. This increases the reliability of the received data and
improves the fidelity of the received signal [2]. The binary
sequence at the output of the channel encoder is passed to the
digital modulator, which serves as the interface to the
communication channel. The modulation process begins with
the data to be transmitted being fed to a DSP device that
generates two digital outputs, which are needed to define the
amplitude and phase information required at the receiver to
recover the data. The DSP produces two baseband streams that

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 National Conference INNOVATIONS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND COMMUNICATION (NCICSC) 20th March, 2014
are sent to digital-to-analog converters (DACs) that produce the
analog equivalents. At the receiving end of a digital
communication system, the digital demodulator processes the
channel corrupted transmitted waveform and reduces the
waveforms to a sequence of numbers that represent estimates of
the transmitted data symbols. This sequence of numbers is
passed to the channel decoder, which attempts to reconstruct the
original information sequence from knowledge of the code used
by the channel encoder and the redundancy contained in the
received data.
II. Literature review
Quadri, F., Tete, A.D. [3] presented the review of the different
digital modulation techniques and the various methods and tools
that are used to implement it on FPGA along with the design
summary and logic utilization of the resources. It includes an
approach for the implementation of three modulators mainly
Amplitude Shift Keying modulator, Phase Shift Keying
modulators and Frequency Shift Keying modulator in VHDL by
means of Xilinx 13.1 and simulation in Modelsim. The same
modulators has also been developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK
environment. The various factors that affect the choice of a
particular modulation technique have also been discussed and
accordingly anyone of the techniques can be adopted taking into
consideration the application.
Chia-An Yeh, Yen-Shin Lai[4] explained that the resolution of
a digital pulsewidth modulator (DPWM) can be dramatically
increased by either constant on-time modulation control or
constant off-time modulation control as compared to that for
constant frequency modulation. However, the switching
frequency increases dramatically for the constant on/off-time
modulation method under heavy/light load conditions,
respectively. The increase of switching frequency results in
more switching losses and requires a higher performance
controller. They proposed a new digital pulsewidth modulation
(PWM) technique with constant on/off-time control for a
synchronous buck dc/dc converter in order to reduce the
switching frequency and switching losses. Moreover, the
switching frequency can be limited to a certain range.
Experimental results of the proposed new digital PWM
technique are presented for confirmation. It was shown that the
proposed technique can significantly reduce the switching
frequency of the converter, thereby improving DPWM
resolution and the efficiency.
R.Gandhiraj, Ranjini Ram, K.P.Soman [5] presented a small
tutorial for the new users in the field of software defined radio.
Applications are build up using graphical user interface called
the GNU radio companion (GRC). The idea behind developing
such a tool kit is to give practical exposure in the
communication concepts like basic signal generations, signal
Faculty of Engineering CGC- TECHNICAL CAMPUS JHANJERI, MOHALI
operations, multi-rate concepts, analog and digital modulation
schemes and finally multiplexing schemes with the help of GNU
radio. Unlike MATLAB Simulink or Labview GNU radio is
open source i.e. free of cost and the concepts can be easily
reached to the normal people without much of programming
concepts using the pre written blocks. And programmers also
have the chance to write their own applications.
Dung Nguyen, Hobraiche, J.,Patin, N. , Friedrich, G., Vilain,
J.[6] presented direct digital technique-generalized
discontinuous pulse width modulation (PWM) - a new
implementation method for an optimal discontinuous PWM
(DPWM) in terms of switching losses of the inverter on an
embedded system. At each sampling period, an optimal choice
is done in order to clamp one of the three half-bridges. Its
advantages compared to classic ones (DPWM) are as follows:
needless to know the load power factor, operational under
steady-state and dynamic operating conditions, and low
computation time. The proposed algorithm is then verified by
simulation. Experimental results, based on a resistance-
inductance load and a starter-generator application, are provided
to show its effectiveness.
K.S. Chong, E. Zahedia,, K.B. Gan, M.A. Mohd. Ali,[7]
employed delta modulation (DM) as a compression technique
for a high-resolution photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal. To
accommodate both clean PPG and signals affected by motion
artifacts, the effect of step size is evaluated on the performance
of DM in order to optimize this technique before it can be
deployed in a wireless data acquisition system. To this end, the
PPG was recorded using 16-bit analog-to-digital converter
(ADC) at a 1000 Hz sampling rate. In order to take into
consideration the effect of the DC and AC of the PPG during the
performance evaluation, both the PRMS AC+DC (with DC
component) and PRMSAC (without DC component) were
estimated. As expected, results show that the PRMS AC+DC was
lower than PRMSAC at all step sizes. Simulation results show
that for clean PPG free of motion artifact the optimum step size
required to decompress the PPG is V/(2 -15-1) with a PRMSAC =
4.7%; PRMSAC+DC = 0.1%, where V is the dynamic range of the
ADC. For PPG affected by motion artifact, the optimum step
size required to decompress the PPG is V/(2 -14-1) with a
PRMSAC = 4.9% and PRMSAC+DC = 0.12%. The closeness of
these values to the finest possible step size V/(2-16-1) can be
explained by the relatively high sampling rate compared to the
Nyquist frequency of the PPG.
III. Problem formulation
The transmission of digital signals is increasing at a rapid rate.
Low-frequency analogue signals are often converted to digital
format before transmission. The source signals are generally
referred to as baseband signals. The low-frequency signal is
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 National Conference INNOVATIONS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND COMMUNICATION (NCICSC) 20th March, 2014

often translated to a higher frequency range for efficient
transmission. The process is called modulation. The move to
digital modulation provides more information capacity,
compatibility with digital data services, higher data security,
better quality communications, and quicker system availability
[8]. The spectral efficiency is a measure of how quickly data can
be transmitted in an assigned bandwidth. The units of spectral
efficiency are bits/s/Hz (b/s/Hz).The Fundamental limitations of
Communication System are noise level and available bandwidth
which affects its spectral efficiency [9]-[10].
In communication systems, the noise is an error or undesired
random disturbance of a useful information signal, introduced
before or after the detector and decoder. The noise is a
summation of unwanted or disturbing energy from natural and
sometimes man-made sources. Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) is
another important factor that influences spectral efficiency. It
can also be expressed as the carrier to noise power ratio (CNR).
The measure is the bit error rate (BER) for a given CNR value.
BER is the percentage of errors that occur in a given number of
bits transmitted. As the noise becomes larger compared to the
signal level, more errors occur. The signal to noise ratio can be
calculated as given by Eq. 1.
SNR (dB) = 10*log (Psignal/Pnoise) (1)
Second factor affecting spectral efficiency is bandwidth.
Bandwidth is the information-carrying capacity of a
communication channel. The channel may be analog or digital.
Analog transmissions such as telephone calls, AM and FM
radio, and television are measured in cycles per second (hertz or
Hz). Digital transmissions are measured in bits per second. For
digital systems, the terms "bandwidth" and "capacity" are often
used interchangeably, and the actual transmission capabilities
are referred to as the data transfer rate (or just data
rate).Shannon developed the channel capacity bound given by
Eq.2.
2. The radiated power by an antenna is inversely proportional to
the square of the wavelength. So, if we use high frequency
signals, the power radiated will be increased.
3. If we transmit the baseband signals directly, the signals from
different transmitters will get mixed up and the information will
be lost.
Because of these reasons, we use the technology of modulation,
for transmitting message signals effectively for long distances.
A. OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY:
To give a brief introduction and classification of
various digital modulation techniques.
To give a comparison of different techniques on the
basis of spectral efficiency, bit rate etc.
IV. Classification of digital modulation
Modulation is the process of varying some parameter of a
periodic waveform in order to use that signal to convey a
message. Normally a high-frequency sinusoidal waveform is
used as carrier signal. For this purpose, if the variation in the
parameter of the carrier is continuous in accordance to the input
analog signal the modulation technique is termed as analog
modulation scheme and if the variation is discrete then it is
termed as Digital Modulation Technique [11]. Figure 2 shows
the modulation of data using basic modulation techniques.

C=W log 2 (1+ SNR) (2)

Where C is the channel capacity in bits per second, W is the

channel bandwidth in Hertz, and SNR is the channel signal to
noise ratio. The need for modulation can be summarized as
follows:

1. The antenna needed for transmitting signals should have size

at least /4, where, is the wavelength. The information signal,
also known as baseband signal is of low frequency (and
therefore the wavelength is high). If we need to transmit such a
signal directly, the size of the antenna will be very large and
impossible to build. Hence direct transmission is not practical.
Fig 2: ASK, FSK, PSK
Digital modulation techniques may be classified into coherent
and non-coherent techniques, depending upon whether the
receiver is equipped with a phase recovery circuit or not. These
digital modulation techniques can also be classified basically
either on the basis of their detection characteristics or in terms
of their bandwidth compaction characteristics [12]. After the

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 National Conference INNOVATIONS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND COMMUNICATION (NCICSC) 20th March, 2014

conversion of an Analog signal to digital by sampling different It is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing,
type of digital modulation schemes can be achieved by the or modulating, the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave).
variation of different parameter of the carrier signal for example PSK uses a finite number of phases, each assigned a unique
the Amplitude variation gives BASK, Frequency variation gives pattern of binary bits. Usually, each phase encodes an equal
BFSK and the phase variation gives BPSK. Also sometimes a number of bits. The simplest form of phase shift keying (PSK) is
combinational variation of this parameter is done to generate the binary phase shift keying (BPSK). It uses two phases which are
hybrid modulation technique viz. a combinational variation of separated by 180 and so can also be termed 2-PSK. This
Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying (APSK). Many more digital modulation is the most robust of all the PSKs since it takes the
modulation techniques are available and can also be designed highest level of noise or distortion to make the demodulator to
depending upon the type of signal and the application [13].The reach an incorrect decision. It is, however, only able to modulate
various digital modulation techniques are: at 1 bit/symbol and so is unsuitable for high data-rate
applications when bandwidth is limited. Quadrature PSK is also
1. Phase-shift keying (PSK):
known as quadriphase PSK, 4-PSK, or 4-QAM. QPSK uses four
a. Binary PSK (BPSK), using M=2 symbols points on the constellation diagram, equispaced around a circle.
b. Quadrature PSK (QPSK), using M=4 symbols With four phases, QPSK can encode two bits per symbol. QPSK
c. 8PSK, using M=8 symbols transmits twice the data rate in a given bandwidth compared to
d. 16PSK, using M=16 symbols BPSK - at the same BER. Offset quadrature phase-shift
e. Differential PSK (DPSK) keying (OQPSK) is a variant of phase-shift keying modulation
using 4 different values of the phase to transmit. It is sometimes
f. Differential QPSK (DQPSK)
called Staggered quadrature phase-shift keying (SQPSK). /4
g. Offset QPSK (OQPSK) QPSK. Other PSK schemes are shaped-offset
h. /4QPSK QPSK (SOQPSK), Dual-polarization quadrature phase shift
2. Frequency-shift keying (FSK) keying (DPQPSK) or dual-polarization QPSK., Higher-order
a. Binary Frequency-shift keying (BFSK) PSK.
b. Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK)
c. Multi-frequency shift keying (M-ary FSK or MFSK) B. Frequency-shift keying (FSK):
d. Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF)
3. Amplitude-shift keying (ASK). It is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital
a. Binary Amplitude Shift Keying [BASK] information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of
a carrier wave. The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK
4. On-off keying (OOK) (the most common ASK form)
literally implies using a couple of discrete frequencies to
a. M-ary vestigial sideband modulation
transmit binary (0s and 1s) information. With this scheme, the
5. Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) - a combination "1" is called the mark frequency and the "0" is called the space
of PSK and ASK: frequency. Minimum frequency-shift keying or minimum-shift
6. Continuous phase modulation (CPM) methods: keying (MSK) is a particular spectrally efficient form of
a. Minimum-shift keying (MSK) coherent FSK. In MSK, the difference between the higher and
b. Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) lower frequency is identical to half the bit rate. Audio
c. Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) frequency-shift keying (AFSK) is a modulation technique by
7. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) which digital data is represented by changes in the frequency
modulation: (pitch) of an audio tone, yielding an encoded signal suitable for
a. discrete multitone (DMT) - including adaptive transmission via radio or telephone. Normally, the transmitted
modulation and bit-loading. audio alternates between two tones: one, the "mark", represents
a binary one; the other, the "space", represents a binary zero.
8. Wavelet modulation
AFSK differs from regular frequency-shift keying in performing
9. Trellis coded modulation (TCM), also known as trellis the modulation at baseband frequencies AFSK is not always
modulation used for high-speed data communications, since it is far less
10. Spread-spectrum techniques: efficient in both power and bandwidth than most other
a. Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) modulation modes.
b. Chirp spread spectrum (CSS)
c. Frequency-hopping spread spectrum1. Phase-shift C. Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) or ON/OFF Keying
keying (PSK): (OOK)
It is a form of modulation that represents digital data as
A. Phase-shift keying (PSK): variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. The amplitude of

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 National Conference INNOVATIONS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND COMMUNICATION (NCICSC) 20th March, 2014
an analog carrier signal varies in accordance with the bit stream
(modulating signal), keeping frequency and phase constant. This
digital modulation scheme is used to transmit digital data over
optical fiber, point to point military communication
applications, etc. Binary 1 is represented by a short pulse of
light and binary 0 by the absence of light. The BASK is
obtained by the alteration of the amplitude of the carrier wave. It
is a coherent modulation technique hence the concept of the co-
relation between the signals, number of basic functions. It has
very poor bandwidth efficiency. The basic merit of this
technique is its simple implementations but is highly prone to
noise. The combination with PSK [20] yields derivatives like
QAM and Mary ASK, which have much important application
with improved parameters.
D. Continuous phase modulation (CPM)
It is a method for modulation of data commonly used in wireless
modems. In contrast to other coherent digital phase modulation
techniques, where the carrier phase abruptly resets to zero at the
start of every symbol, with CPM the carrier phase is modulated
in a continuous manner. Minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a type
of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying. MSK is encoded
with bits alternating between quadrature components MSK
encodes each bit as a half sinusoid. This results in a constant-
modulus signal, which reduces problems caused by non-linear
distortion. Gaussian minimum shift keying or GMSK is a
continuous-phase frequency-shift keying modulation scheme.
This has the advantage of reducing sideband power, which in
turn reduces out-of-band interference between signal carriers in
adjacent frequency channels. Continuous-phase frequency-shift
keying (CPFSK) is a commonly used variation of frequency-
shift keying (FSK), which is itself a special case of frequency
modulation. FSK is a method of modulating digital data onto
a sinusoidal carrier wave, encoding the information present in
the data to variations in the carrier's instantaneous
frequency between one of two frequencies referred to as
the space frequency and mark frequency.
E. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
It is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier
frequencies. OFDM has developed into a popular scheme
for wideband digital communication, whether wireless or
over copper wires, used in applications such as digital television
and audio broadcasting, DSL Internet access, wireless networks,
powerline networks, and 4G mobile communications. A large
number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used
to carry data on several parallel data streams or channels. Each
sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme
such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying
at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to
conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same
Faculty of Engineering CGC- TECHNICAL CAMPUS JHANJERI, MOHALI
bandwidth. The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier
schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions
without complex equalization filters. Channel equalization is
simplified because OFDM may be viewed as using many slowly
modulated narrowband signals rather than one rapidly
modulated wideband signal
F. Wavelet modulation
It is also known as fractal modulation, is a modulation technique
that makes use of wavelet transformations to represent the data
being transmitted. One of the objectives of this type of
modulation is to send data at multiple rates over a channel that is
unknown. If the channel is not clear for one specific bit rate,
meaning that the signal will not be received, the signal can be
sent at a different bit rate where the signal to noise ratio is
higher.
G. Spread-spectrum techniques
Spread-spectrum techniques such as direct-sequence spread
spectrum (DSSS), chirp spread spectrum (CSS), Frequency-
hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) are methods by which
a signal (e.g. an electrical, electromagnetic, or acoustic signal)
generated with a particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in
the frequency domain, resulting in a signal with a
wider bandwidth. These techniques are used for a variety of
reasons, including the establishment of secure communications,
increasing resistance to natural interference, noise and jamming,
to prevent detection, and to limit power flux density (e.g.
in satellite downlinks).
V. Results and discussions
The basic research work carried out in the field of
communication lead to the development of new modulation
techniques, coding techniques, error rate performances analysis
but the ever increasing demand of the faster communication
system with large bandwidth requirements has again generated a
new hunger towards the development of newer techniques, so
many modulation techniques like BPSK, DPSK, MSK, GMSK,
M-ary QAM have been developed. Table 1gives the spectral
efficiency of various digital modulation schemes. Table 2 shows
the comparison of modulation schemes on the basis of their
merits and demerits.
Table 1 Spectral Efficiency for Popular Digital Modulation Methods
Type of modulation Spectral efficiency(bits/s/Hz)
FSK, <1 (depends upon modulation index)
BPSK 1
ASK 1
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GMSK 1.35 complexities in the design of the modulation and demodulation

QPSK or 4PSK 2 system and prove economic like the BASK, BFSK, BPSK and
8PSK 3 DPSK techniques and can be visualized for the systems which
16QAM 4 really does not require high amount of precisions or when
64QAM 6 economy is the major aspect and the BER performances can be
OFDM >10 (depends upon modulation index and tolerated. The search for a better modulation technique doesnt
number of subcarriers)
end here as the criterion for higher data rate communication is
Table 2 Merits and Demerits of Digital Modulation Techniques taking the lead in almost every area of communication and thus
Type of Digital Merits Demerits the ISI and BER realization become very important and crucial
Modulation aspect for any future digital modulation technique.
Low cost, simple More prone to
ASK BASK implementation noise, BW REFERENCES
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VI. Conclusions

An analysis of the digital modulation technique carried out in

this article reveals that the selection of a digital modulation
technique is solely dependent on the type of application. This is
because of the fact that some of the technique provide lesser

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