Elcobrandt Microwave Oven Technical Training

Brandt Customer Services
MICROWAVE
OVENS
TECHNICAL
TRAINING
MICROWAVE OVENS
Technical Training CONTENT
1- INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................... 5
2- WHATS A WAVE ?................................................................................................................................................. 7

2.1. - Definition........................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2. - Frequency......................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3. - Wave length ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4. - Two types of waves.......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.5. - Ionising and non-ionising waves ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.6. - Calculation of wave length ............................................................................................................................. 10
2.7. - Micro-waves features ..................................................................................................................................... 10
2.8. - How do microwaves work ? ........................................................................................................................... 11
2.9. - How is food cooked ? ..................................................................................................................................... 12
2.10. - To sum up ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
3- USING A MICRO-WAVE OVEN ............................................................................................................................ 13
3.1. - Dishes............................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.2. - Programs........................................................................................................................................................ 14
3.3. - Cooking duration ............................................................................................................................................ 14
3.4. - Specific options .............................................................................................................................................. 14
4- MICROWAVE OVEN PRINCIPLE ......................................................................................................................... 16
4.1. - Composition ................................................................................................................................................... 16
4.2. - The different components............................................................................................................................... 17
4.3. - The magnetron ............................................................................................................................................... 20
4.4. - The working of the magnetron ....................................................................................................................... 21
4.5. - The cavity ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
4.6. - Wave emission and repartition inside the cavity ............................................................................................ 24
4.7. - Wave tightness............................................................................................................................................... 25
5- HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT .................................................................................................................................... 28
5.1. - The transformer.............................................................................................................................................. 28
5.2. - The voltage doubler........................................................................................................................................ 28
5.3. - The high tension diode ................................................................................................................................... 30
5.4. - The capacitor.................................................................................................................................................. 30
5.5. - The AK protector ............................................................................................................................................ 31
6- THE NEMO OVEN ............................................................................................................................................... 32
6.1. - Generalities .................................................................................................................................................... 32
6.2. - Control panel .................................................................................................................................................. 33
6.3. - Ventilating....................................................................................................................................................... 34
6.4. - Door lock ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
6.5. - Heating elements ........................................................................................................................................... 35
6.6. - The different components............................................................................................................................... 36
6.7. - Electrical diagram with mechanic control ....................................................................................................... 40
6.8. - Electrical diagram with electronic control ....................................................................................................... 41
6.9. - Electrical diagram with electronic control Combined oven.......................................................................... 42
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CONTENT Technical Training
7- SECURITY ............................................................................................................................................................. 43
7.1. - The security and the technician ..................................................................................................................... 43
7.2. - Low voltage risks............................................................................................................................................ 43
7.3. - High voltage risks ........................................................................................................................................... 43
7.4. - The electromagnetic risks .............................................................................................................................. 44
7.5. - General safety instructions............................................................................................................................. 44
8- DIAGNOSIS METHOD .......................................................................................................................................... 45
8.1. - Necessary tools.............................................................................................................................................. 45
8.2. - Preliminary controls........................................................................................................................................ 45
8.3. - Working test ................................................................................................................................................... 46
8.4. - Diagnosis assistance...................................................................................................................................... 47
8.5. - Control of the different components ............................................................................................................... 50
8.6. - After repairing tests ........................................................................................................................................ 52
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Technical Training INTRODUCTION
1- INTRODUCTION
In 1945, a certain Percy Spencer discovered the thermal effect of microwaves. During technical studies
about radars, he noticed that the piece of chocolat he had in the pocket of his jacket, had melted while
it was near a wave guide. He did some tests on corn which was transformed into pop corn and on eggs
which exploded in the end. After observing these phenomena, he started to build a heating cavity.
Today microwave ovens are part of our daily life.
Three types of appliances are present on the market place :
Single microwave ovens
These are the simplest appliances, the cheapest and so those selling best. They are mainly used to
reheat and defrost food.
Microwave and grill ovens
They combine microwaves to cook and infrareds to roast, brown or grill.
Combined microwave ovens
The fast cooking of the microwave oven is associated to the taste and the quality of cooking of a
traditional oven thanks to ventilated heating.
Microwave ovens use an energy similar to light. The heating and cooking of food are caused by an
intense agitation of water molecules due to an electromagnetic radiation.
To produce these waves with a frequency of 2450 MHz, a specific component called magnetron is
used. Its supplied with a 2000 to 4000V voltage.
This document is both about the basis technology of microwave ovens and the characteristics of the
NEMO ovens commercialised by the ELCO-BRANDT GROUP.
It will deal with :

Low voltage, high voltage and electromagnetic risks associated with the maintenance of ovens.
The general safety measures to be applied to prevent accidents
An easy method of diagnosis will help you maintain microwave ovens safely.
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Technical Training THE WAVES
2- WHATS A WAVE ?
2.1. - Definition
A wave is the movement which is propagating in an environment after its disturbance. It is
characterised by two main measures :
Frequency (the number of oscillations per second)
Wave length (The distance covered by a wave during a period)
Try to imagine the surface area of a pool after the falling of a stone. If the amplitude of the wave is
reducing going away from the impact, the frequency (f) and the wave length( ) are not changing.
l l
2.2. - Frequency
Frequency is the number of oscillations or cycles per unit of time.
The usual unity of frequency is the Hertz (1Hz=1 cycle per second).
Hertz Hz 1 period per second
Kilohertz Khz 10 3 Hz
Megahertz Mhz 106 Hz
Gigahertz Ghz 109 Hz
Terahertz Thz 1012 Hz
A frequently used multiple is the Megahertz (1MHz= 1 000 000 cycles per second). We will see in
another chapter that its possible to have very high frequencies
2.3. - Wave length

The wave length is the distance between 2 points of the wave which reproduce the same figure. This is
the length of the vibration. It can measured in meters or meter sub-multiples.
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THE WAVES Technical Training
2.4. - Two types of waves

You can find 2 types of waves.
2.4.1. - Mechanic waves

This first type uses a fluid or a solid to propagate (Earth, water, air ). Here are some examples :
On the water : The ripples following the falling of a stone, the surge on the sea produced by the
wind.
In the air, the sound of course : Voices, music, sounds are waves which propagate in the air.
Without air, silence becomes total.
Sound can propagate inside water : Sonar, baleen song, etc...
Inside the earth or a solid : Earthquakes (seismic wave).
2.4.2. - Electromagnetic waves

The second type of waves dont use a material support. These are the electromagnetic waves. They
can go across absolute vacuum. The most common applications in our societies are the radio, the
television, the mobile phone, the links by satellite etc.
The spectrum is very important, we can see the different families of frequency.
Radiation spectrum
The wave properties can change with the frequency.
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2.5. - Ionising and non-ionising waves

There are two types of electromagnetic waves : One produces thermal effects (heating) and the other
produces chemical effects (atomic alterations).
2.5.1. - Ionising waves

The bodies which receive this radiation will have a change in their chemical structure. One example is
sun-tanning : There is two phenomenons, one is chemical and the other one is thermal. Sun-tanning is
not produced by the heat but the modification of one skin molecule called melanin in contact with
ultraviolet.
For some waves like the radioactive X-rays, the quantities received on several times add up and the
radiation continues to be effective without their generator. This is dangerous.
2.5.2. - Non ionising waves

The heating feeling is produced by other waves : Infrareds. On the one hand chemical effect, in the
other hand thermal effect, between the limit is made by a small interval of frequency, this is lighting.
From U.V and then to violet, indigo, blue, Green, yellow, orange, red and I.R., we pass from chemical
to thermal . The elements are not modified anylonger : We are in the NON-IONISING.
Contrary to non-ionising, there is neither accumulation or persistence. The only wave effect is the rising
of the temperature. So, this is not dangerous.
Infrareds vibrate 100.000 times as quickly as microwaves. This is the main difference. Technically
speaking, opposing traditional cooking to microwaves is pointless. In both cases, youve got thermal
effect caused by a electromagnetic wave.
10-12m 10-11m 10-10m 10-6m 1mm 12,24cm 1m

Lighting
Cosmic Gamma X U.V. Infra Micro

rays rays Rays reds waves Radio
1020hz 1019hz 1017hz 300Ghz 2450 Mhz 300Mhz
7x1014hz 4x1014hz
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2.6. - Calculation of wave length

Electromagnetic waves propagate light speed which is 300.000 Km/sec. The wave length is the
distance covered by a wave during a period.
Light speed (m/sec)

Wave length (m) =
Frequency (Hz)
For a microwave oven :
300.000 x 103
Wave length (m) = = 0,1224 m or 12,24 cm
3
2450 x 10
2.7. - Micro-waves features

Cooking microwaves have a 2450 Mhz frequency and a length of 12,24 cm. Three characteristics are
specially interesting in the cooking context :
2.7.1. - Reflection
Microwaves are reflected by metallic materials. This property is
useful in cooking. The metal sides ensure a better distribution on
foodstuffs. On the other hand, the metal containers or
accessories put inside the oven may cause damage. An arc
phenomenon may occur with the cavity or, more seriously, the
waves may turn back to the magnetron.
2.7.2. - Transmission
The microwaves only go through a certain number of materials
which offer no resistance to their passage and do not undergo
any direct warming, such as : Terracotta, earthenware, ceramic,
plastic, glass or mica.
These materials will be used inside the cavity
2.7.3. - Absorption
Microwaves are absorbed by materials forming charges with high
dielectric coefficients. Water and most food made up of organic
substances are characterised by their electric constant as
regards microwaves.
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2.8. - How do microwaves work ?

Generally, life on earth develops in organisms consisting of 4 main atoms : C carbon, N Nitrogen, H
Hydrogen, O oxygen. The combination of H and O gives the essential element : Water (H20). This
molecule is present in food at rates from 65 to 95 %. For example, a salad is almost entirely
composed of water.
In addition to water qualities, its molecule has an interesting characteristic :
Here is the molecule : The 3 atoms are not on a line,

which causes electrical unbalance. On the one hand, the
oxygen side is rather negative whereas the hydrogen
side is rather positive. This allows the transformation of
the molecule into an electric dipole. This is what happens
as far as a magnet or a battery are concerned.
In food, there are many water molecules whose position

is aleatory.
If an electrical field is applied to a salad, as for example

in a microwave oven, the molecule will follow the field.
+ - + + -
If the field is inverted, the molecules invert as well.
- +
-
- +
There will be two inversions per alternation and as the
frequency is 2450 MHz, the molecules will rotate 4,9
billions of times per second. They will hit and rub each
other and so get hot, as when you scrub your hands.
.
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We now know that the secret of microwave cooking is billions of polarised molecules excited by the
waves and rubbing each other.
2.9. - How is food cooked ?

The heat to cook the food is born in the water it contains.
Wave
In traditional cooking, you have to heat what is around the food. As
a result, there is an energy loss in the ovens cavity, in the air, in
the dish and sometimes in the water around it. For microwaves,
there is no outside loss, the food is cooked from the inside leading
to an economy of energy. In this case, the dish acts has a heater :
It propagates the heat. Once on the table, the food tends to cool
more quickly.
3 cm
In microwave cooking, the excitation is applied to a certain depth :
Its the penetration depth (About 3cm but the dissipated energy
reduces in relation with this depth).
There may be two types of cooking
Direct cooking
Direct
It concerns the outside area of the food which is directly heated by the
waves. (A pizza for example will be entirely cooked in this way).
Conduction cooking Conduction
If the food is thicker, the inside is cooked by the propagation of the

heat.
The reduction of the cooking duration favours the conservation of vitamins, mineral salts which
perfectly bear an intense and short cooking, while they are destroyed by usual long times of
cooking. This sometimes causes a change in the flavour and the taste of the food.
2.10. - To sum up
A wave is the result of the perturbation of an environment.

Electromagnetic waves are born in the heart of atoms.
Micro-waves give thermal effects only.
The frequency of domestic micro-waves is 2450 MHz for a wave length of 12,24 cm.
They dont go across metals but are reflected by them.
They go across some types of insulating.
They are absorbed by the food.
Thanks to there polarisation, water molecules can be excited by the waves. Rubbing and hitting
each other in the heart of matter, they are going to cook the food.
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Technical Training USING
3- USING A MICRO-WAVE OVEN

To prevent the deterioration of the appliance, never make it work empty.
3.1. - Dishes
Do not use metallic or circled with metal dishes, tin foil, plates with golden or silver line, crystal
glasses (containing lead). The food in metal boxes must be poured into a microwave friendly dish
because they can cause damage.
Metal accessories (Spin, rack) given with microwave ovens are insulated from the cavity by plastic or
porcelain fixing. Their form and dimension are calculated not to disrupt the normal propagation of
waves and no to cause flashes.
Use round or oval dishes made in porcelain, earthenware, Pyrex or certain kinds of plastic made for
microwave ovens. The dishes made of normal plastic will only be used for water cooking because the
fat can deteriorate them.
The browning dish is a utensil reacting to microwaves. It heats up the food, which allows not to have a
soggy pastry as for pizza. It also allows to sear and cook small pieces of meat or to reheat a ready-
made dish.
Cover the food with a plate, the lid of the dish, greaseproof paper or plastic film pierced before cooking
to prevent the spattering.
PLEASE NOTE : Its better not to use

stoneware dishes because stoneware contains
water and absorbs waves and heat up.
To check that a dish can be used in a

microwave oven, put it in the appliance with a
glass full of iced water near it. After two minutes,
it must be hardly cool.
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USING Technical Training
3.2. - Programs
DEFROSTING To bring to the correct temperature cooked frozen food or vegetables.
MAINTAINING To maintain or to bring to the correct temperature butter, cream, wine,

ice-cream
LIGHT COOKING To finish a delicate cooking or to cook very slowly. To defrost the
delicate food (Butter, cream)
SIMMERING To finish a cooking started on the hard cooking mode like beans,
lentils or dairy products.
To defrost big pieces of meat.
SOFT COOKING To finish a cooking started on the hard cooking whose surface may
cook too much (Veal, pork)
To cook delicate fishes
HARD COOKING For vegetables, fish, poultry, soup.
For all liquids
For leftovers, ready-made dishes, fresh or frozen
For the preheating of the browning dish
To bring to the correct temperature cooked frozen food and vegetables
3.3. - Cooking duration

Different elements make it change
The food temperature (refrigerated, frozen, room temperature)
The volume, the thickness, the quantity, the texture.
The size and the nature of the dish.
Too long a duration can cause a drying and burning of the food. To prevent such problems, it is
better to program the indicated duration, to check the cooking and then if necessary to add some
more time.
Wait for some time at the end of the cooking to allow the heat propagation into the food.
3.4. - Specific options

There are classic options such as grill, stop turntable or cooking time.
The use of electronic controls is at the origin of a large diversity of options.

A selection according to groups of food.
A selection according the weight of the food.
Autoprogram automatically calculating the end of cooking.
Regulation of the grill power.
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Technical Training USING
3.4.1. - Cooking advices
In case of small pieces (little sausages, croissants, etc.), put a glass of water near the
food
Stuffed food has not to be eat immediately (ex. apple pie), because they can be warm
outside and very hot inside.
All the food with skin like potatoes, sausage, chestnuts, etc.... must be pierced.
Dont try to cook boiled eggs, the dilatation and the pressure could cause it to explode.
Its better the cook them without shell and to pierce the yolk.
Dont cook any food in a bottle or a hermetic container. Ensure that the lid have been
taken off. If not, it may create an explosion inside the cavity.
With a boiling liquid, and not to have an eventual overflow, wait for thirty seconds before
taking out or introducing something else.
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PRINCIPLE Technical Training
4- MICROWAVE OVEN PRINCIPLE
4.1. - Composition
A microwave oven consists first of the emitter called a magnetron. The emitted microwaves are
confined within an enclosure called the cavity to accommodate the food. The cavity is sealed by a door
linked to a safety device to avoid leakage of waves outside. A wave stirrer or a turn table allows a
better distribution of these waves within the food. A microwave oven also comprises a power supply
system and control units. Microwaves are absorbed by food. Their action is produced inside and not on
the surface as in traditional cooking. However, while penetrating the food, they gradually lose their
power. Beyond 2 cm, cooking is through conduction.
It must be stressed that neither the enclosure, nor the food , accumulate electromagnetic energy. As
soon as the magnetron is no longer supplied with electricity, microwave emission ceases.
Wave stirrer Wave guide

Magnetron
Cavity
Alimentation
Turntable Commande
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Technical Training COMPONENTS
4.2. - The different components

Transformer Three coils
When the transformer primary coil is Primary :
supplied with 230V, two types of voltage - 220/240V~
are generated in the secondary coil : - 5A
3,2V~ at Low Voltage to ensure the - 2
cathode filament heating.
Secondary High Voltage :
2100V at High Voltage is applied to
- 2100V~
the voltage doubler and the magnetron.
One end of this coil and the magnetron - 2A
anode are connected to the earth. - 80 to 160
Secondary Low Voltage :
- 3,2V~
- 0,2
Voltage doubler The voltage doubler transforms the

Capacitor and high voltage diode 2100V~ alternative voltage into a
negative pulsated current of about
4000V~.
It is made up of two components :
A capacitor which stores electrical
energy for half a period.
A high voltage diode which,
together with the capacitor, enables the
alternative high voltage to be converted
into negative voltage.
Magnetron It is an oscillator emitting electromagnetic

energy at the 2450MHz frequency.
A safety thermostat cuts the supply in
case of overheating.
SPECIAL HIGH VOLTAGE PRECAUTIONS
High voltage warning :

Do not attempt to measure any of the high voltages. This includes the filament voltage of the magnetron. High voltage is
present during any cook.
Before touching any components or wiring, always unplug the oven and discharge the high voltage capacitor.
The high voltage capacitor remains charged about 30 seconds after disconnection.
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COMPONENTS Technical Training
Designation Function Characteristics

Cavity A guide canalises the waves 15 to 35 litres
between the magnetron and the cooking Enamelled cavity
zone.
Painted cavity
Reflects waves and prevent their
Stainless steel cavity
propagation to the outside.
The putting of the dish in the cavity
must be very precise to have a good
absorption by the food and not to have
any wave returning to the magnetron.
Door It includes
A viewing glass to watch the food
being cooked. This is completely
impermeable to waves thanks to the use
of the metal grid integrated within the
structure of the door.
A wave trap to capture microwaves
and prevent them from escaping.
The interior of the door is covered
with a plastic film or glass to avoid soiling
the perforated sheet.
Wave distribution A stirrer located near the outlet of the Helix made by bent faces
wave guide splits the flow in all directions. Hardened glass
It rotates thanks to the air flow or a motor.
The turntable gives a homogeneous
cooking by a movement inside the cavity.
It turns thanks to an independent motor.
Static or turning antenna is rotating
by the air flow or a motor.
Moto-ventilator The motoventilator is used 220/240V~

to cool the magnetron Asynchronous motor
for the ventilation of the cavity. 20/25W
To avoid the formation of mist on the 100 to 200
viewing glass.
Control Mechanic control Mechanic

A combined timer allows to select the Simple
type and the duration of cooking. Its Bad precision to adjust the duration
made of two independent mechanical (10 seconds)
systems. Electronic
A cam system controls the power switch
Rapid and clear display.
Good precision to adjust the duration
Electronic control (10 seconds)
- One control keyboard. Memorised programs
- One power board.
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Door safety device The switches are electrical components Primary interlock switch
used as safety units. Controlled by the Check the closing of the door
door locking mechanism, they prevent the Door sensing switch
appliance from functioning with the door
open. Allows to start the oven
The safety principle remains the same for When the door is closed, they are closed
all our microwave ovens. allowing the magnetron to start; when the
door is opened, they open and cut the
power supply of the transformer.
Interlock monitor switch
It is opened when the door is closed.
Fuse The power supply circuits of the oven are 8 to 15 A depending of the model
protected against surges by a fuse Delayed
calibrated according to models.
Current limiting circuit It eliminates the signal current peak when This circuit includes a resistor and a
the transformer is starting. delayed relay who allow to switch on the
transformer in two times.
Today, electronic controls allow not to use
these circuits.
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4.3. - The magnetron

The magnetron is an oscillator emitting electromagnetic energy at a frequency of 2450 MHz. Its is
supplied with high voltage and emits microwaves through an antenna.
A safety thermostat fixed to the outside of the magnetron, cuts off the electrical supply if the
temperature exceeds 120C.
Ceramic tube Antenna
Filter seal
Cooling blades Permanent magnet
Magnetic pole
Anode (copper) with

Metal case resonating cavities
Cathode with heater

element
Magnetic pole
Permanent magnet
Power supply
filament 3,2 Volts
Anti-interference selfs
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When cutting the tub at the bottom, we can see two essential parts :
4.3.1. - The cathode

Thats an electrod which emits electrons, the negative pole (-).
A tungsten wire is crossed by a short-circuit current in a very low

voltage : 3,2 Volts. When its hot, the temperature is included between
1500 and 2000C. 30% of the energy used is dissipated by the heat
cathode. The magnetron efficiency is around 70%.
The cathode is supplied by the two only terminals of the magnetron.

ANODE CATHODE
4.3.2. - The anode

Thats an electrod which receives electrons, the positive pole (+).
This cylinder made of copper contains cavities : These 10 reasoning

cavities will, because of their size and their dimension, define the
emitted wave frequency.
To emit waves, cathode receives negative voltage impulses around:

- 4000 Volts
Everything is made in vacuum. The anode never touches the cathode.
4.4. - The working of the magnetron
4.4.1. - Low voltage function : 3,2 Volts

When a wire heats, the electrons which compose it try to quit their orbit to go to the outside orbit of the
atom. Some of them can quit the orbit to become free electrons. In a great quantity, they make a sort of
cloud
Heating a tungsten wire will create an electron cloud near the cathode.
4.4.2. - High voltage function : - 4000 Volts

A cloud alone is not sufficient. The electrons lose their energy and go
e
back to the cathode. It is necessary to extract them. Its the negative e
high voltage function which impulses to 4000 Volts. Applied between
the cathode wire and the anode, this negative voltage sets against the e
electrons which are negative themselves (Two negative loads e
repulse). The electrons are catapulted to the anode. e
e
This is not sufficient yet to produce a wave. The projected electrons on
the anode strike it creating heat and nothing. e
Here is the role of the two magnets.
LV HV
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4.4.3. - Magnets function

The field of the two magnets will distort the course of electron the free
electrons way. They will get a circle course around the cathode. So the
combined action of the temperature plus the electric and magnetic field
will create a cloud of electrons revolving around the cathode. NORTH
e e
4.4.4. - Cavities function
e
e
When the electrons flow goes near the cavities, the field of these
cavities vibrates. The 2450Mhz frequency is given by the dimensions of e e
the cavity.
4.4.5. - Antennas function

To emit, a coupling loop links one of the cavities sides and the antenna.
This antennas function is to emit the waves outside the magnetron. SOUTH
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4.5. - The cavity

The cavity is the inside space limited by metallic sides. Its dimensions are calculated to create a wave
resonance phenomenon to release all the energy to the food.
The cavity can be painted for a single microwave oven or made of stainless steel for a combined oven.
The door ensures a minimum leakage.
Tuning
The cavity, the wave guide and all the metallic pieces used inside are developed in laboratory to
optimise the wave reflection to the food. These pieces are tuned with the frequency. The tuning will
allow to keep more than 75% of the emitted power.
A part of the waves can return to the magnetron. If too much energy goes back, there is a risk of
flashes. The tuning limits this return.
broadcasting
Receiver Wave guide
Emitter
Cavity - than
25%
Magnetron
+ than 75%
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4.6. - Wave emission and repartition inside the cavity

At the outlet of the magnetron, the wave flow propagates like a water shower.
At the end of the wave guide, it is necessary to disperse the electromagnetic flow on the food area. To
do that, there are different solutions.
The two main ones are :
4.6.1. - The use of a stirrer

In this case, the flow is split by a rotating helix. The stirrers action is
completed by the metallic sides which reflect the waves.
It turn thanks to a micro-motor or simply the air flow necessary to cool Wave guide
the magnetron.
4.6.2. - The use of a turntable

In this case, it is by moving the food in a not as well distributed wave flow that you will obtain a
homogeneous cooking. A turntable can be used to complete the stirrers effect.
4.6.3. - Examples of combinations

Horizontal shower and Vertical shower and Wave guide
turntable turntable and stirrer
Double wave guide Lower rotating Wave guide, stirrer and

and stirrer stirrer turntable
This list is not exhaustive. Other combinations could be used (with two magnetrons for example)
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4.7. - Wave tightness
4.7.1. - Leakage tolerance

The regulation allows a short power leakage :
5mW/cm2 maxi in 5 cm of distance

Please note: In general, ovens have no leak. The few existing leaks dont generally go up to
1,5mW/cm2 which is insignificant when you know that the human bodys limit is 100mW/cm2 during
24 hours.
4.7.2. - Wave reaction in front of a hole

Leakage depends on the shape of the hole. A little round hole (1cm) gives a slight leakage. A slot, with
a length up to 3cm gives an important leakage..
There is a leak each time that either in SLOT ROUND HOLE
the cavity or in the wave guide there

will be a hole whose dimension is
over a quarter of the wave length.
4.7.3. - Possible holes

In the cavity, there are obligatory holes like the airing inlets and outlets, the turntable motor axis, the
wave guide and the door.
Airing outlets
The outlet sizes are up to 3 cm. The solution is to pierce a lot of holes to stop the waves.
Turntable motor axis
The hole diameter is around 1 cm. Sometimes, the hole is extended by a little cylinder where the
waves will attenuated.
Wave guides hole
The guide covers itself the hole. During the ovens assembly, its necessary to leave a space smaller
than 2cm between two seams.
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
MICROWAVE OVENS
4.7.4. - Wave tightness of the door

The door have to prevent electromagnetic leaks. It includes a window to control the food cooking. To
be impervious to the waves, a metallic grid is directly stuck on the window (The holes are very thin
under 3cm).
On the contrary, as far as the oven s door is concerned, there is a surface of plain contact all around,
so is largely superior to 3cm.
"astuteness" and "rules" are used to avoid leakage.
1. It is necessary to adjust the hinges and the lock to have a door parallel to the front of the cavity.
2. It is possible to use materials which absorb the waves and transform them into heat as for example
ferrite. Some ferrite can be included in the door gasket.
3. It is possible to substitute the galvanised for stainless steel : A micro-wave is reflected by metals
but when a wave contacts metal, it exchanges a little part of its energy creating a surface current.
In case of stainless steel, surface currents are more intensive. An larger part of the energy is
transformed into heat and the leaks are reduced.
Surface area Surface area

current current
Stainless steel Galvanized
4. But these points are secondary : The essential of the leaks are controlled thanks to another
technical solution called wave trap or wave quarter trap.
4.7.5. - Wave quarter trap

It consists of the hole inside the door and, this hole
gets closed when the door is applied to the front of the
cavity (when closing the door). The gasket used is
transparent for the waves.
The shape of this hole is designed so that the waves

getting into it cover a return distance of 1/2 wave
length = /2
The entering wave goes through the trap, reflects on

the bottom. When it goes back to the trap enter, the
distance crossed is 2 x /4 = /2
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
MICROWAVE OVENS
Coming on wave
So the reflected waves which will meet the new

entering waves will cancel themselves.
Theoretically, The wave trap cancel all the door leaks. l/4
In fact, the trap dimensions are not constant, for
example on the corners of the door are bigger, or
l/4
sometimes the trap is deformed, etc... which allows
leaking. Coming out wave
To sum up : Leakage is caused by holes or slots bigger than /4. For the cavity, The other holes are
less than 1cm large and the space between two seams is around 2 cm.
For the door : When the door is opened, the magnetron cant work. When the door is closed, a problem
with the door circumference exists. The solutions used are a good adjustment of the door, and mainly,
the wave quarter trap. It opposes the leaking cavity waves and the waves reflected by the trap to
cancel them..
To finish with : stainless steel fronts and gaskets including ferrites.
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MICROWAVE OVENS
5- HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT

Magnetron must be supplied with high voltage power to work. Furthermore the cathode only emits
when it has a negative potential. The microwave oven thus comprises a high voltage power supply
system negatively rectified. It is a transformer generating alternating high voltage which is then sent to
a voltage doubler consisting of a capacitor and a diode to be rectified and doubled.
5.1. - The transformer

The transformer consists of three coils:
1 primary supply with 230 Volts
1 secondary H.V high voltage (around 2100V) rectified, doubled and applied to the magnetron.
One of this coil as well as magnetrons anode are connected to the block (metal frame) of the
oven.
1 secondary V.L.V very low voltage (around 3,2V) which ensures the heating of the cathode
filament of the magnetron.
5.2. - The voltage doubler

The voltage doubler converts the alternating voltage of 2100V into a pulsating negative voltage of
4000V.
It consists of two elements:

A no polarised capacitor which stores the electric energy for half a period.
A high voltage diode set in reverse from the anodic current of the magnetron to convert
alternating high voltage to alternating negative voltage. It works for half of a period.
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MICROWAVE OVENS
5.2.1. - Operations
First alternation (positive)
The capacitor is charged through the diode to a maximum voltage around 21002 volts.
+ + -
+
-
230V
3,2V
Second alternation (negative)
The high voltage diode is blocked. The voltage from the capacitor is added to the one of the
transformer. The double voltage is applied to the magnetron, making the anode positive.
- + -
+
230V
3,2V
Example of currents and voltages in the power circuit
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
MICROWAVE OVENS
5.3. - The high tension diode

The high tension diode is made for a maximum opposite voltage (Vr) around 6000 Volts. To resist this
important voltage, only one PN junction is not enough. Its necessary to superpose 8 junctions.
=
With this superposition, the diode is not measurable with a simple ohmmeter (See the diagnosis
chapter ).
It will be connected first to the capacitor, second to the earth of the appliance (high tension common).
5.4. - The capacitor

The capacitor is unpolarized. Its value is generally included between 0,95 and 1,15 .Farad. With an
unplugged appliance, it is possible to have a voltage around 4000Volts within its limits. So it includes a
download resistor (with an important value).
In spite of this resistor and a work without voltage, it is recommended to download it systematically
before another action.
AK protector diode
To the high tension

transformers coil
Condensor
To the magnetron
HT diode
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
MICROWAVE OVENS
5.5. - The AK protector

Its an optionnal component which is composed of two diodes
connected head to foot. Their max. opposite tensions (Vr) are
different. This protector allows to protect the transformer in case D2 D1
of a power diode short-circuit.
The objective is to create an important short-circuit which will cut Maximum opposite tension
the primary fuse. Vr1 = 6000 Volts
Vr2 = 1200 Volts
NORMAL OPERATION SHORTED DIODE

Equivalent schematic Equivalent schematic
A B A
D2
D2 D1
D1
B
UAB signal UAB signal
3000 V
4600 V
0
0 - 3000 V
- 800 V
Negative waves: Negative waves:

UAB max = - 800 Volts UAB max = - 3000 Volts
D1 : Passing direction D1 : Passing direction
D2 : Opposite tension < 1200 Volts (Vr2) D2 : Opposite tension > 1200 Volts (Vr2)
Positive waves : D2 strain causing it to short circuit.

UAB max = 4600 Volts Current in D1 too high, causing it to
D2 : Passing direction short circuit.
D1 : Opposite tension < 6000 Volts (Vr1) Secondary coil short-circuited.
The too strong intensity in the primary
OPERATION NOT DISTURBED coil cut the primary fuse.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTED
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MICROWAVE OVENS
THE NEMO OVEN Technical Training
6- THE NEMO OVEN
6.1. - Generalities
3 4
Diamond
impression
2
Quadruple wave
outlet
Two volumes are available : 24 and 30 L

Integrated turntable : Turntable is located in the pressed steel frame of the cavity, it results in a
good distribution of microwaves to the food.
Rotating Grill with spin : Chicken Grill function with vertical grill.
Quartz grill : Pyrolisis self cleaning at each use , this grill, integrated inside the top of the cavity,
doesnt reduce the volume.
Anti-leaking system : The bottom of the cavity can contain 0,5 litre.
Plate with great diameter is possible : It is possible to use a 32 cm plate.
Multiple wave outlets : Four microwave outlets for a better cooking in the high and the low
position simultaneously.
Wave divider : An impression located on the left side allows to split the waves flow.
Very low noise : 54dBA
Speed Defrost function
Fanned heat : A fanned resistor can complete the grill and the microwaves functions.
Rating plate
Year Week Specific number
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
MICROWAVE OVENS
Technical Training THE NEMO OVEN
6.2. - Control panel
6.2.1. - The NEMO combi

A. Display window : To simplify programming, the display indicates : the
time of the day, the types of food and functions, the minutes /seconds or 40:00
programmed weight. 220 C
B. The selector knob: To choose the food type, function, program time or
weight.
C. Food type key : To choose the food type, with the selector knob.
D. Function key : To choose the appropriate function, with the selector
knob.
E. Speed defrost key : To quickly defrost all types of frozen food.
F. Auto key : Automatically sets the correct program time according to a
specified food type and weight.
G. Stop-turntable key : To stop the turntable from revolving.
H. Grill key: To select low or high grill.
I. Hot air key : To cook as if with a traditional oven.
J. Start key : To start all programs. C
K. Pause/Cancel key : To interrupt (press once) or cancel a program

(press twice). Also used to set the clock. (one pressure during 5s allows
to enter in the hour setting mode).
6.2.2. - The NEMO display
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MICROWAVE OVENS
6.3. - Ventilating
The oven is ventilated by a moto-ventilator
group with a turbine. Its fixed to the product
basis and aspirates the air underneath. (A
area) The air is directed in three ways.(B, C
and D) H
The B flow cools the ventilators motor. The D

flow cools the transformer and goes to the E
area outside the cavity to come out through F G
area). One part of the D flow goes above the
cavity evacuating the grill calories. C
Finally, the C flow cools the magnetron and F

goes inside the cavity to evacuate the steam. It
goes in through the perforated area on top (G E D
area) and goes out through the rear (H area). B
6.4. - Door lock Opened door Closed door
The door lock includes three micro-switches,

a 12A fuse and the interference filter.
The cam which receives the lower door finger Door

includes a spring to press the door against fingers
the cavity bottom. This system allows to have
a minimum leakage.
LOCK ELECTRIC BOARD
FILTER
N L
E2 E1
no
PRIMARY
SWITCH Checked element Test Ohmic value Ohmic value
SW1 com points (Opened door) (Closed door)
E3
com Primary switch
SECONDARY E1-E3 Infinite 0
SWITCH SW1
no SW2 12 A FUSE
Control switch
E3-E4 Infinite 0
NC side of SW3
CONTROL com
Control switch
SWITCH E3-E2 0 Infinite
SW3 NO side of SW3
nc no Secondary switch
E2-E5 Infinite 0
E5 E4 SW2
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
MICROWAVE OVENS
6.5. - Heating elements
6.5.1. - Grills (Double quartz, Quartz + Halogen or simple resistor)

NEMO ovens can generate 3 power levels for their different grills.
The 1 and 2 power are regulated by step of 37 Continuous work 37s

seconds.
P1 : 50% of supplying. ON
P2 : 65 to 75 % of supplying (Depending of the model)
P3 begins with a continuous supplying (13 to 20 min

depending on the model), after the regulation is made
by step of 37 seconds. OFF
Supply duration examples :
Grill level Preheating time Working time Stop time Per cent of working
time
Power 1 0 18,5 18,5 50%
Power 2 0 23 14 62%
Power 3 13 min 23 14 62%
6.5.2. - Convection heater

Hot air is controlled by the power board which uses a N.TC. sensor. A security thermostat limits the
resistor supply in case of overheating.
6.5.3. - Magnetron regulation

Magnetron regulation is made by steps of 30 seconds
POWER / TIME
-wave Working Stop working time
30
28 power time time
26
24 150 W 7,6 s 22,4 s 25 %
22
20 350 W 14,1 s 15,9 s 47 %
18 750W
16 500 W 19 s 11 s 63 %
14 850W 700 W 23,3 s 6,7 s 78 %
12
10 1000W 900 W 30 s 0s 100 %
8
6
4
2
0
80 250 450 600 750 1000
P (W)
All the heating elements are limited in temperature by a security thermostat.
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
MICROWAVE OVENS
6.6. - The different components

The rack For use with the grill function, to brown
shallow dishes.
Remember to always place the dishes on

the rack in the low position when using
the hot air function. This will ensure even
heat distribution thereby providing optimal
cooking results.
The pie dish It may be used for all pastries, quiches,

pizzas, or as a roasting pan.
Its possible to place it under the rack
when grilling in order to catch drippings.
The spin The spin can be used when the grill is in The spin can be dismantled.
the vertical position. The spin support is stuck on the
plate
Turn table It allows to homogenise the cook. Transparent glass

Diameter : 300 mm
8,5 rpm (2 x motors speed)
Turntable motor Synchronous motor without preferential 230/240 V

rotating direction. 4,2 rpm
It is protected from the overflowing by a 13 K
plastic protector.
Synchronous motor
It can be dismantled when opening the

metal sheet of the bottom with a cutting
pliers. To mount again the metal sheet,
two screws are given with the new motor.
Wave protector Allows to protect the wave guide from the Plastic (Without grill)
splattering. Mica (With grill)
Its a big sheet which covers the four
wave outlets
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
MICROWAVE OVENS

Magnetron The magnetron is fixed to the cavity by a Magnetron
of round system . It gives an easy 850W or 1000W
mantling and dismantling.
2450 Mhz
Magnetron includes a thermostat which
protects from overheating.
Thermal security
Cut: 130C
Voltage doubler The voltage doubler transforms the Diode

2100V~ alternative voltage into a Voltage lowering : 10 V max
negative pulsated current of about
4000V~.
It is made up of two components : Capacitor
A capacitor which stores electrical 1,05 F
energy for half a period. 2100 V
A high voltage diode which,
together with the capacitor, enables the
alternative high voltage to be converted
into negative voltage.
No AK protector
Transformer One primary coil, two secondary coils :Primary coil

230/240 V
3,3V~ at LV to ensure the cathode 1,5
filament heating. Secondary HV
2100V~ at HV is applied to the 2100 V
voltage doubler and the magnetron
75
anode. One end of the coil and the
magnetron are connected to the oven Secondary LV
earth. 3,3 V
0,5
The primary coil includes an
overheating security thermostat.
SPECIAL HIGH VOLTAGE PRECAUTIONS
High voltage warning :

Do not attempt to measure any high voltages. This includes the filament voltage of the magnetron. High voltage is
present during any cooking.
Before touching any components or wiring, always unplug the oven and discharge the high voltage capacitor.
The high voltage capacitor remains charged about 30 seconds after disconnection.
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MICROWAVE OVENS

Connectors Most of the connectors includes a security 6,35 mm
clip. They can be insulated by a protector.
When disconnecting : Its necessary

to pull the protector. The protector
activates the security clip. If there is
no protector, the clip must be
activated by a claw or a little tool.
When connecting : Its only
necessary to push the protector
Circular resistor and its thermostat This ventilated resistor is only used for Resistor
the COMBI models 230 V
1500W
36
Thermostat
175C
Moto-ventilator This element allows to ventilate the 220/240 V

circular element. 95
30 W
Simple grill Two positions hermetic resistor : 220/240 V

Horizontal position : Classical grill to 32,9 36
use with the micro-wave function. 1500 W
Vertical position : Specific function to
grill chicken or another poultry.
Quartz grill Two translucent quartz tubs use a kanthal 230 V, 115 V per tub
filament. 1200 W
There are serially connected. 43
Be careful : Never touch a tub with

your fingers.
One of the tubs can be halogen.
Thermostat This thermostat is used to regulate the 24 litres oven

simple grills or quartz grills in case of 135C
overheating. 30 litres oven
150C
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MICROWAVE OVENS

Lamp The lamp has a specific conception which 240-250 V
gives it a longer life.
25 W
Moto-ventilator Only one ventilator allows to ventilate : 230 V

- The magnetron 1940 t/min
- Inside the cavity 100
- Around the cavity 21 W
- The transformer
Adjustable foot The cavity is fixed to a metallic basis The left front foot is adjustable by simple
including the two rear feet. rotation.
The two front feet are clipped on the
basis.
The left front foot is adjustable.
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MICROWAVE OVENS
6.7. - Electrical diagram with mechanic control

;;
@@

;;;;
@@

@@

@@;;@@
;;

;;;

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MICROWAVE OVENS
6.8. - Electrical diagram with electronic control
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MICROWAVE OVENS
6.9. - Electrical diagram with electronic control Combined oven
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
MICROWAVE OVENS SECURITY AND
Technical Training DIAGNOSIS
7- SECURITY
7.1. - The security and the technician
ITS ABSOLUTELY FORBIDDEN TO WORK LIVE

WHEN THE COVER IS DISMOUNTED.
All controls must be done out when the oven is unplugged and the capacitor downloaded. A single
ohmmeter is enough to find 95% electric failures.
7.2. - Low voltage risks

As with any main supplied appliance, there is an electrical risk associated with live electrical wires.
The main cable must be disconnected when the appliance is not being tested.
It is imperative to use a socket with earth and ensure that it is protected by a 30 mA
differential circuit breaker.
The main power supply must also be equipped with an emergency stop button.
7.3. - High voltage risks

The working of microwave oven requires the use of high voltage. This presents a major risk for the
repairer with potentials reaching 4000 Volts under 0,30 Amperes. It is vital to note that even with a
disconnected appliance, the voltage doubling capacitor may always retain a significant charge. The
specific measures must be taken to protect oneself from high voltage :
A ground mat insulating to 5000 Volts must be put at the place of work station.
After each measurement or test of the appliance, the capacitor must be discharged, using,
imperatively a pair of gloves insulated to 5000 Volts
the capacitor must be discharged, using, imperatively a pair of

gloves insulated to 5000 Volts. This can be achieved easily by
shorting the capacitor terminals, using needle nose pliers.
5000V
insulated
gloves
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
SECURITY AND MICROWAVE OVENS
DIAGNOSIS Technical Training
7.4. - The electromagnetic risks

Apart from low and high voltage risks, microwave ovens present another danger for the repairer, the
one linked to electromagnetic waves.
The oven should not be operated under any circumstance in the following conditions:
Deformed door (hinges deteriorated, perforated plate damaged, wave trap impaired).
Cavity of the oven perforated.
Empty to absorb microwave energy.
Never short circuit the door safety devices to operate the appliance with the door open.
Never cause the magnetron to operate outside its housing, even for testing, for two
reasons :
Either it is not linked to the earth of the frame. The technician may touch the earth of the
magnetron and the one of the frame. He then complete the high voltage circuit and may be
immediately electrocuted.
Or the magnetron is in contact with the frame and is working. It emits invisible electromagnetic
waves through its antenna . The technician is the victim of serious eye lesions.
It is compulsory to do a test of impermeability to waves after each repair.
7.5. - General safety instructions

To be added to these specific remarks concerning electric and electromagnetic risks, there are general
measures of security.
The technician must work calmly and not be disturbed.
Any outside disturbance may distract him and have fatal consequences.
The intervention of 2 technicians at the same time must be prohibited.
The working site must be indicated as being dangerous and forbidden to unqualified people.
A work station specifically restricted and guarded by a white and red safety line is a simple and
satisfactory solution. However it must be visible by the other technicians. This allows a quicker
intervention in case there is an accident.
A billboard with the instructions to follow in case there is an electric accident must be set
near the station.
Never have a dismounted oven unwatched even for a short time.
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
8- DIAGNOSIS METHOD
The method must guaranty the repairing reliability which allows to locate the faulty components and
must guaranty the technician security.
Before beginning the reparation of a microwave oven, check that you have :
Necessary time
Necessary tools
All the safety conditions
A special training
8.1. - Necessary tools

A ground mat insulating to 5000V
A pair of gloves insulated to 5000V
A pliers insulated to 5000V

W
Measuring tools A
Ammeter V
Ohmmeter Off
V-W Com
A
Leak detector
Technical document of the oven
8.2. - Preliminary controls

Before dismantling, its necessary to do a visual control to ensure that :
The door aspect is good (surrounding, hinges, wave pit, wired glass ) and closes well. In the
opposite, correct these points before starting.
The cavity has a good correct aspect (No shock, no burnt area, no broken assembly). In case
of problem it is necessary to change it. Dont try to repair a cavity.
The oven is perfectly clean. If it is not clean, it can be the reason for a bad performance. Do the
power released test before and after cleaning.
After, it is necessary to do an earth continuity verification. The resistance between the frame and the
earth plug must be nil. In case of resistance, check the wiring and its appliance ground connection.
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
8.3. - Working test

When live, this oven must have its cover. It is necessary to control all the functions of the microwave
oven : Lighting, cooling, turntable rotation and the heating element if the oven has a combined
program.
Normal working intensities
Selected function Normal working current under 220/240 Volts
Single micro-wave Between 5 and 8 A
Grill Between 6 et 7 A
Hot air Approximately 7 A
Micro-waves + grill Between 12 et 14 A
Micro-waves + Hot air Between 12 et 14 A
Intensities in case of fault
TOTAL OVEN CONSUMPTION

Not supplied in short-circuit
Transformer HV
100 200 mA More than 15 A
Cut in short -circuit
High Voltage diode
2A 2A
Cut in short -circuit
Capacitor
2A More than 15 A
Defective cathode in short -circuit
Magnetron
2A 2A
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
8.4. - Diagnosis assistance
Consumers complaint Possible origin To control
The turntable doesnt Dirty things are on the Wash the lower part of the cavity
move rollers way or directly on
the caster wheels Scrape all the caster circumferences
Motor and driver turn but Check the good roller mounting (metallic hoop)
not the turntable on the driver.
Check the caster forms and change the
metallic hoop if necessary.
Change the trainer and use the black new one
without white shaft.
View of the
new trainer
Motor doesnt turn Check the Stop turntable key.

Check the motor and change it if necessary.
If the motor axis is broken (17L NEMO ovens),
change the motor by 79X7164 pieces suite and
add a screw into the motor holder as indicated
on instruction sheets.
If the motor is not supplied and if the
connectors are OK, change the power board.
Noisy appliance Noisy turntable (Press the Wash the lower part of the cavity
Stop turntable for testing)
Scrape all the caster circumferences
Body Check the oven levelling et adjust if necessary
the left front foot (24/30L models)
Check the bitumen presence on the cover and
the transformer buffers.
Check the cover screws.
Power components OUT (If Check magnetron / diode / transfo / capacitor
the noise is important and HV.
unusual during a wave
production only. Change the faulty element
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
On a quartz grill model, The 2 lamps are different Inform the consumer : The difference of
the back resistor (One is halogen the other lighting is normal.
doesnt shine a lot uses quartz)
The oven doesnt heat Thermal fuse is out Check the door switches and the lock. (The
up circuit can be shorted if the switches order is
not respected)
Check the power diode and the AK protector (if
its used)
Check the connector insulation and the
magnetron ground.
The transformer primary Check the fuse.
isnt supplied
Check the door lock and its switches.
Check the magnetron thermostat.
Problem on the power Check the magnetron (specially for a noisy
circuit oven)
(If the transformer primary Check the capacitor
is supplied)
Check the power diode (change it if it use a red
wire connected to magnetron).
Check the magnetron connections F and FA
(No resistance must appear).
Check other connections in the high voltage
circuit).
The oven stops when A micro-wave leak disturbs Check the gasket presence around the
its working the microprocessor magnetron antenna.
On NEMO, ensure of the good magnetron
fixing to the cavity (It must be full engaged in
the clips.
If necessary, before mounting, press the 4
clips.
Steam presence on the Check the oven ventilation and the correct
electronic board fitting of the built in kit, in accordance to the
installation instructions.
Power supply has stopped Restart the oven.
Ventilation noise after The ventilation continues to Inform customer : The noise could be stopped
the oven is stopped run 3 minutes after a by openning the door
continue using of 3 min for
evacuating moisture and
cooling the components
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
The oven doesnt heat Magnetron overheats The air flow is blocked (Dust, bad setting).
up very much Clean the air inputs.
The cooling motoventilator is not supplied or
out.
Magnetron thermostat is out
The capacitor is out. (Its Control the real capacity.
value has changed)
The transformer is out Control the coils ohmic values
The magnetron is out Check it and change it if necessary.
The recipient used isnt Check the working with a glass of water or do
adapted the power release measure given in this
document.
Flash inside the cavity Metallic pieces inside the Never use metallic objects.
oven (Spoon, fork )
Too little food Put a glass of water near the food.
Metallic hoop (roller) is Respect the roller mounting

upside down
Wave guide protector is Change the protector (Dont use the oven
dirty before the exchange : Destruction risk).
Dirty cavity Clean the cavity
Bad electric contact on the Move the grill several times.

grill axis (The flashes are
located upper in the right of If the fault comes back on NEMO, Put the
the cavity) metallic mesh 71X0001 as in the picture to
have a better contact in the grill axis.
Grill axis
The metallic gasket

is laid properly deep
in the groove
Steam into the door Bad ventilation Check the good fitting of the built in kit, in
accordance to the installation instructions
Check the air flow and clean the air inputs
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
8.5. - Control of the different components

Unplug the oven
Dismount the cover
Get on your HV insulated gloves,
Discharge the high voltage capacitor
8.5.1. - The high voltage diode

Since the triggering threshold for the diode is 9 Volts, it is impossible to measure the diode with a
conventional checker. For this control, do as follows :
The lamp comes on The lamp does not come on
6 Volts 6 Volts
12 Watts 12 Watts
+ - + - + - + - + - + -
4,5 Volts 4,5 Volts 4,5 Volts
4,5 Volts 4,5 Volts 4,5 Volts
The diode is in working order if it comes on in the first set-up and remains off in the second one. The
diode is faulty if the lamp comes on or remains off in both set-ups.
Warning : When reassembling, make sure the diode is installed using the correct polarity.
8.5.2. - The magnetron

Reminder : All the tests must be done when it is unplugged. The capacitor has been downloaded
respecting safety instructions.
Measure the resistance between the Measure the resistance between the
disconnected terminals supply terminal and the earth of the
The resistance is about 0,5 magnetron.
The resistance must be infinite
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
8.5.3. - Capacitor
Reminder : All the tests must be done when it is unplugged. The capacitor has been
downloaded respecting safety instructions.
With a capacimeter
Do a direct measure, the exact value is given on the component.
With an ohmmeter
This method is approximative, not reliable but easy to use.

Calibrate the ohmmeter on 10 M
Measure the resistance between the disconnected terminals. The value read on
the tester goes up and down once.
Reverse the two terminals of the tester : The value read on the tester goes up and down again.
Dynamic control (with the ammeter)
This method is quite precise and use the capacitor impedance.
If you apply an alternative voltage to the capacitor, you find the relation : U= Z x I . Z is the capacitor
impedance. This impedance depends of the supply frequency and is given by the relation :
1 1
Z= =
C. C.2.Frequency
U in Volts, I in Amperes, C in Farads, F in Hertz and Z in Ohms.
If the capacitor supply is 230V / 50Hz, the current can be calculated like this :
= 230 x 2 x x 50 x C
I = U / Z = U x C
I = 72220 x C Current Capacity

57 mA 0,8 .Farad
If the capacitor capacity is 1,05 Farad. 65 mA 0,9 .Farad
72 mA 1 .Farad
I = 72220 x 1,05.10-6 = 0,075 A 79 mA 1,1 .Farad
8.5.4. - The transformer

Remove connectors from the transformer terminals and check
continuity.
Primary coil: Approx 1 to 2
Secondary high voltage coil :Approx 50 to 100
Secondary low voltage : Approx1
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
8.6. - After repairing tests

After repairing and before returning the oven to the consumer, its necessary to do some check points
to ensure the security and the working of the appliance.
8.6.1. - Earth continuity check

Before any intervention, verify obligatorily the earth
continuity. With an ohmmeter, connect up one of its terminal
to the cordon plug, and the other terminal to the appliance
bodywork and sub-frame. If the resistance is not equal to
zero, it is necessary to check the cordon and its connection
to the appliance earth.
8.6.2. - Check for microwave leakage

After any repair, its necessary to control the wave leakage
level around the door, the control panel, the cover and the
ventilation holes.
The appliance must respect this norm :
Maximum authorised leakage is 5 mW/cm2
To do that, use a leak detector working with the 2450Mhz frequency.

Put a 275 ml of water inside the oven in a wide container (diameter 9 cm mini).
Program a maximum power cooking.(Continuous working of the magnetron)
Move the leak detector around the door, near the glass to check the metallic fence and on the air
outlets. The sweeping mustnt excess 2,5 cm / seconde.
The 71X9653 detector is made to respect the measure distance.
Wave leakage near the magnetron
When replacing the magnetron, ensure to remount the

magnetron gasket in the correct position and make sure the
gasket is in good condition.
A micro-wave leak (not dangerous for the user) can disturb

the electronic power board.
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
8.6.3. - Released power

The test of released power (also called performance test) is made to ensure that the oven emits waves
and the latter are well-absorbed by the food. We are presenting you with two different methods. But
only the first one will be used easily by the technician maintaining microwave oven. The second one
referring standard comes within the competence of a laboratory and is not adapted to the need s of a
technician.
Temperature elevation method of measure (This control applies to after sale)

Put two glass containers filled with water inside the oven. Do not place them touching each other
or the oven sides (see diagram) .
Using the thermometer, measure the initial T1 and T2 temperatures in the 2 containers.
Calculate the initial average temperature
Average initial temperature = (T1 + T2) / 2
After removing the thermometer from inside the oven, switch the oven on in max cooking position
for exactly 1minutes and 3seconds (the 3 seconds represent the time between switching the
oven on and the microwaves being emitted inside the oven)
Open the oven door and measure the T3 and T4 temperatures in each container stirring well each
time.
Calculate the final average temperature :
Average final temperature = (T3 + T4) / 2
Calculate the temperature elevation t:
t = Average final temperature minus average initial temperature
The power release is :
Power released = t X 70
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
Standard method of measure
(According to the international electrotechnical standard EN335-2-25(11/90) Annexe AA
Necessary conditions
The ambient temperature must be 23 2C.
The thermometer is chosen to minimise the perturbation of the measure.
The oven, the empty container and the tool used to agitate the water must be at the ambient
temperature.
The container used must be round, made of borosilicate glass with a maximum thickness of 3 mm
and an outside diameter around 190 mm.
The load is made by 1000 5 g. of drinking water.
The initial water temperature is 10 2C.
The voltage must be equal to its nominal value.
The oven doesnt include accessories.
Measure process
Measure the water temperature (10 2C).
Put water in a container.
Put the container in the oven and set the maximum cooking power.
The working duration of the magnetron (*) must be such as the rising of teh water temperature
is102C and as the final water temperature equals the ambient temperature 5C.
According to the oven presumed power (P.P.in Watts), use these times (Tm/s = Magnetron working
duration, in seconds) :
P.P 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 1000 1100
Tm/s 84 76 70 64 60 56 52 49 47 42 38
After heating during the previous time, agitate water to make the water temperature the same
everywhere in the container. The final temperature measure of water can be done.
The released power value is calculated following this method :
4187 (final temperature - initial temperature)

P=
Working time of the magnetron
In general, a pressure on the START key doesnt correspond to the beginning of the working of the
magnetron. The heating duration of the cathode is around 2 or 3 seconds in general.
The working time only begins when the intensity used stabilises (The best thing to do is to start the
chronometer the current used stabilises around 5 to 8A depending of the magnetron power).
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CU3-FMO-001UK-09/02
BRANDT CUSTOMER SERVICES Formation CU3- FMO 001UK 09/02
BRANDT CUSTOMER SERVICES 5/7, avenue des Bthunes -95310 Saint-Ouen l'Aumne
Adresse postale : BP 9526 -95069 CERGY PONTOISE CEDEX - FRANCE
SAS au capital de 2.500.000 RCS Pontoise B 440 303 303
SIRET 440 303 303 00026 APE514F
Service formation : Agrment N 11 95 00 685 95
Tl : 0825 38 2000 *- Fax : 33 (0)1 34 21 47 01
*N indigo cot 0,15 TTC la minute

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2- WHATS A WAVE ?................................................................................................................................................. 7

Three types of appliances are present on the market place :

Single microwave ovens

Microwave and grill ovens

They combine microwaves to cook and infrareds to roast, brown or grill.

Combined microwave ovens

It will deal with :

2.3. - Wave length

2.4. - Two types of waves

2.4.1. - Mechanic waves

2.4.2. - Electromagnetic waves

The wave properties can change with the frequency.

2.5. - Ionising and non-ionising waves

2.5.1. - Ionising waves

2.5.2. - Non ionising waves

10-12m 10-11m 10-10m 10-6m 1mm 12,24cm 1m

Cosmic Gamma X U.V. Infra Micro

1020hz 1019hz 1017hz 300Ghz 2450 Mhz 300Mhz

2.6. - Calculation of wave length

Light speed (m/sec)

For a microwave oven :

2.7. - Micro-waves features

These materials will be used inside the cavity

2.8. - How do microwaves work ?

In addition to water qualities, its molecule has an interesting characteristic :

Here is the molecule : The 3 atoms are not on a line,

In food, there are many water molecules whose position

If an electrical field is applied to a salad, as for example

If the field is inverted, the molecules invert as well.

2.9. - How is food cooked ?

There may be two types of cooking

Conduction cooking Conduction

If the food is thicker, the inside is cooked by the propagation of the

A wave is the result of the perturbation of an environment.

3- USING A MICRO-WAVE OVEN

PLEASE NOTE : Its better not to use

To check that a dish can be used in a

DEFROSTING To bring to the correct temperature cooked frozen food or vegetables.

MAINTAINING To maintain or to bring to the correct temperature butter, cream, wine,

3.3. - Cooking duration

3.4. - Specific options

The use of electronic controls is at the origin of a large diversity of options.

3.4.1. - Cooking advices

4- MICROWAVE OVEN PRINCIPLE

Wave stirrer Wave guide

4.2. - The different components

Voltage doubler The voltage doubler transforms the

Magnetron It is an oscillator emitting electromagnetic

SPECIAL HIGH VOLTAGE PRECAUTIONS

High voltage warning :

Designation Function Characteristics

Moto-ventilator The motoventilator is used 220/240V~

Control Mechanic control Mechanic

Designation Function Characteristics

4.3. - The magnetron

Ceramic tube Antenna

Cooling blades Permanent magnet

Anode (copper) with

Cathode with heater

4.3.1. - The cathode

A tungsten wire is crossed by a short-circuit current in a very low

The cathode is supplied by the two only terminals of the magnetron.

4.3.2. - The anode