Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
TAUNO PALVA,
University of Turku,
Turku, Finland.
_20
_'0 I
0
'0
: 20
30
~
40
"-
iJ5 50
~
60
f.....: 70
~ 80
I
90 !
'20
'r! 1 .. I
I
~'25 250 500 , 000 2000 4000 BOOO 104
FREQUENCY cps
Fig. 1. A case with serous otitis media. Bone conduction is consider-
ably lowered at higher frequencies but returns promptly to normal after
aspiration of the middle ear.
100
Speech Tests.
During the last decade it has been established beyond doubt
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUDIOLOGY. 295
...
100 .....- :1:
80
t
~ 60
i:::
~
~ 40
~
20
..
CS
-10 0 10 20 3D 40 SO 60 70
HEARING LOSS FOR SPEECH c/b
Fig. 4. The relation between discrimination ability and hearing loss
for speech In 69 cases with complete recruitment, tested with the Finnish
speech test materia!." Discrimination suffers notably when the threshold
loss exceeds 40 db.
.. . ...
m
..
ro
ro
-10 o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
REFERENCES.
1. PALVA, T., and OJALA, L.: Middle Ear Conduction Deafness and Bone
Conduction. Acta Otolaryngol., 45: 137, 1955.
2. FOWLER, E. P.: A Method for the Early Detection of Otosclerosis.
Arch. Otolaryngol., 24: 731, 1936.
3. DIX, M. R.; HALLPIKE, C. S., and HOOD, J. D.: Observations upon the
Loudness Recruitment Phenomenon with Especial Reference to the Dif-
ferential Diagnosis of Disorders of the Internal Ear and the VIIlth
Nerve. Jour. Laryngol. and Otol., 62:671, 1948.
4. HALLPIKE, C. S., and CAIRNS, H.: Observations on the Pathology of
Meniere's Syndrome. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 31:1317, 1938.
5. DIX, M. R., and HALLPIKE, C. S.: The Pathology, Symptomatology
and Diagnosis of Certain Common Disorders of the Vestibular System.
Ann. Otol., Rhinol. and Laryngol., 61: 986, 1952.
6. ALTMANN, F., and FOWLER, E. P., JR.: Histological Findings in
Meniere's Symptom Complex. Ann. Otol., Rhinol. and Laryngol., 52: 52,
1943.
7. LINDSAY, J. R.: Meniere's Disease. Histopathologic Observations.
Arch. Otolaryngol., 39: 313, 1944.
8. LINDSAY, J. R.: Labyrinthine Dropsy. THE LARYNGOSCOPE, 56:325,
1946.
9. SMITH, K. R.: The Problem of Stimulation Deafness. Jour. Elf.p.
Psycho 1., 37: 304, 1947.
10. WEVER, E. G., and SMITH, K. R.: The Problem of Stimulation Deaf-
ness. Jour. Exp. Psychol., 39: 238, 1949.
298 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUDIOLOGY.
11. DAVIS, H., ET AL.: Acoustic Trauma in the Guinea Pig. Jour.
Acoust. Soc. Amer., 25: 1180, 1953.
12. RUEDI, L.: Occupational Injuries of the Ear. Acta Otolaryngol.,
41: 118, 1952.
13. DAVIS, H., ET AL.: Temporary Deafness Following Exposure to
Loud Tones and Noise. Acta Otolaryngol., Suppl. 88, 1950.
14. PALVA, T.: Occupational Deafness in Telephone Exchange Workers.
Acta Otolaryngol., 47:510, 1957.
15. SAX:EN, A.: Pathologische Anatomie und Klinik der degenerativen
Erkrankungen des Gehororgans. Erg. d. Pathol., Bd. 34, 1938.
16. PALVA, T.: Audiometric Diagnosis of Hearing Defects. Suom.
Laiik. I., 12: 452, 1956.
17. PEsTALOZZA, G., and SHORE, I.: Clinical Evaluation of Presbycusis
on the Basis, of Different Tests of Auditory Function. THE LARYNGOSCOPE,
65: 1136, 1955.
18. DIX, M. R., and HOOD, J. D.: Modern Developments in Pure Tone
Audiometry and Their Application to the Clinical Diagnosis of End
Organ Deafness. Jour. Laryngol. and OtoZ., 67: 343, 1953.
19. FOWLER, E. P.: The Recruitment of Loudness. THE LARYNGOSCOPE,
60: 680, 1950.
20. WEVER, E. G., and LAURENCE, M.: "Physiological Acoustics." Prince-
ton University Press, Princeton, N. J., 1954.
21. PALVA, T.: On Recruitment Testing. Arch. Otolaryngol., 66:93, 1957.
22. HIRSH, I. J.; PALVA, T., and GoODMAN, A.: Difference Limen and
Recruitment. Arch. Otolaryngol., 60: 525, 1954.
23. LUND-IvERSEN, L.: An Investigation on the Difference Limen Deter-
mined by the Method of Liischer and Zwislocki in Normal Hearing and in
Various Forms of Deafness. Acta Otolaryngol., 42: 219, 1952.
24. FOURNIER, J. E.: Le Seuil Differentiel de la Hauteur. Proc. Vth.
Int. Congo Oto-Rhinol-Laryn.gol., p. 242, 1953.
25. SCHUBERT, K.: Diagnostische Fortschritte durch Tonhohenunter-
schiedsschwellenmessung. Arch. Ohrenheilk, 161: 499, 1952.
26. MEURMAN, O. H.: The Difference Limen of Frequency in Tests of
Auditory Function. Acta Otolaryngol., Suppl. 118: 144, 1954.
27. AZZI, A.: The Sensibility of the Human Ear to Frequency Modula-
tion. Proc. 1st. Int. Congo Audiol., p. 57, Leyden, 1953.
28. HOOD, J. D.: Auditory Fatigue and Adaptation in the Differential
Diagnosis of End-Organ Disease. Ann. Otol., Rhinol. and Laryngol.,
64: 507, 1955.
29. HALLPIKE, C. S., and HOOD, J. D.: Some Recent Work on Auditory
Adaptation and Its Relationship to the Recruitment Phenomenon. Jour.
Acoust. Soc. Amer., 23: 270, 1951.
30. HOOD, J. D.: Studies in Auditory Fatigue and Adaptation. Acta
Otolaryngol., Suppl. 92, 1950.
31. HmZING, H. C.: The Relation Between Auditory Fatigue and Re-
cruitment. Acta Otolaryngol., Suppl. 78: 169, 1948.
32. PALVA, T.: Studies of Per-stimulatory Adaptation in Various Groups
of Deafness. THE LARYNGOSCOPE, 65: 829, 1955.
33. LIERLE, D. M., and REGER, S. N.: Experimentally Induced Temporary
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUDIOLOGY. 299
Threshold Shifts in Ears with Impaired Hearing. Ann. Otol., Rhinol. and
Laryngol., 64: 263, 1955.
34. PALVA, T.: Post-stimulatory Fatigue in Diagnosis. Arch. Otolaryn-
gol., (In Press).
35. PALVA, T.: Self-recording Threshold Audiometry and Recruitment.
Arch. Otolaryngol., 65: 522, 1957.
36. REGER, S. N., and Kos, C. M.: Clinical Measurements and Implica-
tion of Recruitment. .Ann. Otol., Rhinol. and Laryn.gol., 61: 810, 1952.
37. Kos, C. M.: Auditory Function as Related to the Complaint of
Dizziness. THE LARYNGOSCOPE" 65: 711, 1955.
38. LUNDBORG, T.: Diagnostic Problems Concerning Acoustic Tumors.
Acta Otolaryngol., Suppl. 99, 1952.
39. LANGENBECK, B.: "Leitfaden der praktischen Audiometrie." Georg
Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1952.
40. BOCCA, E.: Interrupted Masking as a Differential Test of Auditory
Function. Acta Otolaryngol., 34: 452, 1951.
41. PALVA, T.; GOODMAN, A., and HIRSH, I. J.: Critical Eveluation of
Noise Audiometry. THE LARYKGOSCOPE, 63: 842, 1953.
42. PALVA, T.: Studies of Hearing for Pure Tones and Speech in Noise.
Acta Otolaryngol., 45: 231, 1955.
43. DIX, M. R.; HALLPIKE, C. S., and HOOD, J. D.: "Nerve" Deafness:
Its Clinical Criteria, Old and New. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 42:527, 1949.
44. Esy, G., and WILLIAMS, H.: Recruitment of Loudness in the Dif-
ferential Diagnosis of End-Organ and Nerve Fiber Deafness. THE LARYN-
GOSCOPE, 61: 400, 1951.
45. HUIZING, H. C., and REYNTJES, A. J.: Recruitment and Speech Dis-
crimination Loss. THE LARYNGOSCOPE, 62: 521, 1952.
46. PALVA, T.: Finnish Speech Audiometry. Acta Otolaryngol., Suppl.
101, 1952.
47. LIDEN, G.: Speech Audiometry. Acta Otolaryngol., Suppl. 114, 1954.
48. SCHUKNECHT, H. F., and WOELLNER, R. C.: An Experimental and
Clinical Study of Deafness from Lesions of the Cochlear Nerve. Jour.
'Laryngol. and Otol., 69:75, 1955.
49. HARBERT, F., and SATALOFF, J.: Clinical Application of Recruitment
and Masking. THE LARYNGOSCOPE, 65: 113, 1955.
50. WALSH, T. E., and GoODMAN, A.: Speech Discrimination in Central
Auditory Lesions. THE LARYNGOSCOPE, 65: 1, 1955.
ETTORE BOCCA,
University of Milan,
Milan, Italy.
The clinIcal examination of the peripheral organ of hearing
has undergone a radical evolution in the recent decades,
thanks to electrophysiological investigation of the cochlea,
and to the introduction of the audiometer; however, it has
not had its counterpart in a better knowledge of the auditory
experience as a whole.
More and more attention has been devoted to audiometry,
with the result that we know a lot more about hearing but
as little as ever about listening. Since the assertion of Collet
in 1920, that we know nothing about the cortical troubles
of hearing, things do not seem to have improved much until
1953, when Aboulker stated that the semeiology of the cortical
disorders of hearing is still in its infancy. Two years later
Alajouanine, in his beautiful book on the functions of the
temporal lobe, concluded that it is so far impossible to make an
audiometrical diagnosis of a lesion of the auditory cortex.
As far as we are dealing with the organ of hearing, physio-
logical, physiopathological and clinical investigation may avail
themselves of the same stimuli: pure tones, or simple sounds.
Before these stimuli, the organ of hearing behaves in a well-
defined fashion, according to well-known physical and mathe-
matical laws.
The appreciation of loudness casts a shadow upon the value
of some physical determinations, but that problem, too, has
had a satisfactory explanation on a psychophysiological basis.
As far as tones and simple sounds are concerned, the response