Newtons First Law- An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion

with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
The tendency to resist changes in their state of motion is described as inertia.
Newtons Second Law- Motion can be formally stated as follows: The acceleration of an
object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force,
in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
Newtons Third Law- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The
statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two
interacting objects. The size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the force on
the second object.

Vectors- Is a quantity or phenomenon that has two independent properties: magnitude and
direction.
Displacement- Is a vector quantity that refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the
object's overall change in position.
Velocity- is a vector quantity that refers to "the rate at which an object changes its position."
Acceleration- Is a vector quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object changes its
velocity. An object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity.
Scalars- Are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone.
Distance- is a scalar quantity that refers to "how much ground an object has covered" during
its motion.
Speed- is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is moving." Speed can be thought
of as the rate at which an object covers distance.

Kinematics- Is the science of describing the motion of objects using

words,diagrams,numbers,graphs,and equations.

Mechanics- The study of the motion of objects.

Momentum- Refers to the quantity of motion that an object has.

Isolated System- A collection of two or more objects that is free from the influence of a net
external force that alters the momentum of the system.
Rear end collisions- Occurs when the front bumper of one motor vehicle collides with the
back end of another vehicle. Common causes that contribute to his kind of crash include
tailgating, panic stops, reduced traction due to weather or worn pavement. Most crashes
are caused by a sudden deceleration by the first car, so the car behind does not have time
to brake and collides with the first car.

Head on collisions- Head on collisions often have poor outcomes because of the speed
involved when the collision takes place. The typical cause of head on collisions is when one
vehicle inadvertently strays into the path of an oncoming vehicle.

Single vehicle collisions- A single vehicle collisions is when a single road vehicle has a
collision without involving any other vehicle. They usually have similar root causes as head-
on collisions, but no other vehicle happened to be in the path of the vehicle leaving its lane.

Pedestrian collisions- Hitting a pedestrian while driving a car is a frightful occurrence, but
not uncommon.
Wrap Trajectory- The most common type of pedestrian collisions, which usually
involves a decelerating vehicle. In this type of collision the pedestrians torso wraps
up onto the vehicles hood.
Forward Projection- This type of collision involves both vehicles which are braking
and non-braking. The pedestrian is contacted near an outboard edge: the torso is
wrapped onto the hood of the vehicle, and the pedestrian exits off of the side of the
vehicle.
Roof Vault- This type of pedestrian collision occurs when a pedestrian center of
mass is higher than the leading edge of the vehicle. The pedestrian is lifted into the
air because of the vehicles speed or a low roof line. Typically, these types of
pedestrian collisions are caused by high impact speeds.
Sumersault- This is the least common of pedestrian collisions and is due to high
impact speeds. The pedestrian is flipped into the air (or is somersaulted) before
striking the ground.
Understanding The Physics Behind Rear-End Collisions
Rear-end Collisions
Collisions between objects are governed by laws of
momentum and energy. The mass of the vehicle
multiplied by the speed, determines the amount of
force applied to the car being hit. Most vehicles are
rear ended while at a complete stop, absorbing the full
force of an impact. So we will be looking at G-
force,inertia,force,mass,and speed. A rear-end accident
involving two average cars with the back car going 40
mph is equivalent of the front car hitting a brick wall at
20 mph. G-force is defined as the acceleration
imposed by Earths gravity, or 32.2 feet per second,
squared. A force of 5g, for example, means that a
body is accelerating at five times the force of gravity.
This effect of acceleration can lead to neck injuries.
The human head has an average weight of 10lbs.
Consequently, a g5 force results in a potential
loading of approximately 50 lbs to the head. An
automobile is stopped at a red light. This is the
automobile in which the driver is going to receive a
whiplash injury. The driver is at rest within the
automobile. Newton's First Law: An object at rest
stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion
unless acted upon by an unbalanced, outside force.
The automobile begins to move. Newton's Second
Law: The automobile accelerates because of the unbalanced, outside force from the
rear: F=ma (Force=MassAcceleration). The back of the seat pushes the driver forward and
driver's torso moves moves with the automobile. Newton's Second Law: The torso
accelerates because of the unbalanced, outside force from the back of the seat,
F=ma (Force=MassAcceleration). The driver's head is not supported and stays back where it
is. Newton's First Law: an object. In other situations more serious injuries can
happen with greater force.
Head on Collisions

Isaac Newtons Third Law of Motion

states The mutual forces of action and
reaction between two bodies are equal,
opposite and collinear. Generally
speaking, for every reaction, there is an
opposite and equal reaction. This
means that when two objects traveling
at the exact same speed collide with
one another, the total amount of
energy released would be oppositely
and evenly distributed between the two objects. In essence, this means that
if both of the objects are traveling at 60 m/hr., the final speed would be 60
times two, however since equal and opposite forces apply, the energy
released will be equal to that of a single car colliding with a solid object at 60
m/hr. Now a show wanted to prove the myth of the force being double the
speed they performed four tests. The results of these four tests proved that
Newtons Third Law of Motion is true, while the myth that the force of impact
doubles during a head on collision is a myth and is in fact false. While the
myth was proven false, injuries sustained during a head-on collision are
typically severe, even at slower speeds of travel.
Pedestrian Collisions

One reason for this increased risk

is reaction time the time it takes

between a person perceiving a

danger and reacting to it. A driver

who is distracted, for example

listening to loud music, using a

mobile phone or has drunk alcohol

may take as long as 3 seconds to

react. The braking distance (the distance a car travels before stopping when

the brakes are applied) depends on a number of variables. The slope or

grade of the roadway is important a car will stop more quickly if it is going

uphill because gravity will help. The frictional resistance between the road

and the car's tyres is also important a car with new tyres on a dry road will

be less likely to skid and will stop more quickly than one with worn tyres on a

wet road. If slope and frictional resistance are equal, the factor that has most

influence on braking distance is initial speed. Since the impact force on a

pedestrian depends on the impact speed divided by the impact time, it

increases as the square of the impact speed. The impact speed, as we have
seen above, increases rapidly as the travel speed increases, because the

brakes are unable to bring the car to a stop in time. Once a pedestrian has

been hit by a car, the probability of serious injury or death depends strongly

on the impact speed. Reducing the impact speed from 60 to 50 miles

per/hour almost halves the likelihood of death, but has relatively little

influence on the likelihood of injury, which remains close to 100 per cent.