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(water pumping, electric vehicles, public lighting ....) or Acquisition and STM 32 F 4
Water Storage
connected to the grid (power plants). The photovoltaic build project microcontroller
Tank
pumping is one of the promising applications of the use of
photovoltaic energy especially in sub-Saharan countries
where their power networks still dont manage to cover all Fig.1. The experimental system bloc diagram
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STM microcontroller implementation of MPPT algorithms for stand-alone PV Water Pumping System
A. PV Generator 30
M PP
The PVG is constituted by an assembly of photovoltaic Ppv m ax
panels; the panels in turn are constituted by photovoltaic cells. 20
The output quantities (voltage and current) depend on the
climatic condition. The electrical specifications of the solar
module used are given in appendix (1). 10
2.5
M PP
id ish rs i pv 2
I pvopt
1.5
i ph rsh v pv 1
0.5
I pv f (V pv ) V pvopt
0
0 5 10 15 20
FIG.2. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF REAL SOLAR CELL To show the influence of the insolation, we have used the
database. The curves in Fig.5 and Fig.6 represent the
The PVG mathematic model with n s series connected solar evolution of real variables voltage and power for a
temperature equal to 26C and an insolation worth 200, 300,
cells, N s series connected panels and N p parallel connected 400, 600 and 900Wc / m.
panels are given by equation (1) with; Vpv and I pv are
respectively the output voltage and the output current of PV 40
9 0 0W c / m
Generator, i ph is the photocurrent, is is the reverse 6 0 0W c / m
30
saturation current of the diode, vt is the solar cell thermal 4 0 0W c / m
3 0 0W c / m
voltage, R s and R sh are respectively the series and shunt 20
2 0 0W c / m
resistors of the PVG, [6].
10
ns N s v pv Rs N p i pv
f (V pv , I pv ) N p i p N p is (exp( ) 1) Ppv f (V pv )
ns N s vt 0
ns N s v pv Rs N p i pv 0 5 10 15 20
(1)
Rsh FIG.5. P f (Vpv ) CHARACTERISTIC
Experimental characteristics: Influence of climatic
conditions
3 9 0 0W c / m
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insolation. From P f (Vpv ) and I pv f (Vpv ) characteristics, iL
the relationship have been identified by equation (2) where the
L
constant K cc is equal to 0.89 .
D id c
I pv _ opt K cc I cc (2) G a te vT
V pv vdc
D riv e v g C R
To show the temperature influence, the insolation value is
fixed at 600W/m. These curves P f (Vpv ) and
I pv f (Vpv ) in Fig.7 and Fig.8 correspond to the variation
of temperature between 23C and 29 C. FIG.9.BOOST COPPER BLOCK DIAGRAM
300
When the switch T is in the on state, the current in the boost
inductor increases linearly, and at that time, the diode is in the
2 3 C
off state. When the switch T is turned off, the energy stored in
200 2 4 C the inductor is released through the diode to the output RC
load. The current oscillation is smoothed by the inductance
2 6 C and a DC voltage oscillation is reduced by the capacitor. The
boost converter transfer function is obtained by considering
100 2 9 C
its steady state operation [8]. If f is the switching frequency,
P p v f (V p v ) is the duty ratio and R is the load resistance, the DC
0
voltage transfer function is:
0 50 100 150 200
V pv
FIG.7. P f (Vpv ) CHARACTERISTIC Vdc (4)
1
2.5
The boost converter operates in the continuous conduction
2 3 C for L Lmin where:
2
2 4 C
(1 ) R
1.5 2 6 C Lmin (5)
2f
1 2 9 C
The minimum capacitor value that results in voltage
0.5 ripple Vdc is given by:
I p v f (V p v ) Vdc
Cmin (6)
0 Vdc Rf
50 100 150 200
FIG.8. I pv f (Vpv ) CHARACTERISTIC The DC-DC converter is needed for two reasons: implement
The open circuit voltage is greatly influenced by the the MPPT algorithm and bring the DC voltage to an
temperature change; it varies in the opposite sense, it's the acceptable level to power the load.
same for the maximum power. Or the short circuit current is
independent of temperature. From Fig.7, and Fig.8, the C. DC/AC inverter
equation (3) gives the relation between Vco and Vopt where The inverter is SEMIKRON type. Its output voltage
the constant K oc is equal to 0.77 . vs applied to the motor is only dependent on the DC voltage
( Vdc ) and the logic states of the switches c1 , c 2 and c3 .
V pv _ opt K oc Voc (3)
Since, the studied system is assumed balanced. The associated
space voltage vector in the fixed reference frame, named also
B. Boost chopper Concordias axis, is given by the equation (7).
For this chopper configuration, his average output voltage is
2
greater than the input value, hence its name booster. This vs vd jvq Vdc [c1 a c2 a 2 c3 ],
structure requires a controlled switch and a diode. Fig.6 3 (7)
shows the block diagram of a boost chopper: It consists of the 2
j
power switch T, boost inductor L, filter capacitor C, output a e 3
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STM microcontroller implementation of MPPT algorithms for stand-alone PV Water Pumping System
the zero vectors. The vectors v sk and v s(k + 1) are respectively - Up To 71 port inputs and outputs with a switching
applied during time intervals k , k 1 and the zero vector is frequency that can reach up to 84 MHz ,
applied in the remaining time 0 Ts k k 1 . Fig.10 - It May issue a PWM signals with frequency1 68 MHz ,
shows the synthesis technique of SPWM. - 3 analogue converters with a resolution 12 bit and a
sampling rate of 0.41 s ,
q - 6 USART operate at a speed of 10.5 Mbyte / s .
v s ( k 1) 2
V s m ax V dc III. MPPT APPROACHES
3 Two MPPT approaches are developed. The first called
v sref Constant Voltage (CV) method and the second is
ref Incremental Conductance (IC) method.
v sk
A. Constant Voltage method
k
d From the database, the optimum voltage is in the range of
150V with a relative error of 4%. The PVG consists to the
association of 10 solar panels in series. So, to extract the
FIG.10.SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUE OF SPWM
maximum power it is necessary that the PV system operate at
To obtain an average value of v sref on the period Ts , there this voltage. This value will be used as reference voltage
valueV pv _ ref . This method is called "Constant Voltage (CV)
must be:
". The CV approach needs the measurement of the PV array
voltage in order to setup the duty-cycle of the DC/DC
k .v sk k 1.v s ( k 1)
v sref (8) converter, [9, 10, 11].
Ts
To comply with the constraint k k 1 Ts , the B. Incremental Conductance method
module Vsref of the voltage vector v sref must check the
Incremental conductance algorithm is based on the
V
condition:V sref dc . In this context, the synthesis solution following equation
2
is as follows; the coefficient is the duty cycle. dI pv I pv
+ = 0 (11)
2 Vsref dV pv V pv
k Ts sin( ) k 1 Ts sin( )
3 Vdc
When the operating point is in the right of the maximum
(9) power point, so we have:
D. Moto-Pump
dI pv I pv
+ < 0 (12)
The pump that is used in this work is a centrifugal pump dV pv V pv
type LOWARA SM63 BG/304; the power is equal to
0.61KW. This pump is equipped with a flow rate sensor.The If this point is to left of maximum power point, we obtained:
centrifugal pump is also described by an H (Q) characteristic
dI pv I pv
given by: + > 0 (13)
H A1r A2r Q A3Q (10) dV pv V pv
(10) The optimum can be followed by comparing the
Where: A1 0.039, A2 0.3079, A3 0.0024 . I pv
All machine parameters are given in appendix 2. instantaneous conductance and the incremental
V pv
E. STM32F4 microcontroller dI pv
conductance . If the optimum is reached, the operation
dV pv
The STM32F4 microcontroller is designed for real-time
of the PVG is maintained at this point and the disturbance
applications. It is characterized by an optimized structure for
stops until a new change in current level is noted, [12, 13, 14].
the large amount treatment of instruction in parallel on each
In this case, the decrease in the algorithm or the increment is
clock cycle. It belongs to the family ARM Cortex-M4 32-bit
performed to follow the new maximum power point; the size
and controlled by an external clock signal with
of the increment determines the speed to follow the maximum
frequency 168 MHz . Its main features are:
power point. This method provides a good performance in
rapidly changing weather conditions. Fig.11 shows that from
- 192 KB of RAM and 1 Mbyte of flash memory, an operating point A, if weather conditions are invariable, a
which allows the implementation of complex disturbance V pv brings the operating point B and the
algorithms,
disturbance will be canceled due to a decrease in power. All
- Ultra-Low dynamic power, RTC 1 A ,
times the illumination increases and moves the power curve
from P1 to P2, the operating point also moves from A to C.
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International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-3, Issue-9, September 2015
This displacement represents an increase in power and the
perturbation is kept the same.
c1
c2
300 DC / AC
P2 C c3
inverter
P1
A B
200
vg
DC / DC
100
inverter
0
0 50 100 150 200
FIG.12.THE CV APPROACH IMPLEMENTED
FIG.11.DIVERGENCE OF IC FROM MPP ON STM32F4
A. CV results
-2
voltageV pv and stator voltageV s through sensors voltage with FIG.14.QUADRATURE COMPONENT VOLTAGE
a proportionality factor equal to 87.72. The stator voltageV s
The following figures show the experimental results for a
is divided by the nominal flux to determine the pulsation. The temperature equal to 26 and under insolation variation. For a
blocks Reference_source1, SYM_SPWM and Basic PWM1 real scenario presented by Fig.15, the insolation changes
give the commands c1 , c 2 and c 3 of switches. Then, we between 300 and 900Wc / m. Fig.16 gives the evolution of
compare PVG voltageV pv to a reference voltage. The output the extracted power Ppv , the estimated maximum
feed the chopper. power Ppv - opt and the efficiency that can research 96%.
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STM microcontroller implementation of MPPT algorithms for stand-alone PV Water Pumping System
FIG.15.EVOLUTION OF INSOLATION
FIG.18.MPP EVOLUTION
The effect of the operation at maximum power point on the
pump is mentioned in Fig.19 and Fig.20.The stator pulsation
vary together to have a constant flux. The flow rate and the
electromagnetic torque have the similar evolution as FIG.22.EXTRACTED, OPTIMAL AND EFFICIENCY
insolation. The flow rate is evolved with the insolation and its The maximum efficiency is more than 96% as shown
maximum value is obtained if the maximum power point is inFig.23. Finally, the operating point displacement for the
determined effectively.
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International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-3, Issue-9, September 2015
proposed scenario is given in Fig.24. Fig.25 shows that the FIG.26.EVOLUTION OF STATOR VOLTAGE AND
PVG voltage is varied between 145V and 150V.These results PULSATION
show clearly the effectiveness of this control approach.
FIG.27.EVOLUTION OF ELECTROMAHNETIC
TORQUE AND FLOW RATE
VI. CONCLUSION
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STM microcontroller implementation of MPPT algorithms for stand-alone PV Water Pumping System
APPENDIX.1. THE ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF Voltage-and Current-Based Maximum Power-Point Tracking. IEEE
Transactons of Energy Conversin, Vol. 17, No.4.
THE SOLAR MODULE
[10] NajetRebei, Ali Hmidet, Rabiaa Gammoudi,Othman Hasnaoui.
(2015). Implementation of photovoltaic water pumping system
Name Manufacturer TITAN withMPPT controls. Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag
Description STP-50-01 Berlin Heidelberg .
[11] Rabiaa Gammoudi, NajetRebei, Othman Hasnaoui. (2014).
Cell types Polycrystalline Implementation MPPT approaches of PV system. International Journal
Cell size 100cm of Renewable Energy, Vol. 9, No. 2.
Cell number 36 [12] A. Mellit, H. Mekki , A. Messai , H. Salhi. (2010). FPGA-based
Rated power 50Wc implementation of an intelligent simulator for stand-alone photovoltaic
system. Expert Systems with Applications 37 (2010) 6036605.
Power tolerance 5% [13] A. Safari and S. Mekhilef. (2011). Simulation and hardware
Optimal voltage 17.2V implementation of incremental conductance MPPT with direct control
Optimal current 2.9A method using Cukconverter. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 4,
pp. 11541161.
Open circuit voltage 21V [14] Ali Hmidet, Najet Rebei, Othman Hasnaoui. (2015). Experimental
Short circuit current 3.4A studies and performance Evaluation of MPPT Control Strategies for
Efficiency 11.3% Solar-Powered Water Pumps. Tenth Interntional Conference on
Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER).
Manufacturer's warranty 20 years
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