Slope of position-time : velocity

Slope of velocity-time : acceleration

Tangent lines: instantaneous velocity and

acceleration

Acceleration of
rising ball is the
same as of the
falling ball!

Acceleration due to
gravity is constant!
1
Lecture 6: Motion in more than 1D Objectives

Extend the definition of position, velocity and

acceleration in 2D and 3D using vector representation
Describe the characteristics of a projectile
Deduce the consequences of the independence of
vertical and horizontal components of projectile motion

2
Motion occurs in 2D and 3D
Position vector describes a location (with respect to an
origin).
, , = + +

Displacement vector is the difference of the initial and

final position vectors.
= 2 1 = 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 1

4m
60

3
Average velocity is the net displacement
per unit time

= = + +

where =

The direction is dependent

on the net displacement.

It is a need to know the

path traversed.

4
Instantaneous velocity is known from
the line tangent to any point in the path.

= = + + = + +

in 3D
== 2 + 2 + 2

= 2 + 2
in 2D

tan =


5
In which of the following would the average velocity
vector over an interval be equal to the instantaneous
velocity at the end of the interval?

i. A body moving along a curved path at constant

speed
ii. A body moving along a curved path and speeding
up
iii. A body moving along a straight line at constant
speed

6
Sample Problem: Univ. Physics (Young and Freedman)

Given:
1 = 1.1 + 3.4 2 = 5.3 0.5
1 = 0 2 = 3.0

Relevant equations:

= = 2
2
+ tan =

7
(a) components of average velocity
Given: 1 = 1.1 + 3.4 2 = 5.3 0.5
1 = 0 2 = 3.0
Solution:
= 2 1 = 2 1 + 2 1
= 5.3 1.1 + 0.5 3.5 = 4.2 4.0
= 3.0 0 = 3.0
Substituting:
4.2 4.0
= =
(3 0)

= 1.4 1.3

Therefore the x and y components are:

= . = .
8
(b) magnitude and direction of average velocity
Given:
= 1.4/ = 1.3/
Solution:
magnitude direction

2 2
= + tan =

1.3 /
= (1.4/)2 +(1.3/)2 tan =
1.4 /

= .

43
=

9
Acceleration vector describes the changes in
velocity magnitude and in the direction of motion.

=

= = + +

2 2 2 2
= 2 = 2+ 2+ 2

Recall:
A curved plot means that the particle is accelerating.
10
Sample Problem: Univ. Physics (Young and Freedman)
The component of instantaneous velocity at any time t and
velocity vector of a robot are given by:

The velocity vector is:

(a) Find the components of the average acceleration in the

interval from t = 0.0s to t = 2.0s.
=

(b) Find the instantaneous acceleration at t = 2.0s

= = +
11
(a) x and y components of average acceleration (t = 0s to 2s)
= 0.5/2 + [1.0/ + 0.075/3 2 ]

at t = 0s at t = 2s
1 = 1.0/ 2 = 1/ + 1.3/

=

= 1/ 0 + (1.3/ 1.0/) = 1/ + 0.3/
= 2.0 0 = 2
Substituting

=

1/ + (0.3/)
= = . / + . /12

2
(b) instantaneous acceleration (t = 2s)
= 0.5/2 + [1.0/ + 0.075/3 2 ]

Use the formula

= = +

Get and derivatives:

(0.5 2 )
= = = 0.5/2

2
(1.0 + 0.075 3 )
= = = 2 0.075m/s3t

The instantaneous acceleration as a function of time is:

= 0.5/2 + 0.15/3
13
(b) instantaneous acceleration (t = 2s)

The instantaneous acceleration as a function of time is:

= 0.5/2 + 0.15/3

Substituting for time t = 2s:

= . / + . /

Note: The magnitude of instantaneous acceleration is:

== 2 + 2

== (0.5/2)2 +(0.3/2)2

= = . / 14
Motion is an interplay between velocity
and acceleration.

What if motion is not in line with velocity?

Velocity Acceleration

Speeding up or slowing down is dependent on

relative directions of velocity
15
Parallel and perpendicular components
of acceleration
Parallel

Acceleration

Velocity Perpendicular

Parallel Perpendicular
Parallel to , path Perpendicular to ,
Same direction
Change in particles No change in particles
speed (magnitude) speed (magnitude)
No change in direction Change in direction 16
Special case: Effect of gravity

= +


0 = 0 cos
0 = 0 sin

= = 9.81 m/s 2

g will affect the magnitude of the velocitys -component

g will affect the direction of motion

17
Projectile Motion 2D Motion

PROJECTILE MOTION: INITIAL VELOCITY + GRAVITY

The x and y
vx g
components are 1D (x) 1D (y)
INDEPENDENT
Constant Constant
of each other
w/o friction w/o air
resistance
18
Upon firing the rifle, which falls first?
the barrel or the bullet?

Hint: What type of motion occurs for the barrel? Bullet?

19
 Upon firing the rifle, which falls first?
the barrel or the bullet?
Barrel: free fall
Bullet: projectile motion
PM = uniform motion (x-axis) + free fall (y-axis)

The x and y components In PM, it behaves

are INDEPENDENT of horizontally as the
each other uniform motion (v0)
They do not affect and behaves
each other vertically as free fall

BULLET & BARREL WILL DROP AT THE SAME TIME

20
With no gravity the projectile would follow the straight-line
path (dashed line).

But because of gravity it falls beneath this line the same

vertical distance it would fall if it were released from rest.

The vertical distance it falls beneath any point on

the dashed line is the same vertical distance it
would fall if it were dropped from rest!
 The velocity of a projectile is shown at
various points along its path.

What can you notice about the x- and y-

components of the velocity along the projectile?

Note: Air resistance is neglected.

22
Summary

, , = + +

= 2 1 = 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 1
average instantaneous

= = + + = = + +


= = = +

PROJECTILE MOTION: INITIAL VELOCITY + GRAVITY

The x and y vx g
components are 1D (x) 1D (y)
INDEPENDENT
Constant Constant w/o air
of each other 23
w/o friction resistance
 TOPIC TOMORROW:

MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS ON
PROJECTILE MOTION

24
Homework (Wed, 24 Aug.)

25
Seatwork: Multiple choice
1) An ultra-light aircraft traveling north at 40 km/h in a 30-
km/h crosswind (at right angles) has a groundspeed of:
a.30 km/h. b.40 km/h. c.50 km/h. d.60 km/h.

2) When no air resistance acts on a projectile, its horizontal

acceleration is:
a. g b. at right angles to g c. upward g d. zero.

26
A rhinoceros is at the origin of the coordinates at time
t1=0. For the time interval from t1=0 to t2=12.0s, the
rhinos average velocity has x-component -3.80m/s
and y-component 4.90m/s. At time t2=12.0s:
3-4) What are the x- and y-components of the rhinos
position?
5) How far is the rhino from the origin?
6) What is the magnitude average velocity of the
rhino?
7-8) What are the x-and y-components of the average
acceleration?
9) What is the magnitude of the acceleration velocity
of the rhino?
27