Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 21 (2015) 957964

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Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jiec

Nanocomposite pectin Zr(IV) selenotungstophosphate for

adsorptional/photocatalytic remediation of methylene blue and
malachite green dyes from aqueous system
Vinod Kumar Gupta a,*, Gaurav Sharma b,c, Deepak Pathania b, N.C. Kothiyal d
a
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
b
School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
c
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni 173230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
d
Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history: A pectin zirconium (IV) selenotungstophosphate (Pc/ZSWP) nanocomposite was prepared via solgel
Received 5 February 2014 method. The material was characterized using different techniques such as FTIR, SEM and TEM. The
Received in revised form 1 May 2014 adsorptional/photocatalytic activity of Pc/ZSWP was investigated for the removal of methylene blue and
Accepted 2 May 2014
malachite green dyes in two different conditions. It was revealed that the synergistic adsorptional/
Available online 10 May 2014
photocatalytic degradation of dyes was more efcient than mere adsorption in dark followed by
photocatalysis. The photocatalytic degradation percentage of MB and MG dyes onto Pc/ZSWP
Keywords:
nanocomposite was found out to be 89.21 and 79.27% in 3 h of photo irradiation which is higher
Nanocomposite
Photocatalytic activity
than for adsorption in dark followed by photocatalysis. The antimicrobial activity of Pc/ZSWP was also
Antimicrobial activity ascertained against Escherichia coli.
Pectin, Methylene blue 2014 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights
Malachite green reserved.

Introduction polycyclic products etc. [13]. This process is based on generation of

The nanocomposite materials for environmental remediation
are being much more explored area of interest due to their
advanced properties. The researchers are working to fabricate
newer nanocomposite particles having different composite coun-
terpart such as organic biopolymers and inorganic salts. Theses
nanocomposites materials act as sensors, membrane electrodes,
adsorbents, ion exchangers and photocatalyst etc. [110]. The
photocatalysis is simple and efcient way for removal of organic
waste material from water system. During the last decade,
photocatalysts have been fabricated and functional applied for
the removal of dyes from industrial efuents [11,12]. Thus effective
and efcient photocatalytic processes have been proven to have an
enormous involvement in handling of environmental misbalance
by degrading organic pollutants. The photocatalytic technique has
superiority over traditional techniques in wastewater treatment
such as it results in quick oxidation, high efciency, oxidation of
pollutants even at low levels of concentration and non formation of
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 1332285801.
E-mail addresses: vinodfcy@gmail.com, vinodfcy@iitr.ernet.in (V.K. Gupta),
dpathania74@gmail.com (D. Pathania).
electronhole pairs in semiconductor materials by the absorption
of photons causing excitation of valence band electrons into the
conduction band leading to formation of the electronhole pairs.
Such electronhole pairs can further generate free-radicals as
hydroxyl (OH) radicals which are very efcient oxidizer of organic
materials pollutants [1420]. Thus photocatalytic oxidation
degradation of organic molecules is one of the most able methods
for resolving the harmful environmental impact of dangerous
wastes and noxious pollutants in aqueous medium [2123]. The
major component of organic pollutant consists of highly toxic
coloured dyes. These dyes reduces the penetration of sunlight into
water bodies resulting in reduces photosynthetic activity of
aquatic plants hence increases the biological oxygen demand
and disrupts the aquatic ecosystem [2426].So, it is immense
important to remove these dyes from untreated water before
recurring any such waste water to the natural water resources. The
methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) are two such basic
dyes utilized extensively in textile industry for dyeing leather, silk,
cotton, wool, coloring paper, jute and temporary hair coloring etc.
[27]. MG is also used as a parasiticide, fungicide and bactericide in
aquaculture industries globally. Whereas, methylene is widely
used as a staining material and has a number of other biological

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.05.001
1226-086X/ 2014 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
958 V.K. Gupta et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 21 (2015) 957964
uses. Methylene blue is a dark green crystalline solid and
dissociates in aqueous solution into methylene blue cation and
the chloride ion. The removal of methylene blue from wastewater
is of great signicance due to the serious environmental harm [28].
Malachite green (MG) is an N-methylated diaminotriphenyl-
methane dye. MG dye is a green crystal powder with a metallic
luster. Intermediate products after degradation of MG are also
reported to be carcinogenic [29]. Thus due to its potentially harms
for human health, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration listed
malachite green as a priority chemical for toxicity and carcinoge-
nicity testing in 1993. MG is highly toxic to mammalian cells and
causes kidney tumors in mice and reproductive problems in rabbit
and sh [30]. Moreover, malachite green has damaging effects on
gill, intestine, gonads and kidney. It causes liver toxicity, anemia,
thyroid abnormalities etc. [29]. If inhaled by humans, it may cause
irritation to the gastrointestinal tract and even cancer [31].
To treat organic pollutants containing wastewater we require
multifunctional-advanced materials such as nanocomposite ion
exchangers. The various organic polymers are used as organic part
including guar gum, polyaniline, pectin, cellulose, polystyrene and
polyacrylamide etc. in ion exchangers which act as adsorbent for
dyes. These polymeric parts increase the surface area and provide
mechanical strength to inorganic counterpart. On the other hand,
the inorganic counterpart is responsible for photocatalytic activity
of the material. These nanocomposite ion exchangers had
multifunctional applications in environmental remediation such
as adsorption, photocatalysis, chromatography and ion selective
electrode etc. [3238].
The present study focuses on the fabrication of nanocomposite
having pectin as biopolymeric counter part for acting as adsorbent
for dye removal and zirconium (IV) selenotungstophosphate as
inorganic counterpart for photocatalytic degradation of dye. Thus
has potential applicability for environmental remediation by
acting as adsorbent and photocatalytic agent synergistic. The
antimicrobial activity of Pc/ZSWP was also ascertained against
Escherichia coli bacteria.
Experimental
Reagents and instruments
\Main reagents used for the synthesis were Zirconium oxychlor-
[(Fig._1)TD$IG] (CDH India), sodium tungstate (CDH India), orthophosphoric
ide
Fig. 1. FTIR spectra of pectin zirconium(IV) selenotungstophosphate.
acid (CDH India) and pectin (CDH India). All other reagents used
were of analytical reagent grade. The main instruments used in this
study were UVvisible spectrophotometer (Systronics 117), pH
meter (ElicoL1-10, India), FTIR (PerkinElmer, USA), transmission
electron microscope (FEI Tecnai F 20) and scanning electron
microscope (SEM Qant-250, model 9393).
Synthesis of Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite
The inorganic precipitate of zirconium (IV) Selenotungstopho-
sphate (ZSWP) was prepared at 80 8C temperature by adding the
solutions of 0.1 M sodium selenite, 0.1 M sodium tungstate and
0.1 M H3PO4 to the solution of 0.1 M zirconium oxychloride drop
wise with constant stirring [39]. The pH at 01 was adjusted using
1 M HNO3 and 1 M NH3 solution. The resultant slurry was stirred
for 1 h constantly on the magnetic stirrer. The 2% gel of pectin was
added into the inorganic precipitate of ZSWP with constant stirring
and the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h at 80 8C. The resultant
precipitates obtained were then kept for digestion for 24 h. The
supernatant liquid was decanted and the gel was ltered under
suction and washed with distilled water. The precipitates obtained
were dried in a hot oven air at 50 8C. The dried nanocomposite
material was broken into small granules of uniform size. The
material was converted into H+ form by immersing them in 1 M
HNO3 for 24 h. The Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite was washed with
double distilled water several times in order to remove excess of
acid and dried at 50 8C.
Characterization
FTIR spectra of Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite was recorded by
Fourier transform Infrared absorption spectrophotometer using
KBr disc method. The nanocomposite material was thoroughly
mixed with KBr, powdered and disc was formed by applying the
pressure. The thermogravimetric analysis of Pc/ZSWP was carried
out by heating the material up to 80 8C at a constant rate of 10 8C/
min in air atmosphere Scanning electron microphotographs of
inorganic counterpart ZSWP and nanocomposite Pc/ZSWP were
obtained using scanning electron microscope (SEM) at different
magnications. The particle size were found by placing a drop of
suspensions of Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite prepared in ethanol onto a
carbon copper grid and analyzed under FEI Tecnai F 20 transmis-
sion electron microscopy (TEM).
 [(Fig._2)TD$IG]
V.K. Gupta et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 21 (2015) 957964 959

Photocatalytic studies

The Photocatalytic studies were performed under two set of

conditions for the degradation of methylene blue and malachite
green in water medium using batch process [4042]. The initial
concentration of MB dye was taken 1.5  105 and for MG dye was
taken 2  106. The100 mg of the nanocomposite Pc/ZSWP was
added in the dye solutions to form slurry. The double walled pyrex
glass chamber containing dye slurries was jacketed with thermo-
stat water circulation to maintain constant temperature at 25 8C. In
rst set was kept in dark for adsorption of dye till the adsorption
desorption equilibrium was established then the set was exposed
to sunlight for further photocatalysis. In second set after
immediate addition of nanocomposite the set was exposed to
sunlight directly thus the Synergistic adsorptionphotocatalysis
occurs back to back. The two sets were compared to study the
effect of conditions on photocatalysis.
The 3 mL aliquot of dye solution was withdrawn at different
time intervals and centrifuged to study the effect of photocatalytic
activity of Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite material. The concentration of
dye was analyzed by UVvisible spectrophotometer at 660 nm and
620 nm wavelength for MB and MG. The percent degradation was
calculated using following formula [43].

Co  Ct
%degradation  100
Co

The rate of photocatalytic degradation of MB and MG dyes were

determined using pseudo rst order kinetic model as follow [24]:

dC
r kapp t
dt
On integrating the above equation, we get

C0
ln K app t
Ct

where kapp is the apparent rate constant, C0 is the concentrations of

dye before illumination and Ct is the concentration of dye at time t.

Antibacterial activity of Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite

The optical density method was employed to investigate the

antimicrobial activity of Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite against bacteria
E. coli [44]. In this method, the bacterial colony was picked from the
overnight Nutrient agar plate culture and inoculated into 15 mL
Nutrient broth (NB) in a universal container. Then it was incubated
at 37 8C under shaking condition of 100 rpm for 24 h. Further
dilution of the culture was done up to 105 CFU/mL (colony
forming unit per mL) with NB according to MacFarland standard.
10 mL of the diluted culture was pipetted out into conical asks
containing 190 mL NB. Different concentrations of Pc/ZSWP (50,
100, 200 and 400 mg mL1) were added into the asks. The asks Fig. 2. SEM images of (a) zirconium(IV) selenotungstophosphate, (b) polyaniline
were incubated at 37 8C for 24 h. The optical density was analyzed zirconium(IV) selenotungstophosphate, (c) TEM images of pectin zirconium(IV)
for each sample after every hour using UVvisible spectrophotom- selenotungstophosphate.
eter at 620 nm wavelength.

Result and discussion
Characterization
The characterization studies conrm the formation of Pc/ZSWP
nanocomposite. The FTIR studies revels that the peaks at
1740 cm1 may be due to carbonyl group of pectin [45]
(Fig. 1a). The absorption peak at 3390 cm1 may be due to
presence of external water molecule [38]. The presence of sharp
peak at 1634 cm1 may be due to free water molecule and strongly
bondedOH group in the matrix [46]. The broad peak observed at
1061 cm1 may be due to of PO43, and H2PO4 [47]. The
absorption band at 552 cm1 may be due to superposition of
metal-oxygen stretching vibrations [48]. The thermogravimetric
analysis curve (Fig. 1b) of Pc/ZSWP nanocpmposite shows initial
weight loss of mass 13.2% up to 140 8C this may be due to the loss
of external water molecule present in the material [49]. Slow
weight loss observed in steps between 140 8C and 230 8C of about
8.1%, may be due to the condensation of phosphate group to
pyrophosphate groups [50,51].
Further the constant weight loss in steps between 230 8C and
330 8C of about 7.5%, 330 8C and 450 8C of about 3.5% and 450 8C
[(Fig._3)TD$IG]
960 V.K. Gupta et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 21 (2015) 957964

Fig. 3. TGA curve of pectin zirconium(IV) selenotungstophosphate.

Table 1
% Removal of MB and MG by Pc/ZSWP under two reaction conditions: equilibrium adsorption followed by photocatalysis and simultaneous adsorption/photocatalysis.

Dye Concentration For adsorption followed by photocatalysis For simultaneous adsorption photocatalysis

% adsorption (in 1 h) in dark % degradation (in 5 h) in sunlight % removal of dye

5
MB 1.5  10 33.58 78.97 89.20
MG 2  106 29.55 72.87 79.71

and 570 8C of about 5.3% may be due to complete decomposition of
the organic part of the material [52]. At 570 8C onwards, a smooth
horizontal line with 5.8% weight loss represents the complete
formation of the oxide form of the nanocomposite material.
The SEM micrographs of composite material Pc/ZSWP in
comparison to inorganic counterpart ZSWP (Fig. 2a and b) clearly
indicates the binding of the organic polymer, i.e. pectin with
inorganic material as morphology of composite material was
different. It has been revealed that binding of pectin results in
brous and granular nature of surface whereas the ZSWP has rough
morphology. TEM image of Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite was shown in
Fig. 2c. The TEM results conrmed the particle size of material was
in nano range i.e., below 100 nm with particle size in range of 15
50 nm.
Dye removal studies
The dyes removal was studied under two sets of conditions i.e.,
equilibrium adsorption in dark followed by photocatalysis and
Table 2
Apparent rate constants and linear regression coefcients from log C0/Ct vs T plots
for MB and MG.
Dye Concentration For adsorption followed
by photocatalysis
adsorptional/photocatalysis directly under sunlight irradiation for
cationic dyes MB and MG in presence of Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite.
The decrease in absorption band intensities in presences of Pc/
ZSWP with irradiation time was observed for MB and MG (Figs. 3a
and b and 4a and b) clearly revealing that the dyes has been
degraded effectively by Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite.
Set-I equilibrium adsorption in dark followed by photocatalysis
The pectin in nanocomposite acted as absorbent for dyes from
water system. So to study the extent of adsorption of dyes by pectin
the experiment was carried out under dark conditions. The MB and
MG dyes get adsorbed on the nanocomposite, till the adsorption
desorption equilibrium was established. After which the reaction
was exposed to sunlight for further photocatalysis of absorbed and
free dye present in solution. It has been observed that only 33.58%
of MB and 28.55% of MG dyes were absorbed by Pc/ZSWP under
dark conditions (Figs. 3a and 4a). Further photodegradation of dyes
in sunlight revealed that 78.98% of MB (Fig. 3c) and 72.87% of MG
(Fig. 4c) degradation was recorded in 5 h as shown in Table 1. UV
visible spectral changes of MB and MG with reaction time under
visible light in equilibrium adsorption followed by photocatalysis
were shown in Fig. 3a.
In case of equilibrium adsorption followed by photocatalysis
the mechanism involved is as:
For synergistic ad- First step for Dye (in dark at equilibrium)
sorptionphotocata-
lysis

kapp (min1) R2 kapp (min1) R2 Pc=ZSWP Dye Free in solution ! Pc=ZSWPDye adsorbed
MB 1.5  105 0.00276 0.9976 0.00313 0.9997
MG 2  106 0.00253 0.9989 0.00359 0.9997
Pc=ZSWPDye adsorbed ! Pc=ZSWP Dye Free in solution
[(Fig._4)TD$IG] V.K. Gupta et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 21 (2015) 957964 961

Fig. 4. Spectrum of MB. (a) In synergistic adsorptionphotocatalysis. (b) In adsorption in dark followed by photocatalysis, % degradation of MB. (c) In synergistic adsorption
photocatalysis. (d) In adsorption in dark followed by photocatalysis, pseudo rst order kinetics for photodegradation of MB. (e) In adsorptionalphotocatalysis. (f) In
adsorption followed by photocatalysis in presence of Pc/ZSWP (initial concentration of MB 1.5  105 M, pH 7, temperature = 30  0.5 8C).
[(Fig._5)TD$IG]
962 V.K. Gupta et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 21 (2015) 957964

Fig. 5. Spectrum of MG. (a) In synergistic adsorptionphotocatalysis. (b) In adsorption in dark followed by photocatalysis, % degradation of MG. (c) In synergistic adsorption
photocatalysis. (d) In adsorption in dark followed by photocatalysis, pseudo rst order kinetics for photodegradation of MG. (e) In synergistic adsorptionphotocatalysis. (f) In
adsorption followed by photocatalysis in presence of Pc/ZSWP (initial concentration of MB 105 M, pH 7, temperature = 30  0.5 8C).
 V.K. Gupta et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 21 (2015) 957964
Second step followed by photocatalysis in light
Pc=ZSWPDye adsorbed and Dye Free in solution
hy ! Pc=ZSWP e h Dye
h H2 O ! OH H
h OH ! OH
e O2 ! O2
O2  or OH Dye adsorbed and Free in solution
! Intermediate Product ! Degraded Product
The plot of ln Co/Ct vs irradiation time showed a linear
correlation (Figs. 3e and 4e) which demonstrated that the photo
degradation of MB and MG dye using Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite
followed pseudo rst order kinetics [24]. Thus adsorption followed
by photocatalysis of dyes under set-I conditions was tted to
pseudo rst order kinetics [53,54].
The value of rate constant k for MB 0.00276 min1 and MG
0.00253 min1 was calculated from the slope of the plot and the
values of correlation coefcient (R2) for MB and MG were given in
Table 2.
Set-II synergistic adsorption/photocatalysis directly in sunlight
The synergistic adsorption/photocatalysis of MB and MG dyes
involves adsorption of dye onto the material and photodegradation
of dyes molecules at the same time. As the material contains
zirconium, tungstate which generate free radicals [5557].
The free radicals so generated disrupt the conjugation in the
adsorbed and free dye molecules present in the solution and hence
degrade the dyes. The degraded dye products left the surface of Pc/
ZSWP nanocomposite free for further adsorption and photocata-
lysis. UVvisible spectral changes of MB and MG with reaction time
under visible light in synergistic adsorption/photocatalysis were
shown in Figs. 3b and 4b.The proposed mechanism for the
synergistic adsorption/photocatalysis degradation of dye was
shown as follows:
Pc=ZSWP MB Dye ! Pc=ZSWPDye adsorbed InSunlight
Pc=ZSWP h Dye adsorbed H2 O ! Pc=ZSWP OH Dye H
Pc=ZSWPh Dyeadsorbed OH ! Pc=ZSWP OH Dye
Pc=ZSWP e Dye adsorbed O2 ! Pc=ZSWP O2  Dye
O2  or OH DyePc=ZSWP ! Intermediate Product
! Degraded Product Free ! Pc=ZSWP for reuse
The photocatalytic degradation percentage of MB and MG dyes
by Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite was found out to be 89.21 and 79.27%
in 3 h of photo irradiation studied shown in Figs. 3d and 4d and
Table 1. It has been revealed degradation of MB and MG dyes
proceeded in lesser time i.e., within 3 h of photo period. In case of
synergistic process we assume that adsorption of dyes onto the
photocatalyst surface and generation of electron-hole pairs on
absorption of light occurs at same time. The electrons and holes so
generated bring out degradation of dye by disruption of conjuga-
tion which can further lead to mineralization of dye [58]. The
adsorption of dye on to adsorbent can facilitate the photodegrada-
963
tion process and increases the degradation rate and reduces the
degradation time [59]. As absorbed dye molecules were more
prone to attack of radicals than the dissolved dye. Thus
degradation results are better in this condition. The kinetics of
MB and MG dyes degradation shows a linear correlation in Figs. 3f
and 4f. Thus synergistic adsorption/photodegradation of dyes by
Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite was tted to pseudo rst order kinetics
[53]. The value of rate constant were for MB 0.00313 min1 and
0.00359 for MG min1 and regression coefcients (R2) value for MB
and MG were given in Table 2.
In the rst condition (equilibrium adsorption followed by
photocatalysis) there is possibility that surface of photocatalyst is
covered by dye molecules and so degradation is suppressed.
However, in synergistic adsorption/photocatalysis process as soon
as dye is adsorbed it gets degraded because of generation of *OH
free radicals. Thus degradation is higher and faster in case of
second reaction condition. The general pictorial mechanism of
photocatalysis was shown in Fig. 5.The comparison of rate
constants for synergistic adsorption/photocatalysis and adsorption
followed photocatalysis (Table 2) clearly indicates that the
photocatalysis under synergistic conditions was more efcient
and effective. The reasons behind is that in second conditions the
adsorption and photocatalysis phenomenas are working contem-
porary to each other at same time. Thus enhancing dyes removal.
Antimicrobial activity of Pc/ZSWP
The antibacterial activity of Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite was
studied against E. coli bacteria by employing optical density
method. Fig. 6 shows the growth curves for E. coli at different
concentration of Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite. The growth curve of E.
coli shows that Pc/ZSWP was effective for the destruction of
bacterial cells. It was observed that a concentration of 400 mg mL1
of Pc/ZSWP totally inhibited the growth of E. coli throughout the
24 h period of incubation. The other concentrations of Pc/ZSWP
were also effective to inhibit the growth of bacteria but to lesser
extent as compared to highest concentration. The death phase of
the E. coli was observed after 22 h of incubation. This probably
may be due to the binding of nanocomposite particles to the
outer membrane of E. coli which resulted in the inhibited the
wall synthesis, protein synthesis mediated by the 30s ribosomal
subunit, or nucleic acids synthesis, active transport and
[(Fig._6)TD$IG]
Degraded Products
SUN
MB/MG
Conduction Band
OH O2
Pectin
Conduction band
h+ e-
OH CuO
ZSWP O2
Valence Band
Adsorbed dye
Fig. 6. Proposed mechanism for photocataysis.
[(Fig._7)TD$IG]
964 V.K. Gupta et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 21 (2015) 957964

1.6 [14] C. Wang, Y. Ao, P. Wang, S. Zhang, J. Qian, J. Hou, Appl. Surf. Sci. 256 (2010) 4125
Positive Control 4128.
[15] G.R.S. Andrade, C.C. Nascimento, E.C. Neves, C.D.A.E.S. Barbosa, L.P. Costa, L.S.
1.4 50 g/mL Barreto, I.F. Gimenez, J. Hazard. Mater. 203 (2012) 151160.
100 g/mL [16] H.R. Pouretedal, A. Norozi, M.H. Keshavarz, A.J. Semnani, J. Hazard. Mater. 162
(2009) 674681.
1.2 200 g/mL [17] M.N. Vineetha, M. Matheswaran, K.N. Sheeba, Solar Energy 91 (2013) 368373.
Optical Density (620 nm)

400 g/mL
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (hours)
Fig. 7. Growth curve for (a) Escherichia coli in presence of Pc/ZSWP.
periplasmic enzyme activity. Ultimately leading to cell death
[6068] (Fig. 7).
Conclusion
The Pc/ZSWP nanocomposite material has been used as efcient
photocatalyst for removal of hazardous methylene blue and
malachite green dyes from water system. The nanocomposite
material was characterized by different instrumental techniques.
The results under two sets of conditions clearly indicated that
synergistic adsorption/photocatalysis was more efcient and
effective than mere adsorption followed by photocatalysis. The
presence of pectin in composite material conrmed that it has been
used as decent adsorbent and photocatalyst together for dyes. The
antimicrobial activity of nanocomposite against E. coli made it t
for treatment of diseases causing bacteria and may be tried on
other strains of microbes present in waste water.
Acknowledgement
We acknowledge the Department of Chemistry, Shoolini
University, Solan for providing all necessary facilities.
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